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Aragão Silva JA, Dos Santos Soares LM, Ferreira FS, da Silva AB, Souto WMS. Use of wild vertebrates for consumption and bushmeat trade in Brazil: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2023; 19:64. [PMID: 38111028 PMCID: PMC10729539 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-023-00628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bushmeat is a resource exploited by thousands of people around the world, especially in tropical and neotropical regions, constituting an important source of protein and income. But what is known, so far, about the consumption and trade of wild vertebrate meat (hereinafter "bushmeat") in a megadiverse country like Brazil? This question was answered through a systematic survey of publications on the consumption and trade of wild vertebrate meat made in Brazil between 2011 and 2021. METHODS We selected 63 scientific articles available on "Google Scholar," "Science Direct," "Scopus," " Web of Science" and "Portal de Periódico da CAPES." The articles were categorized as: exclusive to (1) consumption or (2) bushmeat trade, totals of 54 and three articles, respectively; both (3) consumption and trade bushmeat, totaling six articles. We applied a nonparametric Spearman's correlation analysis to verify the association between the number of papers and the species richness of wild vertebrates cited for consumption by Brazilian state. RESULTS The results revealed that the publications were concentrated in the Northeast (36), North (26) and Southeast (1) regions, distributed across 16 states of the federation. These data reinforce the need for more researches in states and other regions of the country. Our research hypothesis was confirmed, since the richness of species cited for meat consumption was positively associated with the amount of work carried out by the states of the federation. We identified a total of 321 species of wild vertebrates mentioned in the categories involving the consumption of bushmeat. We had a greater bird species richness mentioned for consumption (170) to the detriment of mammals (107), reptiles (40) and amphibians (4). Furthermore, in the articles involving the bushmeat trade categories we had 57 species of vertebrates mentioned, with mammals being the most representative in terms of species richness (29), to the detriment of birds (20) and reptiles (8). These data reinforce that birds and mammals have been the groups most used both for consumption and trade in bushmeat in the country's regions, and it is necessary to mitigate the hunting exploitation of these groups. We recorded that socioeconomic, biological, environmental and sociocultural factors were the most cited predictors of the consumption and trade of bushmeat in the articles. We identified that the bushmeat trade chain is dynamic and ramified, made up of several actors, including specialized and diversified hunters, intermediaries, market sellers, market vendors, restaurant owners and final customers. Public markets and open-air fairs were the most cited places for buying and selling wild meat in commerce. CONCLUSIONS In general, our results indicate that we have made significant advances in publications on the consumption and trade of bushmeat in Brazil over the last few years. However, we highlight the need to better understand the patterns of consumption and trade of bushmeat in different regions of the country, as well as the factors associated with the dynamics of the trade chain and uses of wildlife by local communities. We emphasized that a multidimensional understanding of hunting activities is important to face socio-ecological problems and improve the conservation of target species which have continually been explored for uses by populations in different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Aragão Silva
- Development and Environment Graduated Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil.
| | | | - Felipe Silva Ferreira
- Graduated Program in Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Vale de São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, PE, CEP: 56304-917, Brazil
| | - André Bastos da Silva
- Development and Environment Graduated Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil
- State University of Maranhão (UEMA), Coelho Neto, MA, CEP: 65620-000, Brazil
| | - Wedson Medeiros Silva Souto
- Development and Environment Graduated Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Piauí, CEP: 64049-550, Brazil
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A survey on trade in wildlife parts in the Northern Region of Ghana. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Souza JDM, Lins Neto EMF, Ferreira FS. Influence of the sociodemographic profile of hunters on the knowledge and use of faunistic resources. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2022; 18:38. [PMID: 35570319 PMCID: PMC9107591 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hunting wild animals is essential for nutrition, clothing, predator control and disease treatment. As part of a system based on food choices and uses, it is influenced by ecological, economic and sociocultural patterns. In this context, the aim is to identify the game fauna of interest in the Brazilian semiarid region; indicate the methods, uses, patterns of choices and cultural importance of the fauna and identify which sociodemographic variables influence the knowledge and use of faunal resources. METHODS Information on hunting and fauna use was obtained through semi-structured interviews, complemented with free interviews and informal conversations. The cultural importance of the species was calculated through the current use value. The generalized linear model was created to verify whether the sociodemographic profile of hunters influences the knowledge and use of game species. RESULTS The results showed a representativeness of 56 species. The group of birds was the most representative in terms of taxonomic richness (48.2%), followed by the group of mammals (26.8%), reptiles (21.4%) and amphibians (3.6%). The animals mentioned are used for food, trade, control hunting (slaughter of animals considered invaders of property or harmful to humans), pets, zootherapy and ornamentation. Sociodemographic variables shaped the knowledge of faunal resources, in which the age of hunters showed a negative correlation with the number of known species. CONCLUSIONS The meaning and forms of use attributed to each species depend on ecological, economic and sociocultural factors, which dictate the relationship between human communities and natural resources. Socioeconomic variables shape hunting patterns in all its aspects, whether in perception that hunters have of the resources, forms of use and utilization of hunting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson de M Souza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, UEFS, Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil.
