Long noncoding RNA SNHG17 induced by YY1 facilitates the glioma progression through targeting miR-506-3p/CTNNB1 axis to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

PKM2 promotes glioma progression by mediating CTNNB1 expression

BACKGROUND

Glioma is a common intracranial tumor, exhibiting a high degree of aggressiveness and invasiveness. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is overexpressed in glioma tissues. However, the biological role of PKM2 in glioma is unclear.

METHODS

The qRT-PCR, CCK-8, Transwell, flow cytometry detection, western blot assays, ELISA assay, and pyruvate kinase activity assays were performed in glioma cells transfected with PKM2 shRNA to explore the function of PKM2 in glioma progression. Then, STRING website was used to predict the proteins that interacted with PKM2, and Co-IP assay was conducted to further validate their interaction. Subsequently, the above experiments were performed again to find the effect of catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) overexpression on PKM2-deficient glioma cells. The transplanted tumor models were also established to further validate our findings.

RESULTS

PKM2 was up-regulated in glioma cells and tissues. After inhibiting PKM2, the proliferation, migration, glycolysis, and EMT of glioma cells were significantly decreased, and the proportion of apoptosis was increased. The prediction results of STRING website showed that CTNNB1 and PKM2 had the highest interaction score. The correlation between CTNNB1 and PKM2 was further confirmed by Co-IP test. PKM2 knockdown suppressed glioma cell proliferation, migration, glycolysis, and EMT, while CTNNB1 overexpression rescued these inhibitory effects. Correspondingly, PKM2 knockdown inhibited glioma growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

In summary, these findings indicated that PKM2 promotes glioma progression by mediating CTNNB1 expression, providing a possible molecular marker for the clinical management of gliomas.

YY1-induced lncRNA00511 promotes melanoma progression via the miR-150-5p/ADAM19 axis

Increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are therapeutic targets and key regulators of tumors development and progression, including melanoma. Long intergenic non-protein-coding RNA 511 (LINC00511) has been demonstrated as an oncogenic molecule in breast, stomach, colorectal, and lung cancers. However, the precise role and functional mechanisms of LINC00511 in melanoma remain unknown. This study confirmed that LINC00511 was highly expressed in melanoma cells (A375 and SK-Mel-28 cells) and tissues, knockdown of LINC00511 could inhibit melanoma cell migration and invasion, as well as the growth of subcutaneous tumor xenografts in vivo. By using Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, it was demonstrated that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is capable of binding to the LINC00511 promoter and enhancing its expression in cis. Further mechanistic investigation showed that LINC00511 was mainly enriched in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells and interacted directly with microRNA-150-5p (miR-150-5p). Consistently, the knockdown of miR-150-5p could recover the effects of LINC00511 knockdown on melanoma cells. Furthermore, ADAM metallopeptidase domain expression 19 (ADAM19) was identified as a downstream target of miR-150-5p, and overexpression of ADAM19 could promote melanoma cell proliferation. Rescue assays indicated that LINC00511 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-150-5p and increase the expression of ADAM19, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. In summary, we identified LINC00511 as an oncogenic lncRNA in melanoma and defined the LINC00511/miR-150-5p/ADAM19 axis, which might be considered a potential therapeutic target and novel molecular mechanism the treatment of patients with melanoma.

Interplay between lncRNA/miRNA and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in brain cancer tumorigenesis

Brain cancers are among the most aggressive malignancies with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The pathogenesis of brain cancers is a very complicated process involving various genetic mutations affecting several oncogenic signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin axis. Uncontrolled activation of this oncogenic signaling is associated with decreased survival rate and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were shown to play important roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by regulating the expression of their target genes. Aberrant expression of these non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) was reported in many human cancers, including glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. Multiple lncRNAs were shown to participate in brain tumor pathogenesis by targeting Wnt signaling regulatory miRNAs. SNHG7/miR-5095, PCAT6/miR-139-3p, SNHG6/miR-944, SNHG1/ miR-556-5p, SNHG17/ miR-506-3p, LINC00702/miR-4652-3p, DLGAP1-AS1/miR-515-5p, HOTAIR/miR-1, HOTAIR/miR-206, CRNDE/miR-29c-3p, AGAP2-AS1/ miR-15a/b-5p, CLRN1-AS1/miR-217, MEG3/miR-23b-3p, and GAS5/miR-27a-5p are identified lncRNA/miRNA pairs that are involved in this process. Therefore, recognition of the expression profile and regulatory role of ncRNAs on the Wnt signaling may offer a novel approach to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of human cancers. This review summarizes previous data on the modulatory role of lncRNAs/miRNAs on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway implicated in tumor growth, EMT, metastasis, and chemoresistance in brain cancers.

YY1 Knockdown Relieves the Differentiation Block and Restores Apoptosis in AML Cells

In this study we analyzed the expression of Yin and Yang 1 protein (YY1), a member of the noncanonical PcG complexes, in AML patient samples and AML cell lines and the effect of YY1 downregulation on the AML differentiation block. Our results show that YY1 is significantly overexpressed in AML patient samples and AML cell lines and that YY1 knockdown relieves the differentiation block. YY1 downregulation in two AML cell lines (HL-60 and OCI-AML3) and one AML patient sample restored the expression of members of the CEBP protein family, increased the expression of extrinsic growth factors/receptors and surface antigenic markers, induced morphological cell characteristics typical of myeloid differentiation, and sensitized cells to retinoic acid treatment and to apoptosis. Overall, our data show that YY1 is not a secondary regulator of myeloid differentiation but that, if overexpressed, it can play a predominant role in myeloid differentiation block.

