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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Tinsley GM, Kerksick CM, Gonzalez AM, Kreider RB, Arent SM, Jager R, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp T, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2171314. [PMID: 36862943 PMCID: PMC9987737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW-1]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW-1. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW-1 caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage's content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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Chapman S, Roberts J, Roberts AJ, Ogden H, Izard R, Smith L, Chichger H, Struszczak L, Rawcliffe AJ. Pre-sleep protein supplementation does not improve performance, body composition, and recovery in British Army recruits (part 1). Front Nutr 2023; 10:1262044. [PMID: 38144428 PMCID: PMC10748761 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1262044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein is crucial for optimising physical training adaptations such as muscular strength and mass, which are key aims for athletic populations, including British Army recruits. New recruits fail to meet the recommended protein intake during basic training (BT), with negligible amounts consumed in the evening. This study assessed the influence of a daily bolus of protein prior to sleep on performance adaptations, body composition and recovery in British Army recruits. 99 men and 23 women [mean ± standard deviation (SD): age: 21.3 ± 3.5 years, height: 174.8 ± 8.4 cm, body mass 75.4 ± 12.2 kg] were randomised into a dietary control (CON), carbohydrate placebo (PLA), moderate (20 g) protein (MOD) or high (60 g) protein (HIGH) supplementation group. Supplements were isocaloric and were consumed on weekday evenings between 2000 and 2100 for 12 weeks during BT. Performance tests (mid-thigh pull, medicine ball throw, 2 km run time, maximal push-up, and maximal vertical jump) and body composition were assessed at the start and end of BT. Dietary intake, energy expenditure, salivary hormones, urinary nitrogen balance, perceived muscle soreness, rating of perceived exertion, mood, and fatigue were assessed at the start, middle and end of BT. Protein supplementation increased protein intake in HIGH (2.16 ± 0.50 g⸱kg-1⸱day-1) and MOD (1.71 ± 0.48 g⸱kg-1⸱day-1) compared to CON (1.17 ± 0.24 g⸱kg-1⸱day-1) and PLA (1.31 ± 0.29 g⸱kg-1⸱day-1; p < 0.001). Despite this, there was no impact of supplementation on mid-thigh pull performance (CON = 7 ± 19%, PLA = 7 ± 19%, MOD = 0 ± 16%, and HIGH = 4 ± 14%; p = 0.554) or any other performance measures (p > 0.05). Fat-free mass changes were also similar between groups (CON = 4 ± 3%, PLA = 4 ± 4%, MOD = 3 ± 3%, HIGH = 5 ± 4%, p = 0.959). There was no impact of protein supplementation on any other body composition or recovery measure. We conclude no benefits of pre-bed protein supplementation to improve performance, body composition and recovery during BT. It is possible the training stimulus was great enough, limiting the impact of protein supplementation. However, the high degree of inter-participant variability suggests an individualised use of protein supplementation should be explored, particularly in those who consume sub-optimal (<1.6 g⸱kg-1⸱day-1) habitual amounts of protein. Clinical trial registration: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. national institutes (identifier: NCT05998590).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Chapman
- Army Recruit Health and Performance Research, HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, Medical Branch, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Roberts
- Army Recruit Health and Performance Research, HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, Medical Branch, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Ogden
- Army Recruit Health and Performance Research, HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, Medical Branch, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Izard
- Defence Science and Technology, UK Ministry of Defence, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Havovi Chichger
- Biomedical Science Research Group, School of Life Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Struszczak
- Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J. Rawcliffe
- Army Recruit Health and Performance Research, HQ Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command, Medical Branch, UK Ministry of Defence, Upavon, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Identification of Sports Athletes Psychological Stress Based on K-Means Optimized Hierarchical Clustering. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6555797. [PMID: 36035831 PMCID: PMC9410923 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6555797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to solve the problem, the psychological identification of athletes in professional competition pressure is difficult. This paper first analyzes the sources of athletes' psychological pressure based on the hierarchical clustering method, and then divides the weights of the sources of psychological pressure, quantificationally scores them and constructs an identification model of athletes' psychological pressure. Then, the clustering process is optimized based on the K-Means algorithm, and its effectiveness is verified. Finally, the psychological stress of 10 players in a football club was analyzed. The results show that the model effectively and reasonably reflects the influence of pressure sources on the athletes' competitive state during the competition, which provides a basis for the decision-making of relief about athletes' stress.