| | - Ernani M F Lins Neto
- Núcleo de Estudos de Conservação da Caatinga (NECC)/Colegiado de Ecologia, UNIVASF, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, UNIVASF, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia Humana e Gestão Socioambiental, UNEB, Juazeiro-BA, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Ferreira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, UEFS, Feira de Santana-BA, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudos de Conservação da Caatinga (NECC)/Colegiado de Ecologia, UNIVASF, Senhor do Bonfim-BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, UNIVASF, Petrolina-PE, Brazil
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Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200355. [PMID: 34096963 PMCID: PMC8182890 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”. Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Adhikari JN, Bhattarai BP, Rokaya MB, Thapa TB. Ethno-medicinal uses of vertebrates in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, central Nepal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240555. [PMID: 33125389 PMCID: PMC7598503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional knowledge on the use of animal products to maintain human health is important since time immemorial. Although a few studies reported food and medicinal values of different animals, a comprehensive ethno-medicinal study of vertebrates in Nepal is still lacking. Thus, present study is aimed at documenting the ethno-medicinal knowledge related to vertebrate fauna among different ethnic communities in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, central Nepal. Data was collected by using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed by using Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity level (FL). Results showed a total of 58 (53 wild and 5 domestic) species of vertebrate animals. They were used to treat 62 types human ailments. Four animals were also used for veterinary diseases and agriculture benefits. The most widely used species was Felis chaus (UV = 0.25) with 3 use-reports by 10 informants. Cardiovascular and dental problems had the highest ICF value (0.974) with cardiovascular problems having 351 use-reports for 10 animal species and dental problems having 77 use-reports for 3 animal species. The least ICF was found in ophthalmological problems (ICF = 0.833, use reports = 7 for 2 species). We concluded that the different animals were an important part of traditional medicine for the local people living in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape. However, the majority of animals and most likely to be threatened due to their uses. The present documented ethnozoological knowledge can be used in conservation and management of vertebrates so that they could be protected for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Nath Adhikari
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Zoology, Birendra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Bishnu Prasad Bhattarai
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Maan Bahadur Rokaya
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tej Bahadur Thapa
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Abstract
AbstractBrazil has a high diversity of primates, but increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change could influence forest cover in the country and cause future changes in the distribution of primate populations. Here we aim to assess the long-term suitability of habitats for the conservation of three threatened Brazilian primates (Alouatta belzebul, Sapajus flavius and Sapajus libidinosus) through (1) estimating their current and future distributions using species distribution models, (2) evaluating how much of the areas projected to be suitable is represented within protected areas and priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and (3) assessing the extent of remaining forest cover in areas predicted to be suitable for these species. We found that 88% of the suitable areas are outside protected areas and only 24% are located in areas with forest cover. Although not within protected areas, 27% of the climatically suitable areas are considered priority areas for conservation. Future projections, considering a severe climate change scenario, indicate that A. belzebul, S. flavius and S. libidinosus may lose up to 94, 98 and 54% of their suitable range, respectively. The establishment of primate populations and their long-term survival in these areas are at risk. Mitigation actions such as the implementation of new protected areas, forest restoration and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will be essential for the conservation of Brazilian primates.
