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Seidu Z, Lamptey H, Lopez-Perez M, Whittle NO, Oppong SK, Kyei-Baafour E, Pobee ANA, Adjei GO, Hviid L, Ofori MF. Plasmodium falciparum infection and naturally acquired immunity to malaria antigens among Ghanaian children in northern Ghana. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 22:e00317. [PMID: 37501921 PMCID: PMC10369471 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The surge in malaria cases and deaths in recent years, particularly in Africa, despite the widespread implementation of malaria-control measures could be due to inefficiencies in malaria control and prevention measures in malaria-endemic communities. In this context, this study provides the malaria situation report among children in three Municipalities in Northern Ghana, where Seasonal Malaria Chemotherapy (SMC) is implemented by Ghana Health Service (GHS). Methods A cross-sectional household survey was carried out to assess the malaria knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) and malaria prevalence in 394 households in 13 rural communities in the Kumbugu, Nanton and Tolon Municipalities, Northern Region, Ghana. This was followed by screening for P. falciparum infection with anti-HRP2 RDT and PCR among children 1-17 years in the households. Plasma levels of IgG specific for crude P. falciparum antigen (3D7) and four recombinant malaria antigens (CSP, GLURP, MSP3, and Pfs230) were assessed by ELISA. The malaria and parasitaemia data were converted into frequency and subgroup proportions and disaggregated by study sites and demographic information of the participants. The ELISA data was converted to arbitrary units (AU) and similarly compared across study sites and demographic information. Results The P. falciparum infection rate and frequency of malaria were high in the study areas with significant age-dependent and inter-community differences, which were reflected by differences in plasma levels of P. falciparum-specific IgG. Over 60% of households reported the use of bed nets and indoor insecticide sprays/coils, and 14% mentioned bush clearing around homes (14%) as malaria preventive measures. Community health centres were the preferred place for households (88%) to seek malaria treatment but over-the-counter drug stores were the major source (66%) of their antimalarials. Overall, malaria preventive and treatment practices were sub-optimal. Conclusions P. falciparum infection and malaria are still high in the studied communities, indicating that preventive and control measures against the disease in the region remain inadequate. Efforts to ensure high SMC compliance and to improve preventative and treatment practices thus seem cost-beneficial "low-hanging fruits" in the fight against malaria in the Northern Region of Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Seidu
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West Africa Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mary Lopez-Perez
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Owusuwaa Whittle
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stephen Kwesi Oppong
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abigail Naa Adjorkor Pobee
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Obeng Adjei
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael F. Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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2
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Van Bortel W, Mariën J, Jacobs BKM, Sinzinkayo D, Sinarinzi P, Lampaert E, D’hondt R, Mafuko JM, De Weggheleire A, Vogt F, Alexander N, Wint W, Maes P, Vanlerberghe V, Leclair C. Long-lasting insecticidal nets provide protection against malaria for only a single year in Burundi, an African highland setting with marked malaria seasonality. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-009674. [PMID: 36455989 PMCID: PMC9772646 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are one of the key interventions in the global fight against malaria. Since 2014, mass distribution campaigns of LLINs aim for universal access by all citizens of Burundi. In this context, we assess the impact of LLINs mass distribution campaigns on malaria incidence, focusing on the endemic highland health districts. We also explored the possible correlation between observed trends in malaria incidence with any variations in climate conditions. METHODS Malaria cases for 2011-2019 were obtained from the National Health Information System. We developed a generalised additive model based on a time series of routinely collected data with malaria incidence as the response variable and timing of LLIN distribution as an explanatory variable to investigate the duration and magnitude of the LLIN effect on malaria incidence. We added a seasonal and continuous-time component as further explanatory variables, and health district as a random effect to account for random natural variation in malaria cases between districts. RESULTS Malaria transmission in Burundian highlands was clearly seasonal and increased non-linearly over the study period. Further, a fast and steep decline of malaria incidence was noted during the first year after mass LLIN distribution (p<0.0001). In years 2 and 3 after distribution, malaria cases started to rise again to levels higher than before the control intervention. CONCLUSION This study highlights that LLINs did reduce the incidence in the first year after a mass distribution campaign, but in the context of Burundi, LLINs lost their impact after only 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Van Bortel
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium,Unit Entomology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium,Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Bart K M Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Denis Sinzinkayo
