The clearance effect of bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody-containing milk in O blood group Helicobacter pylori-infected patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial

Extracellular vesicles in Helicobacter pylori-mediated diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are relevant elements for cell-to-cell communication and are considered crucial in host-pathogen interactions by transferring molecules between the pathogen and the host during infections. These structures participate in various physiological and pathological processes and are considered promising candidates as disease markers, therapeutic reagents, and drug carriers. Both H. pylori and the host epithelial cells infected by H. pylori secrete EVs, which contribute to inflammation and the development of disease phenotypes. However, many aspects of the cellular and molecular biology of EV functions remain incompletely understood due to methodological challenges in studying these small structures. This review also highlights the roles of EVs derived from H. pylori-infected cells in the pathogenesis of gastric and extragastric diseases. Understanding the specific functions of these EVs during H. pylori infections, whether are advantageous to the host or the pathogen, may help the development new therapeutic approaches to prevent disease.

Oral immunotherapy for Helicobacter pylori: Can it be trusted? A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a rod-shaped, gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that can be identified by gram staining. Its relationship with cancer is significant since it is involved in approximately 80% of gastric cancers and 5.5% of all malignant cancers. Two lines of treatment have been defined for H. pylori, but almost 40% of patients do not respond to the first line. Recent trials have investigated oral Immunotherapy as a new treatment method. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the potential effects of oral Immunotherapy on eradication rate of H. pylori in human studies.

METHODS

The systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched online databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI). Our search strategy was limited to English articles and studies on human populations that use oral immunotherapy for H. pylori.

RESULTS

The total number of primary research records in different databases was 2775. After removing duplicate articles (n = 870), we excluded 1829 for reasons including non-human studies, irrelevance to our study objective, non-English language, or lack of information. Of the remaining 76 articles, only seven had sufficient information, and the rest were excluded. The studies were divided into two groups: those that used bovine antibody and those that used immunoglobulin Y to eradicate H. pylori.

CONCLUSION

In the group of Immunoglobulin Y, three out of four studies suggest that using Immunoglobulin Y for the treatment of H. pylori infection is significant. However, the group using bovine antibody for the treatment of H. pylori infection has various results, as two out of three studies concluded that bovine antibody therapy is not significant.

Identification of the immunogenic membrane proteins, catalase, PgbA, and PgbB, as potential antigens against Helicobacter pylori

AIMS

This study aims to investigate the specific membrane antigens that are targeted by antibodies raised against Helicobacter pylori.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Bovine milk antibodies were prepared using whole H. pylori, purified membrane proteins, or both. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments revealed that these immunogens triggered anti-H. pylori antibody production in milk. The highest antibody titer was induced by the mixture of whole bacteria and purified membrane proteins. The antibodies induced by mixed immunogens significantly inhibited H. pylori growth in vitro and were used to identify catalase, plasminogen-binding protein A (PgbA), and PgbB via western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and two-dimensional western blotting followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrophotometry. The immunogenicity of PgbA and PgbB was verified in mice vaccinated with their B-cell epitope vaccines. Following prophylactic vaccination of C57BL/6 mice, each of the three antigens alone and their combination reduced the weight loss in mice, increased antibody titers, and relieved the inflammatory status of the gastric mucosa following H. pylori infection.

CONCLUSIONS

Catalase, PgbA, and PgbB could serve as valuable membrane antigens for the development of anti-H. pylori immunotherapies.

Perspectives from recent advances of Helicobacter pylori vaccines research

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the main factor leading to some gastric diseases. Currently, H. pylori infection is primarily treated with antibiotics. However, with the widespread application of antibiotics, H. pylori resistance to antibiotics has also gradually increased year by year. Vaccines may be an alternative solution to clear H. pylori.

AIMS

By reviewing the recent progress on H. pylori vaccines, we expected it to lead to more research efforts to accelerate breakthroughs in this field.

MATERIALS & METHODS

We searched the research on H. pylori vaccine in recent years through PubMed®, and then classified and summarized these studies.

RESULTS

The study of the pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori has led to the development of vaccines using some antigens, such as urease, catalase, and heat shock protein (Hsp). Based on these antigens, whole-cell, subunit, nucleic acid, vector, and H. pylori exosome vaccines have been tested.

DISCUSSION

At present, researchers have developed many types of vaccines, such as whole cell vaccines, subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, etc. However, although some of these vaccines induced protective immunity in mouse models, only a few were able to move into human trials. We propose that mRNA vaccine may play an important role in preventing or treating H. pylori infection. The current study shows that we have developed various types of vaccines based on the virulence factors of H. pylori. However, only a few vaccines have entered human clinical trials. In order to improve the efficacy of vaccines, it is necessary to enhance T-cell immunity.

CONCLUSION

We should fully understand the pathogenic mechanism of H. pylori and find its core antigen as a vaccine target.

ABO(H) and Lewis blood group substances and disease treatment

Since the early 20th century, scientists have determined that blood group antigens can be inherited. With more and more studies have been devoted to finding the relationship between blood groups and diseases, the relationship of ABO(H) and Lewis blood groups and the development of human diseases have been summarised. In addition, many studies have shown that blood group substances, such as blood group antigen or related antibody, play an important role in disease prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the advances of ABO(H), Lewis blood group substances in the treatment of diseases, which has important significance for the development of novel therapeutic methods.

