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Associations of Metabolic Genes ( GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM1) and Blood Mercury Concentrations Differ in Jamaican Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041377. [PMID: 33546147 PMCID: PMC7913200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated interactive roles of three metabolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes (GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) status in relation to blood Hg concentrations (BHC) of Jamaican children. We used data from 266 children (2-8 years) with ASD and their 1:1 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) controls. After adjusting General Linear Models for child’s age, socioeconomic status, consumption of leafy vegetables, fried plantain, canned fish, and the interaction between GSTP1 and GSTT1, we found significant interactions between GSTP1 and ASD status in relation to BHC either in a co-dominant or dominant genetic model for GSTP1(P < 0.001, P = 0.007, respectively). In the co-dominant model for the Ile105Val GSTP1 polymorphism, geometric mean (GM) BHC in ASD cases with genotype Ile/Ile were significantly higher than in cases with the Ile/Val genotype (0.73 vs. 0.48 µg/L, P = 0.01). In contrast, in TD controls with the Ile/Val genotype GM BHC were significantly higher than in those with the Ile/Ile genotype (0.72 vs. 0.49 µg/L, P = 0.03) or the Val/Val genotype (0.72 vs. 0.51 µg/L, P = 0.04). Although our findings are consistent with the role of GSTP1 in detoxification of Hg, replication in other populations is warranted.
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Oommen A, AlOmar RS, Osman AA, Aljofi HE. Role of environmental factors in autism spectrum disorders in Saudi children aged 3-10 years in the Northern and Eastern regions of Saudi Arabia. NEUROSCIENCES (RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA) 2018; 23:286-291. [PMID: 30351285 PMCID: PMC8015571 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2018.4.20180170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the environmental factors which can contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorders in Saudi children aged 3-10 years in Northern region (Arar) and Eastern region (Dammam) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS A case control study was conducted and the data was collected from September 2017 to December 2017 by interviewing the parents of 100 Saudi autistic children and 100 normal children aged 3-10 years from Arar and Dammam. A specially designed questionnaire was used to collect the data which includes socio-demographic characteristics of the parents and ante-natal history of the mother and developmental history, social history and dietary habits of the child. To find out the association between environmental factors and development of autism in children, logistic regression with odds ratio used. RESULTS There was a significant association between consanguineous marriages and autism. A significant association was also found between medications taken by the mother during pregnancy and autism. Significantly lowered ORs for Autism were observed for children in families of perceived adequate income and children consuming a Vitamin-D rich diet. Increased maternal age was observed in autistic children when compared to normal children. CONCLUSION he environmental factors which could contribute to the development of autism are consanguineous marriage, inadequate family income, medications taken by the mother during pregnancy, vitamin D deficient diet of the child and maternal age during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Oommen
- From the Department of Anatomy (Oommen), Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, and from the Department of Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Mental Health Complex, Arar, from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (AlOmar), College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health (Aljofi), Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Community Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem S. AlOmar
- From the Department of Anatomy (Oommen), Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, and from the Department of Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Mental Health Complex, Arar, from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (AlOmar), College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health (Aljofi), Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Community Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelaziz A. Osman
- From the Department of Anatomy (Oommen), Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, and from the Department of Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Mental Health Complex, Arar, from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (AlOmar), College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health (Aljofi), Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Community Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Halah E. Aljofi
- From the Department of Anatomy (Oommen), Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, and from the Department of Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Mental Health Complex, Arar, from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (AlOmar), College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health (Aljofi), Institute for Research & Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Community Psychiatry (Osman), Al Amal Hospital for Mental Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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