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Pan B, Wei X, Xu X. Patient-derived xenograft models in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:41. [PMID: 35090441 PMCID: PMC8796540 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are crucial tools for evaluating the biological progress of human cancers and for the preclinical investigation of anticancer drugs and cancer prevention. Various animals are widely used in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research, and mouse models are the most popular. Generally, genetic tools, graft transplantation, and chemical and physical measures are adopted to generate sundry mouse models of hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. Graft transplantation is commonly used to study tumour progression. Over the past few decades, subcutaneous or orthotopic cell-derived tumour xenograft models (CDX models) have been developed to simulate distinct tumours in patients. However, two major limitations exist in CDX models. One model poorly simulates the microenvironment of tumours in humans, such as the vascular, lymphatic and immune environments. The other model loses genetic heterogeneity compared with the corresponding primary tumour. Increased efforts have focused on developing better models for hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research. Hepatopancreatobiliary cancer is considered a tumour with high molecular heterogeneity, making precision medicine challenging in cancer treatment. Developing a new animal model that can better mimic tumour tissue and more accurately predict the efficacy of anticancer treatments is urgent. For the past several years, the patient-derived xenograft model (PDX model) has emerged as a promising tool for translational research. It can retain the genetic and histological stability of their originating tumour at limited passages and shed light on precision cancer medicine. In this review, we summarize the methodology, advantages/disadvantages and applications of PDX models in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer research.
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Role of Biobanks for Cancer Research and Precision Medicine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 52:1232-1247. [PMID: 34807351 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly complex and deadly cancer. There is an urgent need for new and effective treatment modalities. Since the primary goal in the management of cancer is to cure and improve survival, personalized therapy can increase survival, reduce mortality rates, and improve quality of life. Biobanks hold potential in leading to breakthroughs in biomedical research and precision medicine (PM). They serve as a biorepository, collecting, processing, storing, and supplying specimens and relevant data for basic, translational, and clinical research. OBJECTIVE We aimed to highlight the fundamental role of biobanks, harboring high quality, sustainable collections of patient samples in adequate size and variability, for developing diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to develop and PM approaches in the management of HCC. METHOD We obtained information from previously published articles and BBMRI directory. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Biobanking of high-quality biospecimens along with patient clinical information provides a fundamental scientific infrastructure for basic, translational, and clinical research. Biobanks that control and eliminate pre-analytical variability of biospecimens, provide a platform to identify reliable biomarkers for the application of PM. We believe, establishing HCC biobanks will empower to underpin molecular mechanisms of HCC and generate strategies for PM. Thus, first, we will review current therapy approaches in HCC care. Then, we will summarize challenges in HCC management. Lastly, we will focus on the best practices for establishing HCC biobanking to support research, translational medicine in the light of new experimental research conducted with the aim of delivering PM for HCC patients.
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Zhou Y, Huang Y, Dai T, Hua Z, Xu J, Lin Y, Han L, Yue X, Ho L, Lu J, Ai X. LncRNA TTN-AS1 intensifies sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by sponging miR-16-5p and upregulation of cyclin E1. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:111030. [PMID: 33378944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance has always been an important problem affecting the therapeutic effect of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To investigate the potential role of lncRNA TTN-AS1 in HCC cells with sorafenib (SOR) resistance, and explore the underlying pathways, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to test the expression of TTN-AS1 in HCC tissues and cells. Then, the expression of TTN-AS1 was down-regulated by shRNA, the activity changes, apoptosis and related protein expression in HCC cells with/without SOR treatment were observed in succession. Expression levels of the downstream target of TTN-AS1, miR-16-5p were studied by dual-luciferase binding assay, cell proliferation, and western blotting analysis. Nude mice models of human HCC with TTN-AS1 gene knockdown were established to observe the tumor growth. As the results revealed, TTN-AS1 silencing in HCC cells induced apoptosis by enhancing the sensitivity of cells to SOR, and the tumor in nude mice became smaller. The mechanism study showed that miR-16-5p was affected by TTN-AS1 sponge, up-regulated cyclin E1 expression, and regulated PTEN/Akt signaling pathway, thereby significantly alleviating the inhibition of apoptosis of HCC cells induced by TTN-AS1 gene. Collectively, our results provided TTN-AS1 as a potential therapeutic target for sorafenib resistance in HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclin E/genetics
- Cyclin E/metabolism
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sorafenib/pharmacology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Zhou
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214002, PR China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, 215300, PR China
| | - Tu Dai
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214002, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Hua
- Wuxi Second Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214002, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China
| | - Yuting Lin
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China
| | - Xiong Yue
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China
| | - Lichen Ho
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China
| | - Jinjing Lu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Ai
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210019, PR China.