Targeting Transcription Factor YY1 for Cancer Treatment: Current Strategies and Future Directions

Cancer represents a significant and persistent global health burden, with its impact underscored by its prevalence and devastating consequences. Whereas numerous oncogenes could contribute to cancer development, a group of transcription factors (TFs) are overactive in the majority of tumors. Targeting these TFs may also combat the downstream oncogenes activated by the TFs, making them attractive potential targets for effective antitumor therapeutic strategy. One such TF is yin yang 1 (YY1), which plays crucial roles in the development and progression of various tumors. In preclinical studies, YY1 inhibition has shown efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth, promoting apoptosis, and sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy. Recent studies have also revealed the potential of combining YY1 inhibition with immunotherapy for enhanced antitumor effects. However, clinical translation of YY1-targeted therapy still faces challenges in drug specificity and delivery. This review provides an overview of YY1 biology, its role in tumor development and progression, as well as the strategies explored for YY1-targeted therapy, with a focus on their clinical implications, including those using small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and gene editing techniques. Finally, we discuss the challenges and current limitations of targeting YY1 and the need for further research in this area.

Identification of lncRNAs involved in response to ionizing radiation in fibroblasts of long-term survivors of childhood cancer and cancer-free controls

Introduction

Long non-coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) are involved in the cellular damage response following exposure to ionizing radiation as applied in radiotherapy. However, the role of lncRNAs in radiation response concerning intrinsic susceptibility to late effects of radiation exposure has not been examined in general or in long-term survivors of childhood cancer with and without potentially radiotherapy-related second primary cancers, in particular.

Methods

Primary skin fibroblasts (n=52 each) of long-term childhood cancer survivors with a first primary cancer only (N1), at least one second primary neoplasm (N2+), as well as tumor-free controls (N0) from the KiKme case-control study were matched by sex, age, and additionally by year of diagnosis and entity of the first primary cancer. Fibroblasts were exposed to 0.05 and 2 Gray (Gy) X-rays. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified with and without interaction terms for donor group and dose. Weighted co-expression networks of lncRNA and mRNA were constructed using WGCNA. Resulting gene sets (modules) were correlated to the radiation doses and analyzed for biological function.

Results

After irradiation with 0.05Gy, few lncRNAs were differentially expressed (N0: AC004801.4; N1: PCCA-DT, AF129075.3, LINC00691, AL158206.1; N2+: LINC02315). In reaction to 2 Gy, the number of differentially expressed lncRNAs was higher (N0: 152, N1: 169, N2+: 146). After 2 Gy, AL109976.1 and AL158206.1 were prominently upregulated in all donor groups. The co-expression analysis identified two modules containing lncRNAs that were associated with 2 Gy (module1: 102 mRNAs and 4 lncRNAs: AL158206.1, AL109976.1, AC092171.5, TYMSOS, associated with p53-mediated reaction to DNA damage; module2: 390 mRNAs, 7 lncRNAs: AC004943.2, AC012073.1, AC026401.3, AC092718.4, MIR31HG, STXBP5-AS1, TMPO-AS1, associated with cell cycle regulation).

Discussion

For the first time, we identified the lncRNAs AL158206.1 and AL109976.1 as involved in the radiation response in primary fibroblasts by differential expression analysis. The co-expression analysis revealed a role of these lncRNAs in the DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation post-IR. These transcripts may be targets in cancer therapy against radiosensitivity, as well as provide grounds for the identification of at-risk patients for immediate adverse reactions in healthy tissues. With this work we deliver a broad basis and new leads for the examination of lncRNAs in the radiation response.

Transcription factor YY1 mediates self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells through regulation of the SENP1/METTL3/MYC axis

Glioma is a primary brain tumor with limited treatment approaches and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are manifested with the self-renewal capability and high tumorigenic capacity. This study was performed to investigate the regulatory effect of the SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1)/methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)/MYC axis on the self-renewal of GSCs mediated by transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1). Following bioinformatics analysis and clinical and cellular experiments, we found that YY1 was highly expressed in GBM tissues and cells, while silencing its expression reduced the self-renewal ability of GSCs. Functionally, YY1 promoted the transcriptional expression of SENP1 by binding to the promoter region of SENP1, while the deSUMOase SENP1 facilitated the methylase activity of m6A through deSUMOylation of the methylase METTL3, thereby promoting the m6A modification of MYC mRNA via METL3 and promoting the expression of MYC. A nude mouse xenograft model of GBM was also constructed to examine the tumorigenicity of GSCs. The obtained findings demonstrated that YY1 promoted tumorigenicity of GSCs by promoting the expression of MYC in vivo. Conclusively, YY1 can transcriptionally upregulate the SUMOylase SENP1 and enhance the methylase activity of METTL3, resulting in the increased m6A modification level of MYC mRNA, thereby promoting the self-renewal of GSCs.

