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Kim D, Shin YH, Cho J, Myung S, Kim HG, Kim K, Park CM, Yoon C. Identification of 3-Oxindole Derivatives as Small Molecule HIV-1 Inhibitors Targeting Tat-Mediated Viral Transcription. Molecules 2022; 27:4921. [PMID: 35956872 PMCID: PMC9370035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterocyclic indole structure has been shown to be one of the most promising scaffolds, offering various medicinal advantages from its wide range of biological activity. Nonetheless, the significance of 3-oxindole has been less known. In this study, a series of novel 3-oxindole-2-carboxylates were synthesized and their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection was evaluated. Among these, methyl (E)-2-(3-chloroallyl)-4,6-dimethyl-one (6f) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on HIV-1 infection, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.4578 μM but without severe cytotoxicity (selectivity index (SI) = 111.37). The inhibitory effect of these compounds on HIV-1 infection was concordant with their inhibitory effect on the viral replication cycle. Mode-of-action studies have shown that these prominent derivatives specifically inhibited the Tat-mediated viral transcription on the HIV-1 LTR promoter instead of reverse transcription or integration. Overall, our findings indicate that 3-oxindole derivatives could be useful as a potent scaffold for the development of a new class of anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Rabe AJ, Tan YY, Larue RC, Yoder KE. Prototype Foamy Virus Integrase Displays Unique Biochemical Activities among Retroviral Integrases. Biomolecules 2021; 11. [PMID: 34944553 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrases of different retroviruses assemble as functional complexes with varying multimers of the protein. Retroviral integrases require a divalent metal cation to perform one-step transesterification catalysis. Tetrameric prototype foamy virus (PFV) intasomes assembled from purified integrase and viral DNA oligonucleotides were characterized for their activity in the presence of different cations. While most retroviral integrases are inactive in calcium, PFV intasomes appear to be uniquely capable of catalysis in calcium. The PFV intasomes also contrast with other retroviral integrases by displaying an inverse correlation of activity with increasing manganese beginning at relatively low concentrations. The intasomes were found to be significantly more active in the presence of chloride co-ions compared to acetate. While HIV-1 integrase appears to commit to a target DNA within 20 s, PFV intasomes do not commit to target DNA during their reaction lifetime. Together, these data highlight the unique biochemical activities of PFV integrase compared to other retroviral integrases.
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Passos DO, Li M, Craigie R, Lyumkis D. Retroviral integrase: Structure, mechanism, and inhibition. Enzymes 2021; 50:249-300. [PMID: 34861940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The retroviral protein Integrase (IN) catalyzes concerted integration of viral DNA into host chromatin to establish a permanent infection in the target cell. We learned a great deal about the mechanism of catalytic integration through structure/function studies over the previous four decades of IN research. As one of three essential retroviral enzymes, IN has also been targeted by antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV-infected individuals. Inhibitors blocking the catalytic integration reaction are now state-of-the-art drugs within the antiretroviral therapy toolkit. HIV-1 IN also performs intriguing non-catalytic functions that are relevant to the late stages of the viral replication cycle, yet this aspect remains poorly understood. There are also novel allosteric inhibitors targeting non-enzymatic functions of IN that induce a block in the late stages of the viral replication cycle. In this chapter, we will discuss the function, structure, and inhibition of retroviral IN proteins, highlighting remaining challenges and outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Li
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert Craigie
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Passos DO, Lyumkis D, Burke TR, Hughes SH. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Are Effective Anti-HIV Drugs. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020205. [PMID: 33572956 PMCID: PMC7912079 DOI: 10.3390/v13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently recommended for the first line treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. The first-generation INSTIs are effective but can select for resistant viruses. Recent advances have led to several potent second-generation INSTIs that are effective against both wild-type (WT) HIV-1 integrase and many of the first-generation INSTI-resistant mutants. The emergence of resistance to these new second-generation INSTIs has been minimal, which has resulted in alternative treatment strategies for HIV-1 patients. Moreover, because of their high antiviral potencies and, in some cases, their bioavailability profiles, INSTIs will probably have prominent roles in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Herein, we review the current state of the clinically relevant INSTIs and discuss the future outlook for this class of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.Z.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Dario Oliveira Passos
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.O.P.); (D.L.)
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (D.O.P.); (D.L.)
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.Z.); (T.R.B.J.)