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Xie F, Sun L, Pang Y, Xu G, Jin B, Xu H, Lu X, Xu Y, Du S, Wang Y, Feng S, Sang X, Zhong S, Wang X, Sun W, Zhao H, Zhang H, Yang H, Huang P, Mao Y. Three-dimensional bio-printing of primary human hepatocellular carcinoma for personalized medicine. Biomaterials 2020; 265:120416. [PMID: 33007612 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal tumors worldwide. This study aims to address the lack of faithful and available in vitro models for patient-specific drug screening for HCC. We recently established a novel modeling system using three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology and constructed hepatorganoids with HepaRG cells, which retain the liver function and prolong the survival of mice with liver failure after abdominal transplantation. Here we extend this modeling system to establish individualized model for hepatocellular carcinoma. HCC specimens were obtained from six patients after surgery. Primary HCC cells were isolated and mixed with gelatin and sodium alginate to form the bioink for printing. Patient-derived three-dimensional bio-printed HCC (3DP-HCC) models were successfully established afterward and grew well during long-term culture. These models retained the features of parental HCCs, including stable expression of the biomarker, stable maintenances of the genetic alterations and expression profiles. 3DP-HCC models are capable of displaying the results of drug screening intuitively and quantitatively. In conclusion, 3DP-HCC models are faithful in vitro models that are reliable in long-term culture and able to predict patient-specific drugs for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lejia Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bao Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yiyao Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shunda Du
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PUMC & CAMS, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shi Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shouxian Zhong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, 010021, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Hepatoscience Section, Cell Lab Tech Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China; Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, PUMC & CAMS, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Pengyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yilei Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) Hospital, PUMC & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100730, China.
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Mao S, He J, Zhao Y, Liu T, Xie F, Yang H, Mao Y, Pang Y, Sun W. Bioprinting of patient-derived in vitro intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumor model: establishment, evaluation and anti-cancer drug testing. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045014. [PMID: 32599574 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba0c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Towards the development of in vivo-mimicking tumor model for extensive study of tumorigenesis and establishment of personalized therapy, patient-derived primary tumor cells were employed in this work for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells isolated from patient were bioprinted using a composite hydrogel system of gelatin-alginate-MatrigelTM into pre-designed grid architecture. ICC cells were observed to process a colony forming ability with high survival rate and active proliferation. Expression levels of tumor markers, cancer stem cell markers, matrix metalloproteinase protein, index of tumor fibrosis, index of liver function, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulatory proteins confirmed the development of the invasive and metastatic phenotype of the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells in the 3D printed tumor microenvironment. Similar results were obtained in anti-cancer drug resistance of the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells in the 3D bioprinted construct that demonstrated stem-like properties, which suggested the promising potential of current 3D printed tumor model in the development of personalized therapy, especially for discovery of more conducive targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biomanufacturing Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 'Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems' 111 - Innovation International Talents Base, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wu Y, Wang J, Zheng X, Chen Y, Huang M, Huang Q, Xiao W, Wei H, Tian Z, Sun R, Sun C. Establishment and Preclinical Therapy of Patient-derived Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenograft Model. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:33-43. [PMID: 32335145 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a world-wide health problem. Poor and delayed diagnoses as well as high recurrence rate resulting in high mortality rate. In this study, we established a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model from HCC patient, and continuously maintained with subcutaneous passage more than 20 times. This HCC PDX tumor exhibited the same histological characteristics with the HCC patient and could be used to verify therapeutic effect of liver cancer. We further evaluated this PDX model by experimental chemotherapy, demonstrating that this HCC PDX model was sensitive to sorafenib treatment. Further, the potential of natural killer cell-based immunotherapy for HCC was tested using this model. We found that NK92 cells effectively suppressed the tumor growth in vivo and prolonged the survival time of HCC-bearing PDX mice. This study indicates that HCC PDX model is a good platform to testify the efficacy of preclinical chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China.