Circular RNA circPTPRF promotes the progression of GBM via sponging miR-1208 to up-regulate YY1

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant tumor in the brain, and its robust proliferation and invasion abilities reduce the survival time of patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an essential role in various tumors, such as regulating tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and other progressive phenotypes through different mechanisms. Finding novel circRNAs may significantly contribute to the prognosis of GBM and provide the basis for the targeted therapy of GBM. In this study, we found circPTPRF is a novel circRNA that has never been studied, which was highly expressed in GBM and is closely related to poor patient prognoses. After knockdown or overexpression in glioma cell lines (U87 and LN229) and glioma stem cells (GSCs), we identified that circPTPRF could promote proliferation, invasion, and neurospheres formation abilities of GBM via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Mechanisms, miR-1208 was confirmed as a target of circPTPRF, and miR-1208 can also target the 3’UTR of YY1, and they were proved by luciferase reporter, western blotting (WB), qPCR and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The following rescue experiments demonstrated that circPTPRF was a miR-1208 sponge for upregulating YY1 expression to promote proliferation, invasion and neurosphere formation abilities of GBM in vitro. In conclusion, the circPTPRF/miR-1208/YY1 axis can regulate GBM progression. CircPTPRF may play an essential role in GBM diagnosis and prognostic prediction and be an important molecular target for GBM therapy.

Integrative pan-cancer analysis indicates the prognostic importance of long noncoding RNA SNHG17 in human cancers

BACKGROUND

Cancer is one of the most widespread causes of death today. Early diagnosis can dramatically reduce cancer-related mortality. Studies have shown that the lncRNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 17 (SNHG17) is aberrantly expressed in various types of solid tumors. Nevertheless, its prognostic value remains to be elucidated. The main objective of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether SNHG17 can be considered as a potential prognostic biomarker for a variety of cancers.

METHODS

Correlational studies were screened from Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. Hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled, and the role of SNHG17 in cancer was analyzed. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was employed to verify the results.

RESULTS

Seventeen original papers including 1451 patients were included in the meta-analysis. SNHG17 expression was upregulated in various cancers. Overexpression of SNHG17 was significantly correlated with worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.92, 95% CI 1.55-2.37, P < 0.001) and relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.06-3.30, P = 0.030). Furthermore, overexpression of SNHG17 was predictive of earlier lymph node metastasis (LNM) (OR = 2.94, 95% CI 2.29-3.78, P < 0.001), more advanced tumor-node-metastases (TNM) stage (OR = 3.56, 95% CI 2.22-5.68, P < 0.001), larger tumor size (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.65-2.88, P < 0.001), worse differentiation grade (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.26-2.25, P < 0.001), and earlier distant metastasis (DM) (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.03-2.56, P = 0.033) in human cancers. Moreover, further inquiry based on TCGA dataset validated that SNHG17 was high expression in various tumors and foresaw unfavorable clinical prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of SNHG17 correlates with poor prognosis and advanced clinicopathological features in cancer patients and may be a potential prognostic indicator and a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

CircPTK2 accelerates tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer by upregulating AKT2 expression via miR-506-3p

With the rapid increase in its incidence in the last decade, colorectal cancer (CRC) is becoming one of the most life-threatening cancers. Circular RNA PTK2 (circPTK2) has multiple functions in oncogenesis, including in CRC. However, it remains elusive if circPTK2 also plays an important role in CRC malignancy. The levels of circPTK2, miR-506-3p, and AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 (AKT2) were measured by qPCR. The protein level of AKT2 was evaluated by western blotting assay. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cancer cells were evaluated by MTT, colony formation, wound-healing, and transwell assays. The interaction between circPTK2 and miR-506-3p and between miR-506-3p and AKT2 mRNA were verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expressions of circPTK2 and AKT2 were elevated in CRC cells, with a concomitant reduction of miR-506-3p. The knockdown of circPTK2 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells. CircPTK2 targeted miR-506-3p and negatively regulated its expression. Furthermore, miR-506-3p overexpression suppressed the CRC progression by downregulating the AKT2 expression. AKT2 overexpression or miR-506-3p inhibition restored the suppression of growth and invasiveness of CRC cancer cells caused by circPTK2 silencing. The circPTK2/miR-506-3p/AKT2 axis plays a novel and essential role in promoting CRC progression, providing potential targets for CRC therapeutic modality.

Enabling factor for cancer hallmark acquisition: Small nucleolar RNA host gene 17

The role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in human tumors has gradually received increasing attention in recent years. Particularly, the different functions of lncRNAs in different subcellular localizations have been widely investigated. The upregulation of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 17 (SNHG17) has been observed in various human tumors. Growing evidence has proved that SNHG17 plays a tumor-promoting role in tumorigenesis and development. This paper describes the molecular mechanisms by which SNHG17 contributes to tumor formation and development. The different functions of SNHG17 in various subcellular localizations are also emphasized: its function in the cytoplasm as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA), its action in the nucleus as a transcriptional coactivator, and its function through the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-dependent epigenetic modifications that regulate transcriptional processes. Finally, the correlation between SNHG17 and human tumors is summarized. Its potential as a novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for cancer is explored especially.

Kill two birds with one stone: Engineered exosome-mediated delivery of cholesterol modified YY1-siRNA enhances chemoradiotherapy sensitivity of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Irradiation (IR) and temozolomide (TMZ) play an extremely important role in the treatment of GBM. However, major impediments to effective treatment are postoperative tumor recurrence and acquired resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Our previous studies confirm that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is highly expressed in GBM, whereby it is associated with cell dedifferentiation, survival, and therapeutic resistance. Targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) without blood-brain barrier (BBB) restriction for eradication of GBM represents a promising approach for therapeutic interventions. In this study, we utilize the engineering technology to generate T7 peptide-decorated exosome (T7-exo). T7 is a peptide specifically binding to the transferrin receptor. T7-exo shows excellent packaging and protection of cholesterol-modified Cy3-siYY1 while quickly releasing payloads in a cytoplasmic reductive environment. The engineered exosomes T7-siYY1-exo could deliver more effciently to GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, in vitro experiments demonstrate that T7-siYY1-exo can enhance chemoradiotherapy sensitivity and reverse therapeutic resistance. Moreover, T7-siYY1-exo and TMZ/IR exert synergistic anti-GBM effect and significantly improves the survival time of GBM bearing mice. Our findings indicate that T7-siYY1-exo may be a potential approach to reverse the chemoradiotherapy resistance in GBM.

