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Yadav N, Parthiban C, Billman ZP, Stone BC, Watson FN, Zhou K, Olsen TM, Cruz Talavera I, Seilie AM, Kalata AC, Matsubara J, Shears MJ, Reynolds RA, Murphy SC. More time to kill: A longer liver stage increases T cell-mediated protection against pre-erythrocytic malaria. iScience 2023; 26:108489. [PMID: 38162031 PMCID: PMC10755051 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver stage (LS) Plasmodia mature in 2-2.5 days in rodents compared to 5-6 days in humans. Plasmodium-specific CD8+ T cell expansion differs across these varied timespans. To mimic the kinetics of CD8+ T cells of human Plasmodium infection, a two-dose challenge mouse model that achieved 4-5 days of LS antigen exposure was developed. In this model, mice were inoculated with a non-protective, low dose of late-arresting, genetically attenuated sporozoites to initiate T cell activation and then re-inoculated 2-3 days later with wild-type sporozoites. Vaccines that partially protected against traditional challenge completely protected against two-dose challenge. During the challenge period, CD8+ T cell frequencies increased in the livers of two-dose challenged mice but not in traditionally challenged mice, further suggesting that this model better recapitulates kinetics of CD8+ T cell expansion in humans during the P. falciparum LS. Vaccine development and antigen discovery efforts may be aided by using the two-dose challenge strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Yadav
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary P. Billman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brad C. Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felicia N. Watson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tayla M. Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Irene Cruz Talavera
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Mariko Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anya C. Kalata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jokichi Matsubara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melanie J. Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebekah A. Reynolds
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Yadav N, Parmar R, Patel H, Patidar M, Dalai SK. Infectious sporozoite challenge modulates radiation attenuated sporozoite vaccine-induced memory CD8 + T cells for better survival characteristics. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 66:41-51. [PMID: 34674290 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiation attenuated sporozoite (RAS), a whole parasite vaccine approach provides sterile protection against malaria. However, RAS immunization does not confer protection for long, and that has been correlated with the waning parasite-induced memory CD8+ T cell responses. Interestingly, an intermittent infectious (wild-type) sporozoite challenge to the RAS vaccinated mice lengthened the protection period from 6 to 18 months. Herein, we have studied the changes that infectious sporozoite brought in RAS-induced memory CD8+ T cells for conferring lengthened protection. We observed that the infectious sporozoite challenge has boosted the frequency of foreign antigen-experienced memory CD8+ T cells. In those CD8+ T cells, it has reduced the Annexin-V reactivity, raised Bcl-2 expression, and also more cells undergone homeostatic proliferation (Ki-67+ ). It has also scaled down the frequency of Nur77 and CX3CR1 high expressing cells in those memory CD8+ T cell populations which we further correlated with better survival signals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Rajesh Parmar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Hardik Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, 382481
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Shears MJ, Seilie AM, Kim Lee Sim B, Hoffman SL, Murphy SC. Quantification of Plasmodium knowlesi versus Plasmodium falciparum in the rhesus liver: implications for malaria vaccine studies in rhesus models. Malar J 2020; 19:313. [PMID: 32867784 PMCID: PMC7457220 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhesus macaques are valuable pre-clinical models for malaria vaccine development. The Plasmodium knowlesi/rhesus and Plasmodium falciparum/rhesus models are two established platforms for malaria vaccine testing, and both have previously been used to assess live-attenuated sporozoite vaccines. However, there is evidence that the susceptibility of the rhesus liver to P. knowlesi versus P. falciparum sporozoites likely differs, potentially complicating comparisons between these two platforms. Methods To quantify the differing susceptibility of rhesus to P. knowlesi and P. falciparum sporozoites, animals were infected by direct venous inoculation of purified, cryopreserved wild-type P. knowlesi sporozoites (PkSPZ) or P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ). The entire liver was collected 5 days post-infection, and parasite burden in each liver lobe was quantified using an ultrasensitive Plasmodium 18S rRNA RT-PCR biomarker assay. The potential of using 18S rRNA copy number in the rhesus liver to directly measure the efficacy of vaccines targeting P. falciparum sporozoites and liver stages was also theoretically evaluated. Results Infection of rhesus with a high dose of PkSPZ led to consistently high burden liver stage infections (range 9.5–10.1 log10 copies 18S rRNA/g of liver), with similar amounts of parasite 18S rRNA detected in every liver lobe. Inoculation of rhesus with high doses of PfSPZ led to more variable, lower liver burdens (range 4.9–6.6 log10 copies 18S rRNA/g of liver in infected lobes), with parasite 18S rRNA below the limit of detection in some liver lobes. The low signal and heterogeneity of liver burden in the PfSPZ-infected animals indicates that even this extremely sensitive molecular assay cannot be used to assess reliably vaccine efficacy in the P. falciparum/rhesus platform. Conclusions Detection of 18S rRNA in the liver following high dose intravenous PfSPZ confirmed that rhesus are modestly susceptible to wild-type P. falciparum sporozoites. However, comparison of 18S rRNA RT-PCR biomarker signal indicates that the P. falciparum liver burden was 3–5 logs lower than in PkSPZ-infected animals. Quantification of this difference in liver stage burden will help guide and interpret data from pre-clinical studies of live-attenuated sporozoite vaccines in rhesus models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Shears
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Annette M Seilie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - B Kim Lee Sim
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Stephen L Hoffman