Pharmacological activities and potential use of bovine colostrum for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals: A review

Bovine colostrum (BC) is the initial milk produced by cows after giving birth. It has been used to treat human diseases, such as infections, inflammations, and cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that bovine lactoferrin and bovine antibodies seem to be the most important bioactive constituents in BC. Thus, BC has also been reviewed for its potential to deliver short-term protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, it can potentially be explored as a precursor for peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. To date, several bioactive peptides have been isolated from BC, including casocidin-1, casecidin 15 and 17, isracidin, caseicin A, B, and C. Like other peptides, bioactive peptides derived from BC could be used as a valuable precursor for radiopharmaceuticals either for diagnosis or therapy purposes. This review provides bovine colostrum’s biological activities and a perspective on the potential use of peptides from BC for developing radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine.

Gut microbes in gastrointestinal cancers

Gut microbes (GMs), dominated by bacteria, play important roles in many physiological processes. The structures and functions of GMs are closely related to human health, the occurrence and development of diseases and the rapid recovery of the body. Gastrointestinal cancers are the major diseases affecting human health worldwide. With the development of metagenomic technology and the wide application of new generation sequencing technology, a large number of studies suggest that complex GMs are related to the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal cancers. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and probiotics can treat and prevent the occurrence of gastrointestinal cancers. This article reviews the latest research progress of microbes in gastrointestinal cancers from the perspectives of the correlation, the influence mechanism and the application, so as to provide new directions for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers.

Clinical factors associated with initial Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a retrospective study in China

The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been decreasing every year, mainly due to the increase in antibiotic resistance. In fact, many other factors may affect H. pylori eradication. To analyze the clinical factors affecting the initial eradication therapy in Chinese patients with H. pylori infection. We conducted a retrospective study on 264 outpatients who were diagnosed with H. pylori-associated chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease between January and December 2015 at a large tertiary hospital in China. The patients were divided into three groups: ECA, RCA, and RCM (R: 20 mg rabeprazole, E: 40 mg esomeprazole, C: 0.5 g clarithromycin, A: 1.0 g amoxicillin and M: 0.4 g metronidazole). The patients were treated for 14 days and followed up for 1 year. The 14C-urea breath test (14C-UBT) was performed 4 weeks after the completion of the eradication therapy. The eradication rate was higher in ≥ 40-year-old patients than in < 40-year-old-patients (85.7% vs. 54.7%, p = 0.002). Multivariate analyses revealed only age ≥ 40 years to be significantly associated with a high H. pylori eradication rate [odds ratio (OR) 4.58, p = 0.003]. The H. pylori eradication rate in patients with duodenal ulcers was significantly higher than that in patients with gastric ulcers (79% vs. 60%, p = 0.012). Age could be a predictor of successful H. pylori eradication. Patients with duodenal ulcers had a higher H. pylori eradication rate than those with other lesions.

Effects of Bovine Immunoglobulins on Immune Function, Allergy, and Infection

This review aims to provide an in depth overview of the current knowledge of the effects of bovine immunoglobulins on the human immune system. The stability and functional effects of orally ingested bovine immunoglobulins in milk products are described and potential mechanisms of action are discussed. Orally ingested bovine IgG (bovine IgG) can be recovered from feces, ranging from very low levels up to 50% of the ingested IgG that has passed through the gastrointestinal tract. In infants the recovered levels are higher than in adults most likely due to differences in stomach and intestinal conditions such as pH. This indicates that bovine IgG can be functionally active throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Indeed, a large number of studies in infants and adults have shown that bovine IgG (or colostrum as a rich source thereof) can prevent gastrointestinal tract infections, upper respiratory tract infections, and LPS-induced inflammation. These studies vary considerably in target group, design, source of bovine IgG, dosage, and endpoints measured making it hard to draw general conclusions on effectiveness of bovine immunoglobulin rich preparations. Typical sources of bovine IgG used in human studies are serum-derived IgG, colostrum, colostrum-derived IgG, or milk-derived immunoglobulins. In addition, many studies have used IgG from vaccinated cows, but studies using IgG from nonimmunized animals have also been reported to be effective. Mechanistically, bovine IgG binds to many human pathogens and allergens, can neutralize experimental infection of human cells, and limits gastrointestinal inflammation. Furthermore, bovine IgG binds to human Fc receptors which, enhances phagocytosis, killing of bacteria and antigen presentation and bovine IgG supports gastrointestinal barrier function in in vitro models. These mechanisms are becoming more and more established and explain why bovine IgG can have immunological effects in vivo. The inclusion of oral bovine immunoglobulins in specialized dairy products and infant nutrition may therefore be a promising approach to support immune function in vulnerable groups such as infants, children, elderly and immunocompromised patients.

Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, biological evaluation and 2D QSAR analysis of flavonoids from Syzygium alternifolium as potent anti-Helicobacter pylori agents

The present study was carried out with the specific aim to evaluate anti-Helicobacter pylori(Hp) and urease inhibitory activities of three flavonoids from Syzygium alternifolium through thein vitroand bio-computational approaches.