m6A methyltransferase METTL3-induced lncRNA SNHG17 promotes lung adenocarcinoma gefitinib resistance by epigenetically repressing LATS2 expression

Gefitinib has been widely applied for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the long-term application of gefitinib usually leads to acquired drug resistance in tumour patients, resulting in clinical treatment failure. Small nucleolar host gene 17 (SNHG17) has been shown to play a regulatory role in LUAD progression. Nevertheless, the role of SNHG17 in LUAD gefitinib resistance remains elusive. The expression pattern of SNHG17 was examined in tissues and cell lines of gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant LUAD, respectively. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments were employed to assess the biological functions of SNHG17 in cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as aggressive phenotypes of LUAD cells. MeRIP-qPCR and colorimetric quantificational analysis were performed to detect m6A modifications and contents. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and subcellular fractionation analysis were used to reveal the distribution of SNHG17. RIP and ChIP assays were performed to further validate the SNHG17/EZH2/LATS2 regulatory axis. A xenograft tumour growth assay was conducted to evaluate the role of SNHG17 in LUAD gefitinib resistance in vivo. SNHG17 was upregulated in gefitinib-resistant LUAD tissues and cell lines. Functional assays showed that SNHG17 aggravated the malignant phenotypes of gefitinib-resistant LUAD cells. In addition, METTL3-mediated N⁶-methyladenosine modification could induce the upregulation of SNHG17by stabilising its RNA transcript. Mechanistically, SNHG17 epigenetically repressed the expression of LATS2 by recruiting EZH2 to the promoter region of LATS2. The regulatory role of the SNHG17/EZH2/LATS2 axis in LUAD gefitinib resistance was further supported in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggested that SNHG17 induced by METTL3 could promote LUAD gefitinib resistance by epigenetically repressing LATS2 expression.

YY1 accelerates oral squamous cell carcinoma progression through long non-coding RNA Kcnq1ot1/microRNA-506-3p/SYPL1 axis

OBJECTIVE

Ying Yang1 (YY1) has already been discussed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but the knowledge about its mediation on long non-coding RNA KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1/microRNA-506-3p/synaptophysin like 1 (Kcnq1ot/miR-506-3p/SYPL1) axis in OSCC is still in its infancy. Hence, this article aims to explain the mechanism of YY1/Kcnq1ot1/miR-506-3p/SYPL1 axis in OSCC development.

METHODS

YY1, Kcnq1ot1, miR-506-3p and SYPL1 expression levels were determined in OSCC tissues. The potential relation among YY1, Kcnq1ot1, miR-506-3p and SYPL1 was explored. Cell progression was observed to figure out the actions of depleted YY1, Kcnq1ot1 and SYPL1 and restored miR-506-3p in OSCC. OSCC tumorigenic ability in mice was examined.

RESULTS

Elevated YY1, Kcnq1ot1 and SYPL1 and reduced miR-506-3p were manifested in OSCC. YY1 promoted Kcnq1ot1 transcription and up-regulated Kcnq1ot1 expression, thereby promoting OSCC cell procession. Silencing Kcnq1ot1 or elevating miR-506-3p delayed OSCC cell progression and silencing Kcnq1ot1 impeded tumorigenic ability of OSCC cells in mice. YY1-mediated Kcnq1ot1 sponged miR-506-3p to target SYPL1.

CONCLUSION

YY1 promotes OSCC cell progression via up-regulating Kcnq1ot1 to sponge miR-506-3p to elevate SYPL1, guiding a novel way to treat OSCC.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG17: a novel molecule in human cancers

Many studies in recent years have found that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can contribute to disease. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 17 (SNHG17) is a novel cancer-related lncRNA of the SNHG family which is highly expressed in various tumors and may exert oncogenic functions. Several studies have demonstrated that SNHG17 is closely related to the proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and chemical drug resistance of tumor cells, and clinical studies have found an association between high SNHG17 expression and poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize relevant studies investigating SNHG17, focusing on its biological function as well as its potential value for clinical applications.

SNHG17/miR-384/ELF1 axis promotes cell growth by transcriptional regulation of CTNNB1 to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Increasing evidence proved the abnormal expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in various human malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Nevertheless, limited explorations concern the role of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 17 (SNHG17) in OSCC. Herein, SNHG17 was disclosed to be remarkably upregulated in OSCC cell lines and promoted OSCC cell growth. Further mechanistic studies, including DNA/RNA pull down, RIP, ChIP, and luciferase reporter gene assays, were conducted. It was confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was involved in the SNHG17-mediated OSCC cell growth. Moreover, E74 like ETS transcription factor 1 (ELF1) was identified as the transcription activator of CTNNB1 (β-catenin mRNA) in OSCC. Inspired by competing for endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) network, we were pleasantly surprised to find that SNHG17 and ELF1 functioned as ceRNAs in OSCC via competitively binding to microRNA-384 (miR-384). By using rescue assays, we revealed that SNHG17 facilitated OSCC cell growth through modulating miR-384/ELF1 axis. Importantly, we certified that ELF1 was indispensable for SNHG17-affected OSCC progression. Collectively, it can be concluded that SNHG17/miR-384/ELF1 axis contributed to OSCC cell growth via promoting CTNNB1 expression, thus activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

