Energy restriction, exercise and atorvastatin treatment improve endothelial dysfunction and inhibit miRNA-155 in the erectile tissue of the aged rat

SIRT6 in Regulation of Mitochondrial Damage and Associated Cardiac Dysfunctions: A Possible Therapeutic Target for CVDs

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can be described as a global health emergency imploring possible prevention strategies. Although the pathogenesis of CVDs has been extensively studied, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in CVD development has yet to be investigated. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemic-reperfusion injury, and heart failure are some of the CVDs resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction Recent evidence from the research states that any dysfunction of mitochondria has an impact on metabolic alteration, eventually causes the death of a healthy cell and therefore, progressively directing to the predisposition of disease. Cardiovascular research investigating the targets that both protect and treat mitochondrial damage will help reduce the risk and increase the quality of life of patients suffering from various CVDs. One such target, i.e., nuclear sirtuin SIRT6 is strongly associated with cardiac function. However, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and SIRT6 concerning cardiovascular pathologies remains poorly understood. Although the Role of SIRT6 in skeletal muscles and cardiomyocytes through mitochondrial regulation has been well understood, its specific role in mitochondrial maintenance in cardiomyocytes is poorly determined. The review aims to explore the domain-specific function of SIRT6 in cardiomyocytes and is an effort to know how SIRT6, mitochondria, and CVDs are related.

RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation in exercised heart: Mechanisms and opportunities for intervention

Physical exercise has been widely acknowledged as a beneficial lifestyle alteration and a potent non-pharmacological treatment for heart disease. Extensive investigations have revealed the beneficial effects of exercise on the heart and the underlying mechanisms involved. Exercise is considered one of the key factors that can lead to epigenetic alterations. The increasing number of identified molecules in the exercised heart has led to many studies in recent years that have explored the cellular function of ncRNAs and RNA modifications in the heart. Investigating the regulatory role of RNA-mediated epigenetic regulation in exercised hearts will contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for the management of heart diseases. This review aims to summarize the positive impact of exercise on cardiac health. We will first provide an overview of the mechanisms through which exercise offers protection to the heart. Subsequently, we will delve into the current understanding of ncRNAs, specifically miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, as well as RNA modification, focusing on RNA m6A and RNA A-to-I editing, and how they contribute to exercise-induced benefits for the heart. Lastly, we will explore the emerging therapeutic strategies that utilize exercise-mediated RNA epigenetic regulation in the treatment of heart diseases, while also addressing the challenges faced in this field.

Circulating miRNA-21 is an innovative biomarker for cardiovascular events in erectile dysfunction patients

Introduction

It is well-known that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) play a relevant role in many kinds of diseases by regulating the expression of genes involved in various pathophysiologic processes, including erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Purpose

This study aimed to identify the miRNA-21 profile in the blood samples of patients with ED, CVD, and the combination of both pathologies to elucidate the potential function of miRNA-21.

Methods

A total of 45 patients with CVD and/or who underwent the erectile function test were included and divided into the following categories: CVD with ED (cases, n = 29) and controls (n = 16) with either ED or CVD. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the results. miRNA-21 expression was quantified, and informatics analysis was applied to predict the functions of this differentially expressed miRNA-21.

Results

A total of 64% of cases (63 ± 9 years, 66% with severe ED, 56% with CV ejection fraction) first presented ED as the sentinel clinical manifestation. Serum miRNA-21 levels in the control ED were significant, up to 10-fold higher than in the CVD controls and cases. A significant inverse (p = 0.0368, β = -2.046) correlation was found between erectile function and miRNA-21 levels.

Conclusions

Our study provides comprehensive insights into the functional interaction between miRNA-21 and ED in CVD patients. Its relevance lies in the potential of miRNA as a biomarker to be applied in the cardiovascular predictive medicine field.