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López-Martínez MI, Miguel M, Garcés-Rimón M. Protein and Sport: Alternative Sources and Strategies for Bioactive and Sustainable Sports Nutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:926043. [PMID: 35782926 PMCID: PMC9247391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.926043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and sport play an important role in achieving a healthy lifestyle. In addition to the intake of nutrients derived from the normal diet, some sport disciplines require the consumption of supplements that contribute positively to improved athletic performance. Protein intake is important for many aspects related to health, and current evidence suggests that some athletes require increased amounts of this nutrient. On the other hand, society's demand for more environmentally friendly products, focus on the search for alternative food sources more sustainable. This review aims to summarize the latest research on novel strategies and sources for greener and functional supplementation in sport nutrition. Alternative protein sources such as insects, plants or mycoproteins have proven to be an interesting substrate due to their high added value in terms of bioactivity and sustainability. Protein hydrolysis has proven to be a very useful technology to revalue by-products, such as collagen, by producing bioactive peptides beneficial on athletes performance and sport-related complications. In addition, it has been observed that certain amino acids from plant sources, as citrulline or theanine, can have an ergogenic effect for this target population. Finally, the future perspectives of protein supplementation in sports nutrition are discussed. In summary, protein supplementation in sports nutrition is a very promising field of research, whose future perspective lies with the search for alternatives with greater bioactive potential and more sustainable than conventional sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel I. López-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Bioactividad y Análisis de Alimenos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Miguel
| | - Marta Garcés-Rimón
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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Curtis J, Evans C, Mekhail V, Czartoryski P, Santana JC, Antonio J. The Effects of a Pre-workout Supplement on Measures of Alertness, Mood, and Lower-Extremity Power. Cureus 2022; 14:e24877. [PMID: 35702476 PMCID: PMC9179939 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) on mental and physical performance. Materials and methods Fourteen exercise-trained men (n=7) and women (n=7) completed this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover trial. Participants consumed either a MIPS or a placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Forty-five minutes after consumption, the following assessments were conducted: psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), Profile of Mood States (POMS), vertical jump test, and heart rate and blood pressure. There was a one-week washout period between assessments. Results Statistically significant differences were observed between the treatment and placebo groups for the PVT (reaction time: treatment: 286 ± 28 ms, placebo: 306 ± 46 ms, p=0.0371) and POMS (i.e., vigor: treatment: 15.2 ± 14.9, placebo: 9.7 ± 9.6, p=0.0403; fatigue: treatment: 1.0 ± 1.1, placebo: 3.3 ± 3.4, p=0.0100). There were no significant differences between groups for the other indices of mood, false starts from the PVT, and vertical jump. Conclusion Based on our findings, the acute consumption of a MIPS produced a significant improvement in a sustained-attention, reaction-timed task as well as measures of vigor and fatigue.
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Li MY, Liu HY, Wu DT, Kenaan A, Geng F, Li HB, Gunaratne A, Li H, Gan RY. L-Theanine: A Unique Functional Amino Acid in Tea ( Camellia sinensis L.) With Multiple Health Benefits and Food Applications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:853846. [PMID: 35445053 PMCID: PMC9014247 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a very popular health drink and has attracted increasing attention in recent years due to its various bioactive substances. Among them, L-theanine, a unique free amino acid, is one of the most important substances in tea and endows tea with a special flavor. Moreover, L-theanine is also a bioactive compound with plenty of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, metabolic regulatory, cardiovascular protective, liver and kidney protective, immune regulatory, and anti-obesity effects. Due to the unique characteristics and beneficial functions, L-theanine has potential applications in the development of functional foods. This review summarized the influencing factors of L-theanine content in teas, the main health benefits and related molecular mechanisms of L-theanine, and its applications in food, understanding of which can provide updated information for the further research of L-theanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ahmad Kenaan
- National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anil Gunaratne
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka
| | - Hang Li
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Stratton MT, Siedler MR, Harty PS, Rodriguez C, Boykin JR, Green JJ, Keith DS, White SJ, DeHaven B, Williams AD, Tinsley GM. The influence of caffeinated and non-caffeinated multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements on resistance exercise performance and subjective outcomes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:126-149. [PMID: 35599920 PMCID: PMC9116396 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is substantial consumer and practitioner interest in an emerging supplement class known as multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS), largely due to their prevalence in resistance training communities as well as research findings demonstrating the ergogenic impact of caffeine on muscular performance. However, limited research has examined the potential efficacy of non-caffeinated MIPS, despite their growing popularity among those who are caffeine-sensitive or who train later in the day. Methods Twenty-four resistance-trained college-aged males (n = 12) and females (n = 12) completed three visits in which they ingested either a caffeinated MIPS (C), an otherwise identical non-caffeinated MIPS (NC), or placebo in a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover fashion. Squat isometric peak force (PFiso), rate of force development (RFD), and isokinetic performance were assessed. Upper and lower body maximal muscular strength and endurance were evaluated using the bench press and leg press, respectively. Visual analog scales for