- National Malaria Control Programme, Bujumbura, Burundi,Doctoral School, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | | | - Emmanuel Lampaert
- Department of Operations – Central African Regional Support Team, Médecins Sans Frontières, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
| | - Rob D’hondt
- Medical Department, Environmental Health Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Mafuko
- Department of Operations, Médecins Sans Frontières, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Anja De Weggheleire
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium,Unit of Mycobacterial Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Florian Vogt
- Outbreak Research Team, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium,The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Neil Alexander
- Environmental Research Group Oxford Ltd, c/o Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William Wint
- Environmental Research Group Oxford Ltd, c/o Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Maes
- Chief of WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene), UNICEF, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
| | - Veerle Vanlerberghe
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Group, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Corey Leclair
- Medical Department, Environmental Health Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Tairou F, Diallo A, Sy O, Kone A, Manga IA, Sylla K, Lelo S, Fall CB, Sow D, Ndiaye M, Faye B, Tine RCK. Malaria-associated risk factors among adolescents living in areas with persistent transmission in Senegal: a case-control study. Malar J 2022; 21:193. [PMID: 35725475 PMCID: PMC9208171 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Senegal, malaria morbidity has sharply decreased over these past years. However, malaria epidemiology remains heterogeneous with persistent transmission in the southeastern part of the country and many cases among older children and adolescents. Little is known about factors associated with clinical malaria among this group. A better understanding of malaria transmission among this newly emerging vulnerable group will guide future interventions targeting this population group. This study aimed to identify factors associated with clinical malaria among adolescents in Senegal. METHODS A case-control study was conducted from November to December 2020 in four health posts located in the Saraya district. Cases were defined as adolescents (10-19 years) with an uncomplicated malaria episode with fever (temperature > 37.5°) or a history of fever and positive malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Controls were from the same age group, living in the neighbourhood of the case, presenting a negative RDT. A standardized, pre-tested questionnaire was administered to each study participant followed by a home visit to assess the participant's living conditions. Factors associated with clinical malaria were assessed using stepwise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 492 individuals were recruited (246 cases and 246 controls). In a multivariate analysis, factors associated with clinical malaria included non-use of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) (aOR = 2.65; 95% CI 1.58-4.45), non-use of other preventive measures (aOR = 2.51; 95% CI 1.53-4.11) and indoor sleeping (aOR = 3.22; 95% CI 1.66-6.23). Protective factors included 15-19 years of age (aOR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.23-0.62), absence of stagnant water around the house (aOR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.16-0.44), having a female as head of household (aOR = 0.47; 95% CI 0.25-0.90), occupation such as apprentice (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.11-0.52). CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that environmental factors and non-use of malaria preventive measures are the main determinants of malaria transmission among adolescents living in areas with persistent malaria transmission in Senegal. Strategies aimed at improving disease awareness and access to healthcare interventions, such as LLINs, are needed to improve malaria control and prevention among these vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fassiatou Tairou
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | - Ousmane Sy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aminatou Kone
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.,Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Isaac Akhenaton Manga
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Khadim Sylla
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleye Lelo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Binetou Fall
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Doudou Sow
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Magatte Ndiaye
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Babacar Faye
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Roger C K Tine