| | - Stephen H. Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Shmakova A, Germini D, Vassetzky Y. HIV-1, HAART and cancer: A complex relationship. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:2666-2679. [PMID: 31603989 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV infected people are at higher risk of developing cancer, although it is globally diminished in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). Recently, antioncogenic properties of some HAART drugs were discovered. We discuss the role of HAART in the prevention and improvement of treatment outcomes of cancers in HIV-infected people. We describe different trends in HAART-cancer relationships: cancer-predisposing as well as cancer-preventing. We cover the roles of particular drug regimens in cancer prevention. We also describe the causes of cancer treatment with HAART drugs in HIV-negative people, including ongoing clinical studies that may directly point to a possible independent anti-oncogenic activity of HAART drugs. We conclude that despite potent antioncogenic activities of every class of HAART drugs reported in preclinical models, the evidence to date indicates that their independent clinical impact in HIV-infected people is limited. Improved cancer prevention strategies besides HAART are needed to reduce HIV-cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shmakova
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- Laboratory of Gene and Cell Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diego Germini
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- UMR 8126, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- LIA 1066 LFR2O French-Russian Joint Cancer Research Laboratory, Édouard-Vaillant, Villejuif, France
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
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Smith SJ, Zhao XZ, Burke TR, Hughes SH. Efficacies of Cabotegravir and Bictegravir against drug-resistant HIV-1 integrase mutants. Retrovirology 2018; 15:37. [PMID: 29769116 PMCID: PMC5956922 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are the class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs most recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. INSTIs block the strand transfer reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase (IN) and have been shown to potently inhibit infection by wild-type HIV-1. Of the three current FDA-approved INSTIs, Dolutegravir (DTG), has been the most effective, in part because treatment does not readily select for resistant mutants. However, recent studies showed that when INSTI-experienced patients are put on a DTG-salvage therapy, they have reduced response rates. Two new INSTIs, Cabotegravir (CAB) and Bictegravir (BIC), are currently in late-stage clinical trials. Results Both CAB and BIC had much broader antiviral profiles than RAL and EVG against the INSTI-resistant single, double, and triple HIV-1 mutants used in this study. BIC was more effective than DTG against several INSTI-resistant mutants. Overall, in terms of their ability to inhibit a broad range of INSTI-resistant IN mutants, BIC was superior to DTG, and DTG was superior to CAB. Modeling the binding of CAB, BIC, and DTG within the active site of IN suggested that the “left side” of the INSTI pharmacophore (the side away from the viral DNA) was important in determining the ability of the compound to inhibit the IN mutants we tested. Conclusions Of the two INSTIs in late stage clinical trials, BIC appears to be better able to inhibit the replication of a broad range of IN mutants. BIC retained potency against several of the INSTI-resistant mutants that caused a decrease in susceptibility to DTG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-018-0420-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xue Zhi Zhao
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Cozzi-Lepri A, Zangerle R, Machala L, Zilmer K, Ristola M, Pradier C, Kirk O, Sambatakou H, Fätkenheuer G, Yust I, Schmid P, Gottfredsson M, Khromova I, Jilich D, Flisiak R, Smidt J, Rozentale B, Radoi R, Losso MH, Lundgren JD, Mocroft A. Incidence of cancer and overall risk of mortality in individuals treated with raltegravir-based and non-raltegravir-based combination antiretroviral therapy regimens. HIV Med 2017; 19:102-117. [PMID: 28984429 PMCID: PMC5813233 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives There are currently few data on the long‐term risk of cancer and death in individuals taking raltegravir (RAL). The aim of this analysis was to evaluate whether there is evidence for an association. Methods The EuroSIDA cohort was divided into three groups: those starting RAL‐based combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on or after 21 December 2007 (RAL); a historical cohort (HIST) of individuals adding a new antiretroviral (ARV) drug (not RAL) to their cART between 1 January 2005 and 20 December 2007, and a concurrent cohort (CONC) of individuals adding a new ARV drug (not RAL) to their cART on or after 21 December 2007. Baseline characteristics were compared using logistic regression. The incidences of newly diagnosed malignancies and death were compared using Poisson regression. Results The RAL cohort included 1470 individuals [with 4058 person‐years of follow‐up (PYFU)] compared with 3787 (4472 PYFU) and 4467 (10 691 PYFU) in the HIST and CONC cohorts, respectively. The prevalence of non‐AIDS‐related malignancies prior to baseline tended to be higher in the RAL cohort vs. the HIST cohort [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95–1.80] and vs. the CONC cohort (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.37–2.61). In intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis (events: RAL, 50; HIST, 45; CONC, 127), the incidence of all new malignancies was 1.11 (95% CI 0.84–1.46) per 100 PYFU in the RAL cohort vs. 1.20 (95% CI 0.90–1.61) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.70–0.99) in the HIST and CONC cohorts, respectively. After adjustment, there was no evidence for a difference in the risk of malignancies [adjusted rate ratio (RR) 0.73; 95% CI 0.47–1.14 for RALvs. HIST; RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.65–1.39 for RALvs. CONC] or mortality (adjusted RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.53–1.43 for RALvs. HIST; RR 1.14; 95% CI 0.76–1.72 for RALvs. CONC). Conclusions We found no evidence for an oncogenic risk or poorer survival associated with using RAL compared with control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cozzi-Lepri
- Centre for Clinical Research, Modelling and Epidemiology, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - R Zangerle
- Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Machala
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Zilmer
- West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Ristola
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Pradier
- L'Archet 1 Hospital, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - O Kirk
- Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - G Fätkenheuer
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - I Yust
- Ichilov Hospital, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - P Schmid
- Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - M Gottfredsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland and Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - I Khromova
- Centre for HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases, Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
| | - D Jilich
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Na Bulovce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - J Smidt
- Ida-Viru Central Hospital, Kohtla-Jarve
| | | | - R Radoi
- Dr. Victor Babes Hospital, Bucureşti, Romania
| | - M H Losso
- Hospital J.M. Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J D Lundgren
- Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Mocroft
- Centre for Clinical Research, Modelling and Epidemiology, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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