SNHG17, as an EMT-related lncRNA, promotes the expression of c-Myc by binding to c-Jun in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Dysregulation of long noncoding RNA SNHG17 is associated with the occurrence of several tumors; however, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains obscure. The present study demonstrated that SNHG17 was upregulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines, induced by TGF‐β1, and associated with poor survival. It is also involved in the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. The mechanism underlying SNHG17‐regulated c‐Myc was detected by RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull‐down, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. SNHG17 was found to directly regulate c‐Myc transcription by binding to c‐Jun protein and recruiting the complex to specific sequences of the c‐Myc promoter region, thereby increasing its expression. Moreover, SNHG17 hyperactivation induced by TGF‐β1 results in PI3K/AKT pathway activation, promoting cells EMT, forming a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, SNHG17 facilitated ESCC tumor growth in vivo. Overall, this study demonstrated that the SNHG17/c‐Jun/c‐Myc axis aggravates ESCC progression and EMT induction by TGF‐β1 and may serve as a new therapeutic target for ESCC.

Regulatory interplay between microRNAs and WNT pathway in glioma

Glioma is one of the most common neoplasms of the central nervous system with a poor survival. Due to the obstacles in treating this disease, a part of recent studies mainly focuses on identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to its malignancy. Altering microRNAs (miRNAs) expression pattern has been identified obviously in many cancers. Through regulating various targets and signaling pathways, miRNAs play a pivotal role in cancer progression. As one of the essential signaling pathways, WNT pathway is dysregulated in many cancers, and a growing body of evidence emphasis its dysregulation in glioma. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of miRNAs involved in WNT pathway in glioma. Moreover, we show the interplay between miRNAs and WNT pathway in regulating different processes such as proliferation, invasion, migration, radio/chemotherapy resistance, and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition. Then, we introduce several drugs and treatments against glioma, which their effects are mediated through the interplay of WNT pathway and miRNAs.

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promote the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma by transferring exosomal LncRNA SNHG17

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) serve as a predominant regulator in the tumor microenvironment. However, the crosstalk between CAFs and OS cells remains mostly unclear. Recent studies explored that long non-coding RNA (LncRNAs) involved in regulating osteosarcoma (OS) formation and development, but their functions in CAFs are unknown. Here, we first investigated the SNHG17 was upregulated in OS tissues and correlated with the poor prognosis through the integrating clinical data. We then evaluated the function of SNHG17 in vitro using the stable SNHG17-depleted OS cells. HOS cells with SNHG17 knocked down were performed to generate the OS xenograft model. Through immunohistochemistry assay and TUNEL apoptosis assay, the role of SNHG17 on OS development was assessed in vivo. We then examined the SNHG17 expression in exosomes derived from CAFs, normal fibroblasts (NFs), and tumor tissues from the OS clinical samples. The interaction among SNHG17, miR-2861, and MMP2 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and identified by RIP and luciferase assays. The cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of SJSA-1 and HOS cells co-cultured with CAFs-derived exosomes were assessed by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. We found that SNHG17 was upregulated in the tumor tissues and presented a pro-tumorigenic effect on OS both in vitro and in vivo. It also was an essential exosomal cargo of CAFs and could affect OS cell proliferation and migration in vitro. CAFs-released exosomal SNHG17 acted as an essential molecular sponge for miR-2861 in OS cells. Moreover, MMP2 was a direct target of miR-2861 and was regulated by SNHG17. Overall, our findings identified that SNHG17 was an essential exosomal cargo of OS-related CAFs that contributes to proliferation and metastasis of OS, supporting the therapeutic potency of targeting the crosstalk between cancer cells and CAFs.

LncRNA SNHG17 Contributes to Proliferation, Migration, and Poor Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been substantially reported to have critical roles in regulating tumorigenesis in recent years. However, the expression pattern and biological function of SNHG17 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the expression pattern of SNHG17 in HCC tissues, adjacent nontumorous tissues, and cell lines. The effect of SNHG17 on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of HCC was investigated by knockdown and overexpressing SNHG17 in HCC cell lines. RNA sequencing was utilized to explore the underlying mechanism. Utilizing publicly available TCGA-LIHC, GSE102079 HCC datasets, and qRT-PCR, we found SNHG17 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines and was notably associated with larger tumor size, poorly differentiation, presence of vascular invasion, and advanced TNM stage. Furthermore, gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that SNHG17 promoted cell proliferation and migration and inhibited apoptosis of HCC. By employing RNA sequencing, we found knockdown of SNHG17 caused 1037 differentially expressed genes, highly enriched in several pathways, including metabolic, PI3K-Akt, cell adhesion, regulation of cell proliferation, and apoptotic pathway; among them, 92 were overlapped with SNHG17-related genes in the TCGA-LIHC dataset. Furthermore, ERH, TBCA, TDO2, and PDK4 were successfully validated and found significantly dysregulated in HCC tissues. Moreover, HCC patients with higher SNHG17 expression had a relatively poor overall survival and disease-free survival, and ERH and PDK4 also played a marked role in the prognosis of HCC. Broadly, our findings illustrate that SNHG17 acts as a noncoding oncogene in HCC progression, suggesting its potential value as a novel target for HCC therapy.