- Department of Medical Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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Mahamar A, Sumner KM, Levitt B, Freedman B, Traore A, Barry A, Issiaka D, Dembele AB, Kanoute MB, Attaher O, Diarra BN, Sagara I, Djimde A, Duffy PE, Fried M, Taylor SM, Dicko A. Effect of three years' seasonal malaria chemoprevention on molecular markers of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine in Ouelessebougou, Mali. Malar J 2022; 21:39. [PMID: 35135546 PMCID: PMC8822718 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2012, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) was recommended as policy for malaria control by the World Health Organization (WHO) in areas of highly seasonal malaria transmission across the Sahel sub-region in Africa along with monitoring of drug resistance. We assessed the long-term impact of SMC on Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) over a 3-year period of SMC implementation in the health district of Ouelessebougou, Mali. Methods In 8 randomly selected sub-districts of Ouelessebougou, Mali, children aged 0–5 years were randomly selected during cross-sectional surveys at baseline (August 2014) and 1, 2 and 3 years post-SMC, at the beginning and end of the malaria transmission season. Blood smears and blood spots on filter paper were obtained and frequencies of mutation in P. falciparum genes related to resistance to SP and AQ (Pfdhfr, Pfdhps, Pfmdr1, and Pfcrt) were assessed by PCR amplification on individual samples and PCR amplification followed by deep sequencing on pooled (by site and year) samples. Results At each survey, approximately 50–100 individual samples were analysed by PCR amplification and a total of 1,164 samples were analysed by deep sequencing with an average read depth of 18,018–36,918 after pooling by site and year. Most molecular markers of resistance did not increase in frequency over the period of study (2014–2016). After 3 years of SMC, the frequencies of Pfdhps 540E, Pfdhps 437G and Pfcrt K76T remained similar compared to baseline (4.0 vs 1.4%, p = 0.41; 74.5 vs 64.6%, p = 0.22; 71.3 vs 67.4%, p = 0.69). Nearly all samples tested carried Pfdhfr 59R, and this proportion remained similar 3 years after SMC implementation (98.8 vs 100%, p = 1). The frequency of Pfmdr1 N86Y increased significantly over time from 5.6% at baseline to 18.6% after 3 years of SMC (p = 0.016). Results of pooled analysis using deep sequencing were consistent with those by individual analysis with standard PCR, but also indicated for the first time the presence of mutations at the Pfdhps A581G allele at a frequency of 11.7% after 2 years of SMC, as well as the Pfdhps I431V allele at frequencies of 1.6–9.3% following 1 and 2 years of SMC, respectively. Conclusion Two and 3 years of SMC implementation were associated with increased frequency of the Pfmdr1 N86Y mutation but not Pfdhps 540E, Pfdhps 437G and Pfcrt K76T. The first-time detection of the Pfdhps haplotype bearing the I431V and A581G mutations in Mali, even at low frequency, warrants further long-term surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almahamoudou Mahamar
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali.
| | - Kelsey M Sumner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandt Levitt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Betsy Freedman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aliou Traore
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Barry
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Djibrilla Issiaka
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Adama B Dembele
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa B Kanoute
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Attaher
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Issaka Sagara
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye Djimde
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Malaria Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
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Wharton-Smith A, Baker K, Roca-Feltrer A, Rodrigues M, Richardson S, Bonnington CA, Rassi C, Marasciulo M, Enosse S, Saute F, Aide P, Macete E, Candrinho B. Assessment of the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Impact of Implementing Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention in Nampula Province, Mozambique: Protocol for a Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e27855. [PMID: 34524109 PMCID: PMC8482168 DOI: 10.2196/27855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children aged under 5 years in Mozambique. The World Health Organization recommends seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), the administration of four monthly courses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ), to children aged 3-59 months during rainy season. However, as resistance to SP is widespread in East and Southern Africa, SMC has so far only been implemented across the Sahel in West Africa. Objective This protocol describes the first phase of a pilot project that aims to assess the protective effect of SP and AQ when used for SMC and investigate the levels of molecular markers of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to antimalarial medicines in the study districts. In addition, it is important to understand whether SMC is a feasible and acceptable intervention in the context of Nampula Province, Mozambique. Methods This study will adopt a hybrid effectiveness-implementation design to conduct a mixed methods evaluation with six objectives: a molecular marker study, a nonrandomized controlled trial, an analysis of reported malaria morbidity indicators, a documentation exercise of the contextual SMC adaptation, an acceptability and feasibility assessment, and a coverage and quality assessment. Results Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Mozambican Ministry of Health National Bioethics Committee on September 15, 2020. Data collection began in October 2020, and data analysis is expected to be completed by August 2021. Conclusions This research will make a unique contribution to our understanding of whether the combination of SP and AQ, when used for SMC, can confer a protective effect against malaria in children aged 3-59 months in a region where malaria transmission is seasonal and SP resistance is expected to be high. If the project is successful, subsequent phases are expected to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness and sustainability of SMCs. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/27855
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Baker
- Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Enosse