The role of microRNAs in erectile dysfunction: From pathogenesis to therapeutic potential

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common male sexual dysfunction disease, and it was predicted that the number of ED patients worldwide will reach 322 million by 2025. However, the pathogenesis of ED is complex and the current treatment options are still limited, so it is urgent to explore new treatment strategies. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in ED, and these single-stranded non-coding small RNA molecules are involved in key pathophysiological processes in the occurrence and development of ED. Therefore, miRNAs have remarkable potential as therapeutic targets in ED. Here, this review introduces the physiological basis of erectile function and the pathophysiological changes in ED and summarizes the current knowledge on the expression, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms of miRNAs in ED, especially the potential of miRNA-targeted therapies to improve ED. This review will provide a comprehensive view of the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of ED and the potential value of miRNAs in the treatment of ED.

Impact of atorvastatin on erectile dysfunction: A meta-analysis and systematic review

Atorvastatin may be an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether atorvastatin therapy is effective in the treatment of ED. All published research on atorvastatin in the treatment of ED patients in EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane were investigated till 30 October 2021. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was done to investigate the efficacy of atorvastatin and placebo in the treatment of ED. Moreover, we also performed a meta-analysis based on single-arm trials (SATs) to explore the atorvastatin treatment on the efficacy of ED. In a meta-analysis based on RCTs, the weighted mean difference of the change of International Index for Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) score in the atorvastatin treatment group with or without treatment was 4.53 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] of 3.28-5.79) higher than in the control group. In an SAT-based meta-analysis, the ES of the change in IIEF-5 score in the atorvastatin treatment group before and after treatment was 3.22 (95 per cent CI of 1.32-5.12). Atorvastatin is an effective therapeutic drug for patients with ED. However, we expect that more multicentre clinical trials will be conducted to support this assertion.

Effect of tadalafil combined with atorvastatin on hemodynamics and sexual function in middle-aged and elderly patients with hyperlipidemia complicated with erectile dysfunction

Objective:

To evaluate the effect and clinical significance of tadalafil combined with atorvastatin on hemodynamics and sexual function in middle-aged and elderly patients with hyperlipidemia complicated with Erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods:

Eighty patients with hyperlipidemia complicated with ED who were treated at The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2019 to June 2020 were selected. Using a completely randomized design experimental method, these 80 patients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group, with 40 cases in each group. The control group was treated with a single drug, atorvastatin calcium, while the experimental group was given tadalafil orally on the basis of the control group for 3 months. Changes in the levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, TNF and CRP, adverse drug reactions, changes in hemodynamic indicators such as HSV, LSV, PSV, HCT and ESR before and after treatment, as well as changes in sexual function after treatment were compared and analyzed between the two groups.

Results:

TNF-a, CRP and IL-6 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group after treatment, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse drug reactions between the two groups (p=0.18). After treatment, hemodynamic indexes and sexual function indexes of the experimental group were significantly improved compared with those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

A significant improvement effect can be achieved by tadalafil combined with atorvastatin on hemodynamics and sexual function in middle-aged and elderly patients with hyperlipidemia complicated with ED. At the same time, the combination of the two has synergism on inflammatory factors and blood rheology, and the incidence of adverse reactions is not significantly increased.

Exercise improves vascular health: Role of mitochondria

Vascular mitochondria constantly integrate signals from environment and respond accordingly to match vascular function to metabolic requirements of the organ tissues, while mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to vascular aging and pathologies such as atherosclerosis, stenosis, and hypertension. As an effective lifestyle intervention, exercise induces extensive mitochondrial adaptations through vascular mechanical stress and the increased production and release of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide that activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, among which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) plays a critical role. PGC-1α coordinates mitochondrial quality control mechanisms to maintain a healthy mitochondrial pool and promote endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in vasculature. The mitochondrial adaptations to exercise improve bioenergetics, balance redox status, protect endothelial cells against detrimental insults, increase vascular plasticity, and ameliorate aging-related vascular dysfunction, thus benefiting vascular health. This review highlights recent findings of mitochondria as a central hub integrating exercise-afforded vascular benefits and its underlying mechanisms. A better understanding of the mitochondrial adaptations to exercise will not only shed light on the mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection, but may also provide new clues to mitochondria-oriented precise exercise prescriptions for cardiovascular health.