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da Silva AB, Lopes JB, Figueiredo LS, de Barros RFM, Souto WMS, Alencar NL, Lopes CGR. Water spirits within the fishers' worldview: implications for fishing management in Northeast Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2019; 15:70. [PMID: 31870386 PMCID: PMC6929421 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-019-0350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, aquatic environments are linked to the worldview of many local people, where there is an interconnection between the natural world, the supernatural, and the social organization. In this study, we provided a discussion on how the supernatural beings that inhabit the freshwater systems interact with artisanal fishers and fishing resources in the riverine community of Parnaíba River middle course, in Mid North of Northeast Brazil. We also provided the implications of these interactions on the fisher's behaviors and how the acculturation process (e.g., introduction of new religions) can affect the fishers' worldview. METHOD The selection of participants was done through intentional sampling. The content qualitative analysis was carried out to interpret the data from semi-structured interviews with 29 artisanal fishers. RESULTS The mythical representations that inhabit the aquatic environments in the surveyed area were as follows: Mãe d' água, Cabeça de cuia, Muleque d'água, Visage, Piratinga, Sucuiuiu, and Luz e Arco-íris. These beings have distinctions regarding the form and attributions and can be associated with seasonality (temporal markers) and specific habitats (spatial markers). The respect and fear feeling of the mythical beings were striking among the fishers interviewed. For instance, we have record offering practices in order to obtain protection and success during the fisheries. These practices suggest that there may be local conservationist habits in fisheries management. However, the advancement of urbanization and the introduction of new religions that deny the existence of mythical entities are factors that can generate the acculturation process among the fishers. CONCLUSIONS It is therefore necessary to carry out more studies in the surveyed area in order to evaluate the existence of possible patterns in the relationship between fisher and mythical beings. This information could confirm the role of mythical beings as environmental regulators. Consequently, it could be considered in the conservationist policies of fishery resources, reinforcing the importance of local knowledge and cultural factors for fishing management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bastos da Silva
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Universitária, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Lopes
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Universitária, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Luciano Silva Figueiredo
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Universitária, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
- Nature Science Center, State University of Piauí (UESPI), 25 Highway BR230, Picos, Piauí, 64600-000, Brazil
| | - Roseli Farias Melo de Barros
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Universitária, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biology, UFPI, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Wedson Medeiros Silva Souto
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Universitária, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biology, UFPI, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Gomes Reis Lopes
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Universitária, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
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da Silva Santos S, de Lucena RFP, de Lucena Soares HK, dos Santos Soares VM, Sales NS, Mendonça LET. Use of mammals in a semi-arid region of Brazil: an approach to the use value and data analysis for conservation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2019; 15:33. [PMID: 31288847 PMCID: PMC6617831 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-019-0313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to survey the knowledge and use of mammals by the residents of the rural community of Capivara in the municipality of Solânea (Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil) and to propose a new method of using the use value as a tool for data analysis in ethnozoological surveys. METHODS The uses attributed to mammals were recorded through semi-structured interviews conducted with the breadwinners (men and women) living in the community. The species were identified through guided tours, by descriptions made by the interviewees, and using specimens donated by them, as well as by comparison with the pertinent scientific literature (morphological and ecological). Through the use value differentiated analysis, it was possible to distinguish the current use value of the species (effective use) from their potential use value (knowledge, but no effective use) to determine their real importance related to the uses cited by the studied group. RESULTS Nineteen species were cited; however, only 17 of them were identified and then distributed in 13 families. The other species were identified at the genus level Leopardus sp. and order Rodentia. The species were classified into 6 categories of use: food, captive breeding, zootherapeutic, artisanal, magic/religious, and veterinary purposes. CONCLUSIONS This article discusses possible conservation solutions, given the irregular exploitation of some species, warning about the biodiversity, and traditional knowledge conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen da Silva Santos
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- UEPB, Campina Grande, Brazil
- PRODEMA, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena
- Campus I, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Department of Systematics and Ecology, Laboratory of Ethnobiology and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lívia Emanuelle Tavares Mendonça
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- UEPB, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Biology Department, State University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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