- National Institute of Health (Instituto Nacional de Saúde), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saute
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Pedro Aide
- National Institute of Health (Instituto Nacional de Saúde), Maputo, Mozambique.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Eusebio Macete
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique.,National Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Baltazar Candrinho
- National Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique.,The National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
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Evolution of Malaria Incidence in Five Health Districts, in the Context of the Scaling Up of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention, 2016 to 2018, in Mali. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020840. [PMID: 33478166 PMCID: PMC7844620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Context: In Mali, malaria transmission is seasonal, exposing children to high morbidity and mortality. A preventative strategy called Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) is being implemented, consisting of the distribution of drugs at monthly intervals for up to 4 months to children between 3 and 59 months of age during the period of the year when malaria is most prevalent. This study aimed to analyze the evolution of the incidence of malaria in the general population of the health districts of Kati, Kadiolo, Sikasso, Yorosso, and Tominian in the context of SMC implementation. Methods: This is a transversal study analyzing the routine malaria data and meteorological data of Nasa Giovanni from 2016 to 2018. General Additive Model (GAM) analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between malaria incidence and meteorological factors. Results: From 2016 to 2018, the evolution of the overall incidence in all the study districts was positively associated with the relative humidity, rainfall, and minimum temperature components. The average monthly incidence and the relative humidity varied according to the health district, and the average temperature and rainfall were similar. A decrease in incidence was observed in children under five years old in 2017 and 2018 compared to 2016. Conclusion: A decrease in the incidence of malaria was observed after the SMC rounds. SMC should be applied at optimal periods.
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7
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Mahamar A, Issiaka D, Youssouf A, Niambele SM, Soumare HM, Attaher O, Barry A, Narum DL, Duffy PE, Greenwood B, Fried M, Dicko A. Effect of 4 years of seasonal malaria chemoprevention on the acquisition of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in Ouelessebougou, Mali. Malar J 2021; 20:23. [PMID: 33413417 PMCID: PMC7788529 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 200 million people live in areas of highly seasonal malaria transmission where Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) was recommended in 2012 by WHO. This strategy is now implemented widely and protected more than 19 million children in 2018. It was previously reported that exposure to SMC reduced antibody levels to AMA1, MSP-142 and CSP, but the duration of exposure to SMC up to three 3 years, had no effect on antibody levels to MSP-142 and CSP. Methods In 2017, a cross-sectional survey was carried out 1 month after the last dose of SMC had been given to children aged 4–5 years randomly selected from areas where SMC had been given for 2 or 4 years during the malaria transmission season. A total of 461 children were enrolled, 242 children in areas where SMC had been implemented for 4 years and 219 children in areas where SMC had been implemented for 2 years. Antibody extracted from dry blood spots was used to measure IgG levels to the malaria antigens CSP, MSP-142 and AMA1 by ELISA. Results The prevalence of antibodies to MSP-142 was similar in children who had received SMC for 4 years compared to those who had received SMC for only 2 years (85.1 vs 86.0%, ajusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.06, 95% confidence intervals (CI 0.62–1.80), p = 0.80). The prevalence of antibodies to AMA-1 and to CSP was not lower in children who received SMC for 4 years compared to those who had received SMC for only 2 years (95.3 vs 88.8%, aOR = 3.16, 95% CI 1.44–6.95, p = 0.004 for AMA-1; and 91.2 vs 81.9%, aOR = 3.14, 95% CI 1.70–5.76, p < 0.001 for CSP). Median antibody levels for anti-MSP-142 IgG were not significatively inferior in children who had received SMC for four rather than 2 years (0.88 (IQR: 0.64–1.15) and 0.95 ((0.68–1.15), respectively), anti-CSP (1.30 (1.00–1.56) and 1.17 (0.87–1.47)), and anti-AMA-1 (1.45 (1.24–1.68) and 1.41 (1.17–1.64)). Conclusion In an area of high seasonal malaria transmission, children who had received SMC for 4 years did not had lower seropositivity or antibody levels to AMA1, MSP-142 and CSP compared to children who had received SMC for only 2 years suggesting that children who have received SMC for 4 years may not be more at risk of malaria after the cessation of SMC than children who have received SMC for a shorter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almahamoudou Mahamar
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Djibrilla Issiaka
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ahamadou Youssouf
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Sidi M Niambele
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Harouna M Soumare
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Attaher
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Barry
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Mali Research & Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies (USTT), Bamako, Mali.