Physical Exercise Protects Against Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Increasing evidence shows that endothelial cells play critical roles in maintaining vascular homeostasis, regulating vascular tone, inhibiting inflammatory response, suppressing lipid leakage, and preventing thrombosis. The damage or injury of endothelial cells induced by physical, chemical, and biological risk factors is a leading contributor to the development of mortal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanism of endothelial injury remains to be elucidated. Notably, no drugs effectively targeting and mending injured vascular endothelial cells have been approved for clinical practice. There is an urgent need to understand pathways important for repairing injured vasculature that can be targeted with novel therapies. Exercise training-induced protection to endothelial injury has been well documented in clinical trials, and the underlying mechanism has been explored in animal models. This review mainly summarizes the protective effects of exercise on vascular endothelium and the recently identified potential therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction.

The role of SIRT2 in vascular-related and heart-related diseases: A review

At present, cardiovascular disease is one of the important factors of human death, and there are many kinds of proteins involved. Sirtuins family proteins are involved in various physiological and pathological activities of the human body. Among them, there are more and more studies on the relationship between sirtuin2 (SIRT2) protein and cardiovascular diseases. SIRT2 can effectively inhibit pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The effect of SIRT2 on ischaemia‐reperfusion injury has different effects under different conditions. SIRT2 can reduce the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may help to reduce the severity of diabetic cardiomyopathy. SIRT2 can affect a variety of cardiovascular diseases, energy metabolism and the ageing of cardiomyocytes, thereby affecting heart failure. SIRT2 also plays an important role in vascular disease. For endothelial cell damage used by oxidative stress, the role of SIRT2 is bidirectional, which is related to the degree of oxidative stress stimulation. When the degree of stimulation is small, SIRT2 plays a protective role, and when the degree of stimulation increases to a certain level, SIRT2 plays a negative role. In addition, SIRT2 is also involved in the remodelling of blood vessels and the repair of skin damage.

The Inflammation Network in the Pathogenesis of Erectile Dysfunction: Attractive Potential Therapeutic Targets

BACKGROUND

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an evolving health problem in the aging male population. Chronic low-grade inflammation is a critical component of ED pathogenesis and a probable intermediate stage of endothelial dysfunction, especially in metabolic diseases, with the inclusion of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes.

OBJECTIVE

This review will present an overview of preclinical and clinical data regarding common inflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ED associated with metabolic diseases and the effect of antiinflammatory drugs on ED.

METHODS

A literature search of existing pre-clinical and clinical studies was performed on databases [Pubmed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Embase] from January 2000 to October 2019.

RESULTS

Low-grade inflammation is a possible pathological role in endothelial dysfunction as a consequence of ED and other related metabolic diseases. Increased inflammation and endothelial/prothrombotic markers can be associated with the presence and degree of ED. Pharmacological therapy and modification of lifestyle and risk factors may have a significant role in the recovery of erectile response through reduction of inflammatory marker levels.

CONCLUSION

Inflammation is the least common denominator in the pathology of ED and metabolic disorders. The inflammatory process of ED includes a shift in the complex interactions of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. These data have established that anti-inflammatory agents could be used as a therapeutic opportunity in the prevention and treatment of ED. Further research on inflammation-related mechanisms underlying ED and the effect of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing inflammation is required for a better understanding of the pathogenesis and successful management of ED.

Sirtuin 6: A potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious diseases endangering human health due to high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and numerous signal molecules are involved in this pathological process. As a member of the Sirtuin family NAD ⁺-dependent deacetylases, indeed, Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) plays an important role in regulating biological homeostasis, longevity, and various diseases. More importantly, SIRT6 performs as an indispensable role in glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and genomic stability for the occurrence and development of various CVDs. Recent advances: among sirtuins, SIRT6 was frequently unveiled thanks for its protective roles against heart failure, cardiovascular remodeling and atherosclerosis, and identified as an essential intervention target of CVDs, bringing SIRT6 into the focus of clinical interest. Herein, we provide an overview of the current molecular mechanism through which SIRT6 regulates CVDs, and we highlight a potential therapeutic target for CVDs.