energy, focus, and fatigue were completed five times throughout the testing protocol. The effects of supplementation and biological sex on all variables were examined using linear mixed effects models. Results Significantly greater PFiso was observed in both C (b: 0.36 transformed units [0.09, 0.62]) and NC (b: 0.32 transformed units [95% CI: 0.05, 0.58]) conditions, relative to placebo. Early RFD (RFD50) may have been higher with supplementation, particularly in females, with no effects for late RFD (RFD200) or peak RFD. In addition, increases in subjective energy after supplement ingestion were noted for C, but not NC. No effects of supplementation on traditional resistance exercise performance or isokinetic squat performance were observed, other than a lower leg press one-repetition maximum for males in the NC condition. Conclusions These data indicate that acute ingestion of either a caffeinated or non-caffeinated pre-workout formulation improved maximal force production during an isometric squat test but did not provide additional benefit to leg press, bench press, or isokinetic squat performance over placebo, within the context of a laboratory environment. The consumption of a caffeinated, but not non-caffeinated, MIPS increased subjective ratings of energy over placebo when assessed as part of a testing battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Stratton
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Madelin R. Siedler
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Christian Rodriguez
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jake R. Boykin
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacob J. Green
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Dale S. Keith
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sarah J. White
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Brielle DeHaven
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Abegale D. Williams
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance & Body Composition Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Can Nutrients and Dietary Supplements Potentially Improve Cognitive Performance Also in Esports? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020186. [PMID: 35206801 PMCID: PMC8872051 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors influencing brain function and cognitive performance can be critical to athletic performance of esports athletes. This review aims to discuss the potential beneficial effects of micronutrients, i.e., vitamins, minerals and biologically active substances on cognitive functions of e-athletes. Minerals (iodine, zinc, iron, magnesium) and vitamins (B vitamins, vitamins E, D, and C) are significant factors that positively influence cognitive functions. Prevention of deficiencies of the listed ingredients and regular examinations can support cognitive processes. The beneficial effects of caffeine, creatine, and probiotics have been documented so far. There are many plant products, herbal extracts, or phytonutrients that have been shown to affect precognitive activity, but more research is needed. Beetroot juice and nootropics can also be essential nutrients for cognitive performance. For the sake of players’ eyesight, it would be useful to use lutein, which, in addition to improving vision and protecting against eye diseases, can also affect cognitive functions. In supporting the physical and mental abilities of e-athletes the base is a well-balanced diet with adequate hydration. There is a lack of sufficient evidence that has investigated the relationship between dietary effects and improved performance in esports. Therefore, there is a need for randomized controlled trials involving esports players.
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Puente-Fernández J, Seijo M, Larumbe-Zabala E, Jiménez A, Liguori G, Rossato CJL, Mayo X, Naclerio F. Effects of Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation across a Five-Day Resistance and Endurance Training Microcycle in Middle-Aged Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3778. [PMID: 33317139 PMCID: PMC7764411 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preworkout multi-ingredient admixtures are used to maximise exercise performance. The present double-blind, cross-over study compared the acute effects of ingesting a preworkout multi-ingredient (PREW) admixture vs. carbohydrate (CHO) over a week (microcycle) comprising three resistance training (RT) workouts alternated with two 30-min low-intensity endurance sessions (END) on RT volume (kg lifted) and END substrate oxidation. Additionally, postworkout decreases of muscle function and subjective responses were analysed. Following a baseline assessment, fourteen recreationally trained, middle-aged adults (seven females, 48.8 ± 4.7 years old) completed two identical microcycles separated by a two-week washout period while receiving either PREW or CHO (15 min prior to workout). The RT volume, per session (SVOL) and for the entire week (WVOL), was calculated. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) during 30-min cycling corresponding to their individually determined maximal fat oxidation was measured using expired gasses and indirect calorimetry. Assessments of performance and tensiomyography were conducted within 20 min after each RT. Higher (p = 0.001) SVOL and WVOL along with a larger proportion of FAO (p = 0.05) during the second END workout were determined under the PREW treatment. No other statistically significant differences were observed between conditions. Compared to CHO, a preworkout multi-ingredient appears to increase resistance volume and favour fat oxidation during low-intensity endurance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Puente-Fernández
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK; (J.P.-F.); (M.S.); (C.J.L.R.)
| | - Marcos Seijo
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK; (J.P.-F.); (M.S.); (C.J.L.R.)
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- School of Doctorate and Research, European University of Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Advanced Well-Being Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK;
- Observatory of Healthy and Active Living of Spain Active Foundation, Centre for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, 28942 Madrid, Spain
- GO Fit LAB, Ingesport, 28108 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gary Liguori
- College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
| | - Claire J. L. Rossato
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK; (J.P.-F.); (M.S.); (C.J.L.R.)
| | - Xian Mayo
- GO Fit LAB, Ingesport, 28108 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Centre for Chronic Illness and Ageing, University of Greenwich, Eltham SE9 2TB, UK; (J.P.-F.); (M.S.); (C.J.L.R.)
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