LncRNA SNHG17 promotes tumor progression and predicts poor survival in human renal cell carcinoma via sponging miR-328-3p

Accumulating data shows that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in human tumors' occurrence and progression. Small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) are recently revealed to play a carcinogenic role in various human neoplasms. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA SNHG17 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are still elusive. We analyzed the relationship between SNHG17 expression levels and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis in patients with RCC according to TCGA RNA-sequencing data and our cohort data. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments were conducted to examine the biological behaviors of SNHG17 on RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and tumor growth in vivo. The interaction between SNHG17, miR-328-3p, and Histone’sH2Avariant (H2AX) was verified by bioinformatics, dual-luciferase reporter gene, and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). Highly expressed SNHG17 was evident in RCC tissue samples and cell lines, and SNHG17 overexpression was related to advanced TNM stage and reduced relapse-free and overall survival of patients with RCC. Knockdown of SNHG17 prohibited malignant phenotypes, whereas ectopic SNHG17 expression showed the opposite effects. More importantly, SNHG17 could upregulate the expression of H2AX by acting as a miR-328-3p sponge. In vivo experiments confirmed that SNHG17 promoted the growth of RCC tumors. SNHG17/miR-328-3p/H2AXaxis might be involved in RCC progression, which provided a potential therapeutic target for RCC.

SNHG10 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Migration in Gastric Cancer by Targeting miR-495-3p/CTNNB1 Axis

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNAs have been acknowledged as the crucial regulators in the progression of human cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Small nucleolar RNA host gene 10 (SNHG10) has been identified as an oncogene in several cancer types. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether SNHG10 exerts functions in GC cells.

AIMS

The aims of the current study were to explore the function and underlying mechanism of SNHG10 in GC.

METHODS

The expression levels of SNHG10, miR-495-3p and catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) were detected by RT-qPCR. Loss-of-function assays, including CCK-8, colony formation assay, flow cytometry analysis and transwell assays, were conducted to verify the effect of SHNG10 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of GC cells. Mechanism experiments were performed to identify the downstream molecular mechanism of SNHG10.

RESULTS

SNHG10 was expressed at a high level in GC cells. Knockdown of SNHG10 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Silencing of SNHG10 led to the downregulation of core factors of WNT signaling pathway. Knockdown of SNHG10 could decline the expression of CTNNB1 through sequestering miR-495-3p.

CONCLUSIONS

SNHG10 promotes the procession of GC through targeting miR-495-3p/CTNNB1 and activating WNT signaling pathway.

Circular RNA circ_0001588 sponges miR-211-5p to facilitate the progression of glioblastoma via up-regulating YY1 expression

BACKGROUND

As the most common and detrimental brain tumor with high invasiveness and poor prognosis, glioblastoma (GBM) has severely threatened people's health globally. Therefore, it is of great importance and necessary to identify the molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and development, thus contributing to potential therapeutic targets and strategies.

METHODS

The level of circ_0001588 was detected in 68 pairs of GBM tissues and adjacent normal tissues and human glioma cell lines via a real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Then, the effect of circ_0001588 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells was evaluated. In addition, potential downstream targets of circ_0001588 were forecasted by circBANK and Starbase. Their interaction was confirmed by introducing luciferase reporter assays. Moreover, sh-circ_0001588 transfected U251 cells were used to form tumors in vivo. Finally, the functional mechanism of circ_0001588 was identified by qRT-PCR, western blotting, xenograft and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays.

RESULTS

The expression of circ_0001588 is markedly up-regulated in GBM tissues and human gliomas cells. Additionally, increased expression of circ_0001588 is positively relevant with poor survival in GBM patients. The down-regulation of circ_0001588 distinctly inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, knockdown of circ_0001588 reduces the tumor volume and weight, enhances the relative IHC staining index of E-cadherin and decreases the relative IHC staining index of Ki-67, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and vinmentin in vivo. Mechanistically, circ_0001588 locates in the cytoplasm, which is directly bound with miR-211-5p. Furthermore, circ_0001588 can positively regulate YY1 via sponging miR-211-5p. Moreover, circ_0001588 accelerates the proliferation, migration and invasion of GBM by modulating miR-211-5p/YY1 signaling.

CONCLUSIONS

These results illustrate a new circ_0001588/miR-211-5p/YY1 regulatory signaling axis in GBM.

miR-124-3p combined with miR-506-3p delay hepatic carcinogenesis via modulating sirtuin 1

OBJECTIVE

Our study aimed at exploring whether miR-124-3p and miR-506-3p collaboratively modulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expression in liver cancer. Materials and methods: In this study, cell viability, migration and invasion were assessed using CCK8 and transwell assays, respectively. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and immunoblotting analysis were performed to evaluate SIRT1 protein expression levels in tissue specimens and cell lines. Moreover, the nude-mouse transplanted tumour model was used to assess liver cancer cell growth in vivo. Results: Our results showed that SIRT1 protein levels were significantly up-regulated in liver cancer tissues and cancerous cell lines. Conversely, miR-124-3p and miR-506-3p were down-regulated in liver cancer tissues and cell lines. The protein expression of SIRT1 was significantly declined in HepG2 and SMMC7721 cells after transfection with miR-124-3p or miR-506-3p mimics. miR-124-3p and miR-506-3p collaboratively caused a marked inhibition of liver cancer cell growth, migration and invasion, while the phenomena were neutralized by overexpression of SIRT1. In vivo experimental measurements also revealed that miR-124-3p and miR-506-3p synergistically inhibited SIRT1 protein expression and tumour growth in the nude-mouse transplanted tumour model. Conclusion: It was observed that miR-124-3p and miR-506-3p could cooperatively retard liver cancer cell growth via co-inhibiting SIRT1 protein expression.