Sirtuins family as a target in endothelial cell dysfunction: implications for vascular ageing

The vascular endothelium is a protective barrier between the bloodstream and the vasculature that may be disrupted by different factors such as the presence of diseased states. Diseases like diabetes and obesity pose a great risk toward endothelial cell inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction and thereby cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis. Sirtuins are NAD⁺-dependent histone deacetylases that are implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, and they have been identified to be important regulators of endothelial cell function. A handful of recent studies suggest that disbalance in the regulation of endothelial sirtuins, mainly sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction. Herein, we summarize how SIRT1 and other sirtuins may contribute to endothelial cell function and how presence of diseased conditions may alter their expressions to cause endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, we discuss how the beneficial effects of exercise on the endothelium are dependent on SIRT1. These mainly include regulation of signaling pathways related to endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide production, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Sirtuins as modulators of the adverse conditions in the endothelium hold a promising therapeutic potential for health conditions related to endothelial dysfunction and vascular ageing.

Sirt6 opposes glycochenodeoxycholate-induced apoptosis of biliary epithelial cells through the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway

Background

Induction of biliary epithelial cell apoptosis by toxic bile acids is involved in the development of cholestatic disease, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in Sirt6 protection against the apoptosis of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HiBEC) induced by the bile acid glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC).

Results

Sirt6 was either overexpressed or knocked down in HiBEC, with or without GCDC pretreatment. The CCK-8 assay was used to assess cell viability and, Hoechst 33258 staining was used to determine apoptotic rate. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were detected to evaluate the severity of the mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The mRNA and protein levels of PGC-1α, Nrf1, and Nrf2 were analyzed using RT-qPCR and western blot assay. The results showed that Sirt6 opposed GCDC-induced apoptosis in HiBEC via up-regulating PGC-1α expression and stabilizing mtDNA. We used agonists and inhibitors of AMPK to demonstrate that Sirt6 increased PGC-1α expression through the AMPK pathway whereas GCDC had the opposite effect. Finally, western blot, luciferase assay, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to describe a direct interaction and acetylation modification of PGC-1α by Sirt6.

Conclusion

Our data illuminated that Sirt6 ameliorated GCDC-induced HiBEC apoptosis by upregulating PGC-1α expression through the AMPK pathway and its deacetylation effect.

Tai Chi Ameliorates Coronary Heart Disease by Affecting Serum Levels of miR-24 and miR-155

The protective role of Tai Chi in coronary heart disease (CHD) has been widely reported. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains unclear. Serum levels of miR-24 and miR-155 have been found to potentially be involved with CHD risk. Thus, the effects of Tai Chi on CHD risk were explored by measuring serum levels of miR-24 and miR-155. A total of 326 CHD patients were evenly divided into the Tai Chi (TG) and control (CG) groups. The activities of daily living ability (ADL) and exercise of self-care agency (ESCA) scores were compared between the two groups. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), SF-36 life quality, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to evaluate subjects’ cardiac function, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Serum levels of miR-24 and miR-155 were measured by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). After a 6-month Tai Chi intervention, the ESCA, ADL, LVEF, and SF-36 scores in the TG group were higher than those in the CG group (p < 0.05). The time of arrhythmia and atrioventricular block recovery and hospital stay, and the scores of SAS and SDS in the TG group were lower than in the CG group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of miR-24 and miR-155 in the TG group were also lower than in the CG group (p < 0.05). In addition, serum levels of miR-24 and miR-155 were negatively associated with the ESCA, ADL, LVEF and SF-36 scores, and had adverse effects on life quality. Altogether, these present findings demonstrate that Tai Chi improves CHD prognosis, by affecting serum levels of the miR-24 and miR-155.