- Sanaria, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite A209, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., F870, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, 750 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Olsen TM, Stone BC, Chuenchob V, Murphy SC. Prime-and-Trap Malaria Vaccination To Generate Protective CD8 + Liver-Resident Memory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1984-1993. [PMID: 30127085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (Trm) cells in the liver are critical for long-term protection against pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium infection. Such protection can usually be induced with three to five doses of i.v. administered radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS). To simplify and accelerate vaccination, we tested a DNA vaccine designed to induce potent T cell responses against the SYVPSAEQI epitope of Plasmodium yoelii circumsporozoite protein. In a heterologous "prime-and-trap" regimen, priming using gene gun-administered DNA and boosting with one dose of RAS attracted expanding Ag-specific CD8+ T cell populations to the liver, where they became Trm cells. Vaccinated in this manner, BALB/c mice were completely protected against challenge, an outcome not reliably achieved following one dose of RAS or following DNA-only vaccination. This study demonstrates that the combination of CD8+ T cell priming by DNA and boosting with liver-homing RAS enhances formation of a completely protective liver Trm cell response and suggests novel approaches for enhancing T cell-based pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla M Olsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Brad C Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Vorada Chuenchob
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Frank R, Gabel M, Heiss K, Mueller AK, Graw F. Varying Immunizations With Plasmodium Radiation-Attenuated Sporozoites Alter Tissue-Specific CD8 + T Cell Dynamics. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1137. [PMID: 29892289 PMCID: PMC5985394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole sporozoite vaccines represent one of the most promising strategies to induce protection against malaria. However, the development of efficient vaccination protocols still remains a major challenge. To understand how the generation of immunity is affected by variations in vaccination dosage and frequency, we systematically analyzed intrasplenic and intrahepatic CD8+ T cell responses following varied immunizations of mice with radiation-attenuated sporozoites. By combining experimental data and mathematical modeling, our analysis indicates a reversing role of spleen and liver in the generation of protective liver-resident CD8+ T cells during priming and booster injections: While the spleen acts as a critical source compartment during priming, the increase in vaccine-induced hepatic T cell levels is likely due to local reactivation in the liver in response to subsequent booster injections. Higher dosing accelerates the efficient generation of liver-resident CD8+ T cells by especially affecting their local reactivation. In addition, we determine the differentiation and migration pathway from splenic precursors toward hepatic memory cells thereby presenting a mechanistic framework for the impact of various vaccination protocols on these dynamics. Thus, our work provides important insights into organ-specific CD8+ T cell dynamics and their role and interplay in the formation of protective immunity against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Frank
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Gabel
- Centre for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Heiss
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Graw
- Centre for Modeling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Müller K, Gibbins MP, Matuschewski K, Hafalla JCR. Evidence of cross-stage CD8+ T cell epitopes in malaria pre-erythrocytic and blood stage infections. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28380250 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria parasites have a complex, multistage life cycle and there is a widely held view that each stage displays a distinct set of antigens presented to the immune system. Yet, molecular analysis of malaria parasites suggests that many putative antigenic targets are shared amongst the different stages. The specificities of these cross-stage antigens and the functions of the immune responses they elicit are poorly characterized. It is well-known that CD8+ T cells play opposing immune functions following Plasmodium berghei (Pb) infection of C57BL/6 mice. Whilst these cells play a crucial role in protective immunity against pre-erythrocytic stages, they are implicated in the development of severe disease during blood stages. Recently, CD8+ T cell epitopes derived from proteins supposedly specific for either pre-erythrocytic or blood stages have been described. In this brief report, we have compiled and confirmed data that the majority of the mRNAs and/or proteins from which these epitopes are derived display expression across pre-erythrocytic and blood stages. Importantly, we provide evidence of cross-stage immune recognition of the majority of these CD8+ T cell epitopes. Hence, our findings provide a resource to further examine the relevance of antigen-specific cross-stage responses during malaria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - M P Gibbins
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - K Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - J C R Hafalla
- Immunology and Infection Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kreutzfeld O, Müller K, Matuschewski K. Engineering of Genetically Arrested Parasites (GAPs) For a Precision Malaria Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:198. [PMID: 28620583 PMCID: PMC5450620 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous stage conversion and swift changes in the antigenic repertoire in response to acquired immunity are hallmarks of complex eukaryotic pathogens, including Plasmodium species, the causative agents of malaria. Efficient elimination of Plasmodium liver stages prior to blood infection is one of the most promising malaria vaccine strategies. Here, we describe different genetically arrested parasites (GAPs) that have been engineered in Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii and P. falciparum and compare their vaccine potential. A better understanding of the immunological mechanisms of prime and boost by arrested sporozoites and experimental strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy by further engineering existing GAPs into a more immunogenic form hold promise for continuous improvements of GAP-based vaccines. A critical hurdle for vaccines that elicit long-lasting protection against malaria, such as GAPs, is safety and efficacy in vulnerable populations. Vaccine research should focus on solutions toward turning malaria into a vaccine-preventable disease, which would offer an exciting new path of malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Kreutzfeld
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Katja Müller
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
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