| | - Cheng Sun
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, China; Transplant & Immunology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Successful Secondary Engraftment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma Patient-Derived Xenografts After Previous Failed Primary Engraftment. Transl Oncol 2018; 12:69-75. [PMID: 30273859 PMCID: PMC6170258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) provide histologically accurate cancer models that recapitulate patient malignant phenotype and allow for highly correlative oncologic in-vivo downstream translational studies. Primary PDX engraftment failure has significant negative consequences on programmatic efficiency and resource utilization and is due to either no tumor growth or development of lymphoproliferative tumors. We aimed to determine if secondary engraftment of previously cryopreserved patient tumor tissues would allow salvage of PDX models that failed previous primary engraftment and increase overall engraftment efficiency. METHODS: Patient hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers that failed primary engraftment were identified. Previously cryopreserved primary patient cancerous tissues were implanted into immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID). Mice were monitored, growth metrics calculated, and secondary engraftment outcomes were recorded. Established PDX were verified and compared to original patient tissue through multiple generations by a GI pathologist. RESULTS: We identified 55 patient tumors that previously failed primary engraftment: no tumor growth (n = 46, 84%) or lymphoproliferative tumor (LT) (n = 9, 16%). After secondary implantation using cryopreserved patient tissues, 29 new histologically validated PDX models were generated with an overall secondary engraftment rate of 53% for all tumor types with greatest yield in pancreatic and biliary tract cancers. Of the secondary engraftment failures (n = 26), 21 (38%) were due to no growth and 5 (9%) developed LT. CONCLUSION: Secondary PDX engraftment using cryopreserved primary cancerous is feasible after previous failed engraftment attempts and can result in a 50% increase in overall engraftment efficiency with decreases in LT formation. This technique allows for salvage of critical patient PDX models that would otherwise not exist. SYNOPSIS: Patient-derived xenografts have many important translational applications however can be limited by engraftment failure. We demonstrate optimized methodology utilizing cryopreservation of primary tumor tissue that allows for subsequent successful secondary engraftment and creation of PDX models that failed previous primary engraftment and allowed salvage of patient PDX models that would otherwise not exist.
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Chung YG, Tak E, Hwang S, Lee JY, Kim JY, Kim YY, Song GW, Lee KJ, Kim N. Synergistic effect of metformin on sorafenib in in vitro study using hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2018; 22:179-184. [PMID: 30215039 PMCID: PMC6125270 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2018.22.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence remains a great concern following hepatic resection and liver transplantation. We investigated the metformin-induced cytotoxic effects on sorafenib in an in vitro study using HCC cell lines. Methods This research was conducted through an in vitro study using one HepG2.2.15 liver tumor and two patient-derived graft HCC cell lines. Results An in vitro study revealed noticeable cytotoxic effects of metformin as well as noticeable synergistic cytotoxic effects of metformin and sorafenib on cell viability. Assays for the mechanisms of action of antitumor effects revealed that alpha-fetoprotein expression was suppressed by both metformin and sorafenib, but no synergistic effect was observed. LC3-I and LC3-II assays revealed the synergistic upregulation of autophagy and assays for IL-1β, IL-6, p53, and TNF-α revealed the synergistic upregulation of cell damage and apoptosis. In contrast, metformin did not affect HBx expression, thus no noticeable synergistic effect was considered to be present. Conclusions Our in vitro study demonstrated cytotoxic effects of metformin and synergistic antitumor effects of sorafenib. These results should be verified in further clinical studies with patients of advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gyu Chung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Young Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Fong ELS, Toh TB, Lin QXX, Liu Z, Hooi L, Mohd Abdul Rashid MB, Benoukraf T, Chow EKH, Huynh TH, Yu H. Generation of matched patient-derived xenograft in vitro-in vivo models using 3D macroporous hydrogels for the study of liver cancer. Biomaterials 2018; 159:229-240. [PMID: 29353739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, often manifesting at the advanced stage when cure is no longer possible. The discrepancy between preclinical findings and clinical outcome in HCC is well-recognized. So far, sorafenib is the only targeted therapy approved as first-line therapy for patients with advanced HCC. There is an urgent need for improved preclinical models for the development of HCC-targeted therapies. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models have been shown to closely recapitulate human tumor biology and predict patient drug response. However, the use of PDX models is currently limited by high costs and low throughput. In this study, we engineered in vitro conditions conducive for the culture of HCC-PDX organoids derived from a panel of 14 different HCC-PDX lines through the use of a three-dimensional macroporous cellulosic sponge system. To validate the in vitro HCC-PDX models, both in vivo and in vitro HCC-PDX models were subjected to whole exome sequencing and RNA-sequencing. Correlative studies indicate strong concordance in genomic and transcriptomic profiles as well as intra-tumoral heterogeneity between each matched in vitro-in vivo HCC-PDX pairs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of using these in vitro HCC-PDX models for drug testing, paving the way for more efficient preclinical studies in HCC drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Li Shan Fong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Tan Boon Toh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quy Xiao Xuan Lin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Lissa Hooi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Touati Benoukraf
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; BioSyM, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore; Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Miserocchi G, Mercatali L, Liverani C, De Vita A, Spadazzi C, Pieri F, Bongiovanni A, Recine F, Amadori D, Ibrahim T. Management and potentialities of primary cancer cultures in preclinical and translational studies. J Transl Med 2017; 15:229. [PMID: 29116016 PMCID: PMC5688825 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of patient-derived primary cell cultures in cancer preclinical assays has increased in recent years. The management of resected tumor tissue remains complex and a number of parameters must be respected to obtain complete sample digestion and optimal vitality yield. We provide an overview of the benefits of correct primary cell culture management using different preclinical methodologies, and describe the pros and cons of this model with respect to other kinds of samples. One important advantage is that the heterogeneity of the cell populations composing a primary culture partially reproduces the tumor microenvironment and crosstalk between malignant and healthy cells, neither of which is possible with cell lines. Moreover, the use of patient-derived specimens in innovative preclinical technologies, such as 3D systems or bioreactors, represents an important opportunity to improve the translational value of the results obtained. In vivo models could further our understanding of the crosstalk between tumor and other tissues as they enable us to observe the systemic and biological interactions of a complete organism. Although engineered mice are the most common model used in this setting, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) species has recently been recognized as an innovative experimental system. In fact, the transparent body and incomplete immune system of zebrafish embryos are especially useful for evaluating patient-derived tumor tissue interactions in healthy hosts. In conclusion, ex vivo systems represent an important tool for cancer research, but samples require correct manipulation to maximize their translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Miserocchi
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Laura Mercatali
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Chiara Liverani
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Vita
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Chiara Spadazzi
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Federica Pieri
- Pathology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Via Carlo Forlanini 34, 47121, Forlì, Italy
| | - Alberto Bongiovanni
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Federica Recine
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Dino Amadori
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Castelli G, Pelosi E, Testa U. Liver Cancer: Molecular Characterization, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9090127. [PMID: 28930164 PMCID: PMC5615342 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. The major forms of primary liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). Both these tumors develop against a background of cirrhotic liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic liver damage and fibrosis. HCC is a heterogeneous disease which usually develops within liver cirrhosis related to various etiologies: hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (frequent in Asia and Africa), hepatitis C virus (HCV), chronic alcohol abuse, or metabolic syndrome (frequent in Western countries). In cirrhosis, hepatocarcinogenesis is a multi-step process where pre-cancerous dysplastic macronodules transform progressively into HCC. The patterns of genomic alterations observed in these tumors were recently identified and were instrumental for the identification of potential targeted therapies that could improve patient care. Liver cancer stem cells are a small subset of undifferentiated liver tumor cells, responsible for cancer initiation, metastasis, relapse and chemoresistance, enriched and isolated according to immunophenotypic and functional properties: cell surface proteins (CD133, CD90, CD44, EpCAM, OV-6, CD13, CD24, DLK1, α2δ1, ICAM-1 and CD47); the functional markers corresponding to side population, high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and autofluorescence. The identification and definition of liver cancer stem cells requires both immunophenotypic and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Castelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00141, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00141, Italy.
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00141, Italy.
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