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Evidence that seasonal malaria chemoprevention with SPAQ influences blood and pre-erythrocytic stage antibody responses of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Niger. Malar J 2021; 20:1. [PMID: 33386070 PMCID: PMC7775624 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In endemic areas, children develop slowly and naturally anti-Plasmodium antibodies and become semi-immune. Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine + amodiaquine (SPAQ) is a new strategy to reduce malaria morbidity in West African young children. However, SMC may impact on the natural acquisition of anti-Plasmodium immunity. This paper evaluates the effect of SMC with SPAQ on antibody concentration in young children from Niger. Methods This research was conducted in areas benefitting from SMC since 2014 (Zinder district), without SMC (Dosso district), and with 1 year of SMC since 2016 (Gaya district). To assess the relationship between SMC and Plasmodium falciparum IgG antibody responses, the total antibody concentrations against two P. falciparum asexual stage vaccine candidate antigens, circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and glutamate-rich protein R2 (GLURP-R2), in children aged 3 to 59 months across the three areas were compared. Antibody concentrations are quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the elution extracted from positive and negative malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test cassettes. Results The analysis concerns two hundred and twenty-nine children aged from 3 to 59 months: 71 in Zinder, 77 in Dosso, and 81 in Gaya. In Zinder (CSP = 17.5 µg/ml and GLURP-R2 = 14.3 µg/ml) median antibody concentration observed are higher than in Gaya (CSP = 7.7 µg/ml and GLURP-R2 = 6.5 µg/ml) and Dosso (CSP = 4.5 µg/ml and GLURP-R2 = 3.6 µg/ml) (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The research reveals some evidences which show that seasonal malaria chemoprevention with SPAQ has an effect on blood stage antibody responses and pre-erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum infections in Niger. Increased antibody titres with increased SMC/SPAQ implementation. This contradicts hypothesis that SMC/SPAQ could reduce immunity to erythrocyte and liver-stage antigens. Further studies are necessary to provide better understanding of the SMC effect on malaria immunity.