Roles Played by YY1 in Embryonic, Adult and Cancer Stem Cells

Accumulating evidence strongly indicates that the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) leads to the emergence of worse clinical scenarios, such as chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, metastasis, and cancer recurrence. CSCs are a highly tumorigenic population characterized by self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential. Thus, CSCs establish a hierarchical intratumor organization that enables tumor adaptation to evade the immune response and resist anticancer therapy. YY1 functions as a transcription factor, RNA-binding protein, and 3D chromatin regulator. Thus, YY1 has multiple effects and regulates several molecular processes. Emerging evidence indicates that the development of lethal YY1-mediated cancer phenotypes is associated with the presence of or enrichment in cancer stem-like cells. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether and to what extent YY1 regulates the CSC phenotype. Since CSCs mirror the phenotypic behavior of stem cells, we initially describe the roles played by YY1 in embryonic and adult stem cells. Next, we scrutinize evidence supporting the contributions of YY1 in CSCs from a number of various cancer types. Finally, we identify new areas for further investigation into the YY1-CSCs axis, including the participation of YY1 in the CSC niche.

lncRNA SNHG17 promotes pancreatic carcinoma progression via cross-talking with miR-942

OBJECTIVE

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG17 has been shown to modulate the biological behavior of multiple cancers (e.g., colorectal and lung cancers). However, its involvement in pancreatic cancer (PC) has not been explored; therefore, in the present study, we sought to examine this involvement.

METHODS

First, the mRNA expression levels of various genes were quantified in PC tissues and cell lines using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The interaction between SNHG17 and miR-942 was explored by bioinformatics prediction as well as a dual luciferase reporter assay. The proliferation and viability of pancreatic carcinoma cells were examined using cell counting kit-8 and MTT assays, respectively. Cellular migratory and invasive properties were evaluated using transwell migration and wound healing assays. Cell death was measured using flow cytometry. Protein expression was quantified by western blotting.

RESULTS

SNHG17 expression was markedly higher in human PC specimens and cell lines than in normal healthy tissues and pancreatic epithelial cells. MiR-942 expression displayed the opposite trend. Bioinformatics prediction and a dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that SNHG17 serves as a sponge for miR-942. Loss-of-function assay revealed that SNHG17 silencing reduced the proliferation and viability of PC cells, impaired their migratory and invasive capacities, and led to their apoptosis. All these changes could be reversed by miR-942 inhibition. Further mechanical studies showed that SNHG17 silencing decreased the expression of several tumor modulators, including XXX, and this decrease was countered by miR-942 inhibition.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides experimental evidence for an interaction between SNHG17 and miR-942, which may unveil a new approach for PC pharmacotherapy.

LncRNA LINC01410 Induced by MYC Accelerates Glioma Progression via Sponging miR-506-3p and Modulating NOTCH2 Expression to Motivate Notch Signaling Pathway

Glioma is a common invasive cancer with unfavorable prognosis in patients. Long non-coding RNAs have been reported to participate in modulating diverse cellular processes. Here, we focused on exploring the role of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1410 (LINC01410) in glioma and its underlying mechanism. The expression levels and protein levels of genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis and western blot. Loss-of-function assays were performed to assess the function of LINC01410 in glioma cells. The interactions among MYC, LINC01410, microRNA-506-3p (miR-506-3p) and notch receptor 2 (NOTCH2) were validated through Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), RNA Binding Protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays. Our data supported that LINC01410 was up-regulated in glioma cells. Bioinformatics predictions and the integrated experiments identified that MYC activated LINC01410 transcription and LINC01410 promoted the levels of NOTCH2 through sponging miR-506-3p and further motivated Notch signaling pathway. Rescue assays validated that LINC01410 exerted its influential functions on glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis via enhancing NOTCH2 expression. Our studies identified that LINC01410 accelerates the progression of glioma through acting as a ceRNA for miR-506-3p and elevating NOTCH2 expression to further activate the Notch signaling pathway, which indicated that LINC01410 might act as a novel regulator of glioma progression.

Long Non-coding RNA SNHG17 Upregulates RFX1 by Sponging miR-3180-3p and Promotes Cellular Function in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancer that is associated with poor quality of life in patients and a global health burden. The mechanisms involved in the development and progression of HCC remain poorly understood.

Methods

Hepatocellular carcinoma human samples and cell lines were subjected to qRT-PCR for expression assessment. CCK-8 assay, Transwell migration and invasion assay, were applied for cell function detection. Animal experiment was used to measure the function of SNHG17 on cell growth in vivo. Western blot was conducted to evaluate the level of EMT in cells. RIP, RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays were performed to assess the correlation between SNHG17, miR-3180-3p and RFX1.

Results

Our study demonstrated that SNHG17 was upregulated in HCC human samples and involved cell proliferation, migration, invasion progress. SNHG17 promoted HCC cell growth and metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated the downstream factor of SNHG17, SNHG17 acted as a molecular sponge for miR-3180-3p, and SNHG17 regulated RFX1 expression via miR-3180-3p. SNHG17 promotes tumor-like behavior in HCC cells via miR-3180-3p/RFX1.

Conclusion

We determined RFX1 as the target of miR-3810-3p; SNHG17 enhanced the progression of HCC via the miR-3180-3p/RFX1 axis. Taken together, our findings may provide insight into the molecular mechanism involved in the progression of HCC and develop SNHG17 as a novel therapeutic target against HCC.

LncRNA AC061961.2 overexpression inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis in dilated cardiomyopathy rats and cardiomyocytes via activating wnt/β-catenin pathway

Down-regulated lncRNA AC061961.2 in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients was previous reported. Whether AC061961.2 has regulatory effect on DCM still need exploration. Here, we tried to investigate the effect of AC061961.2 on DCM. After DCM model rat was established through injecting Adriamycin, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were measured by echocardiography. Histopathological changes and apoptosis were detected by hematoxylin-eosin, Masson staining, and TUNEL. After cardiomyocytes were isolated and identified by immunofluorescence, DCM cell model was established by injecting adriamycin. After transfected with overexpressed-AC061961.2 plasmids, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of AC061961.2, β-catenin, Axin2, c-Myc, CRP78, CHOP, Caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax in cardiomyocytes and heart tissues were detected by RT-qPCR or western blot. LVEDD and LVESD were increased while LVEF and LVFS were decreased in DCM rats. The histopathological of heart tissues showed a typical sign of DCM. Apoptosis were increased in heart tissues of DCM rats. In DCM rats, the expressions of AC061961.2, β-catenin, Axin2, c-Myc, and Bcl-2 were decreased, the expressions of CRP78, CHOP, Caspase-3, and Bax were increased. After the overexpression of AC061961.2, levels of β-catenin, Axin2, c-Myc, and Bcl-2 were increased, while levels of CRP78, CHOP, Caspase-3, and Bax were decreased, compared with that in DCM cardiomyocytes. LncRNA AC061961.2 overexpression inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis in DCM rats and cardiomyocytes via activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

The Why of YY1: Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation by Yin Yang 1

First described in 1991, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is a transcription factor that is ubiquitously expressed throughout mammalian cells. It regulates both transcriptional activation and repression, in a seemingly context-dependent manner. YY1 has a well-established role in the development of the central nervous system, where it is involved in neurogenesis and maintenance of homeostasis in the developing brain. In neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease, the crucial role of YY1 in cellular processes in the central nervous system is further underscored. In this mini-review, we discuss the various mechanisms leading to the transcriptional activating and repressing roles of YY1, including its role as a traditional transcription factor, its interactions with cofactors and chromatin modifiers, the role of YY1 in the non-coding genome and 3D chromatin organization and the possible implications of the phase-separation mechanism on YY1 function. We provide examples on how these processes can be involved in normal development and how alterations can lead to various diseases.

STAT3-Induced lncRNA SNHG17 Exerts Oncogenic Effects on Ovarian Cancer through Regulating CDK6

Emerging studies indicate that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in ovarian cancer (OC). By analyzing high-throughput data, we found that SNHG17 was highly expressed in multiple OC cohorts. However, its functions in OC were not explored. In this study, lncRNA expression in OC was analyzed by a series of microarray data. The functions of SNHG17 were investigated by various in vitro and in vivo assays. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), RNA pull-down, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and luciferase reporter assays were used to reveal the potential mechanisms involved in the effects of SNHG17. We found that SNHG17 was overexpressed in OC and that the oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 was involved in promoting its expression. In addition, high SNHG17 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in OC. Functional analysis revealed that SNHG17 could promote OC cell growth. Mechanistically, SNHG17 was found to be located predominantly in the cytoplasm. It could regulate expression of CDK6, an important cell-cycle regulator, by acting as a molecular sponge for miR-214-3p. In summary, our study suggested that SNHG17 acted as an oncogene in OC, which might serve as a novel target for OC diagnosis and therapy.

LncRNA SNHG7 promotes glioma cells viability, migration and invasion by regulating miR-342-3p/AKT2 axis

PURPOSE

Glioma has been categorized as the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Long non-coding RNA SNHG7 (lncRNA SNHG7) has been recognized in various cancers as a possible oncogene. In this study, the effect of SNHG7 on glioma cells was investigated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty glioma tissues and adjacent normal tissues were collected. Pc-SNHG7, sh-SNHG7, miR-342-3p mimic and miR-342-3p inhibitor were transfected into the glioma cells. Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell and scratch assay evaluated glioma cells viability, invasion and migration, respectively. TargetScan, Starbase and dual-luciferase reporter were used to predict and confirm the target genes and potential binding sites of SNHG7, miR-342-3p and AKT2. Relative miR-342-3p and AKT2 expressions were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Pearson's analysis was adopted for correlation analysis between SNHG7, miR-342-3p and AKT2.

RESULTS

SNHG7 expressions in glioma tissues and cells were increased, upregulation of SNHG7 promotes cell viability, invasion and migration. SNHG7 was shown to bind with miR-342-3p, and upregulating SNHG7 reduced miR-342-3p expression. AKT2 was the target gene of miR-342-3p, and miR-342-3p expression was decreased while AKT2 expression was increased in glioma tissues. High expression of miR-342-3p inhibited cell viability, invasion and migration and reduced AKT2 expression, whereas low expression of miR-342-3p did the opposite effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Upregulating SNHG7 might promote glioma cells viability, migration and invasion with the regulation of decreasing miR-342-3p level and increasing AKT2 level.

Current advances of long non-coding RNAs mediated by wnt signaling in glioma

Glioma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in the central nervous system (CNS), in which Wnt signaling pathway has been verified to play a pivotal role in regulating the initiation and progression. Currently, numerous studies have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have critical functions across biological processes including cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion and apoptosis via Wnt signaling pathway in glioma. This review depicts canonical and non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway properties and relative processing mechanisms in gliomas, and summarizes the function and regulation of lncRNAs mediated by Wnt signaling pathway in the development and progression of glioma. Ultimately, we hope to seek out promising biomarkers and reliable therapeutic targets for glioma.