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Fowle K, Wells B, Day M, Kumar A, Bess C, Bingham B, Wayman A. The program and policy change framework: A new tool to measure research use in low- and middle-income countries. RESEARCH EVALUATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/reseval/rvaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organizations that fund research to address global development challenges are increasingly interested in measuring the social and economic outcomes of research. However, traditional metrics for measuring research outputs are often insufficient for capturing the outcomes targeted by international assistance organizations. To address this, the Center for Development Research (CDR), part of the U.S. Global Development Lab at the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), has designed a new tool: the Program and Policy Change (PPC) framework for tracking and quantifying the influence of research on program and policy change in international development. The framework draws on existing conceptual frameworks of evidence uptake and the literature on policy change. This article describes the design of the PPC framework and presents the results of applying the framework to two USAID research programs. The benefits of the framework include applicability across research sectors, focus on evidence-informed policy at various levels of geographical influence, and inclusion of a numeric scoring system that enables quantification of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Fowle
- The US Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Brent Wells
- The US Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Melissa Day
- The US Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
- Web of Science Group, Clarivate, 1900 Duke Street Ste 200, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
| | - Anjali Kumar
- The US Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Cameron Bess
- The US Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Brian Bingham
- The US Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Annica Wayman
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Attaher O, Zaidi I, Kwan JL, Issiaka D, Samassekou MB, Cisse KB, Coulibaly B, Keita S, Sissoko S, Traore T, Diarra K, Diarra BS, Dembele A, Kanoute MB, Mahamar A, Barry A, Fried M, Dicko A, Duffy PE. Effect of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention on Immune Markers of Exhaustion and Regulation. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:138-145. [PMID: 31584094 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is a novel strategy to reduce malaria infections in children. Infection with Plasmodium falciparum results in immune dysfunction characterized by elevated expression of markers associated with exhaustion, such as PD1 and LAG3, and regulatory CD4+FOXP3+ T cells. METHODS In the current study, the impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention on malaria-induced immune dysfunction, as measured by markers associated with exhaustion and regulatory T cells, was explored by flow cytometry. RESULTS Children that received seasonal malaria chemoprevention had fewer malaria episodes and showed significantly lower fold changes in CD4+PD1+ and CD4+PD1+LAG3+ compared to those that did not receive SMC. Seasonal malaria chemoprevention had no observable effect on fold changes in CD8 T cells expressing PD1 or CD160. However, children receiving SMC showed greater increases in CD4+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells compared to children not receiving SMC. CONCLUSIONS These results provide important insights into the dynamics of malaria-induced changes in the CD4 T-cell compartment of the immune system and suggest that the reduction of infections due to seasonal malaria chemoprevention may also prevent immune dysfunction. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02504918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumar Attaher
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Kwan
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Djibrilla Issiaka
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamoudou B Samassekou
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kadidia B Cisse
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Barou Coulibaly
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sekouba Keita
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sibiri Sissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Tiangoua Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kalifa Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Bacary S Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Adama Dembele
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Moussa B Kanoute
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Almahamoudou Mahamar
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amadou Barry
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Bradley J, Stone W, Da DF, Morlais I, Dicko A, Cohuet A, Guelbeogo WM, Mahamar A, Nsango S, Soumaré HM, Diawara H, Lanke K, Graumans W, Siebelink-Stoter R, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Chen I, Tiono A, Gonçalves BP, Gosling R, Sauerwein RW, Drakeley C, Churcher TS, Bousema T. Predicting the likelihood and intensity of mosquito infection from sex specific Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte density. eLife 2018; 7:34463. [PMID: 29848446 PMCID: PMC6013255 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the importance of gametocyte density on human-to-mosquito transmission is of immediate relevance to malaria control. Previous work (Churcher et al., 2013) indicated a complex relationship between gametocyte density and mosquito infection. Here we use data from 148 feeding experiments on naturally infected gametocyte carriers to show that the relationship is much simpler and depends on both female and male parasite density. The proportion of mosquitoes infected is primarily determined by the density of female gametocytes though transmission from low gametocyte densities may be impeded by a lack of male parasites. Improved precision of gametocyte quantification simplifies the shape of the relationship with infection increasing rapidly before plateauing at higher densities. The mean number of oocysts per mosquito rises quickly with gametocyte density but continues to increase across densities examined. The work highlights the importance of measuring both female and male gametocyte density when estimating the human reservoir of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bradley
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Will Stone
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dari F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, MIVEGEC (UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
| | - Alassane Dicko
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, MIVEGEC (UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Almahamoudou Mahamar
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, MIVEGEC (UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Nsango
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Harouna M Soumaré
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, MIVEGEC (UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
| | - Halimatou Diawara
- Institut de recherche pour le développement, MIVEGEC (UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Graumans
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rianne Siebelink-Stoter
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid Chen
- Global Health Group, Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Alfred Tiono
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bronner Pamplona Gonçalves
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Gosling
- Global Health Group, Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S Churcher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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