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Montes Bueno MT, Muñoz C, Rodríguez S, Sola A. End-of-life care in neonatal intensive care units in Iberoamerica: A look from the nursing perspective. An Pediatr (Barc) 2024; 100:97-103. [PMID: 38212240 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION End-of-life care (ELC) represents a quality milestone in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The objective of this study was to explore how ELC are carried out in NICUs in Iberoamerica. METHODS Cross-sectional study, through the administration of an anonymous survey sent to neonatal nursing professionals. The survey included general data and work activity data; existence and contents of ELC protocols in the NICU and training received. The survey was distributed by email and published on official SIBEN social networks. REDCap and STATA 14.0 software were used for data collection and analysis. RESULTS We obtained 400 responses from nurses from 11 countries in the Ibero-American region. 86% of the respondents are directly responsible for providing ELC, although 48% of them said they had not received training on this subject. Only 67 (17%) state that the NICU in which they work has a protocol that establishes a strategy for performing the ELC. Finally, the actions that are implemented during the ELC are globally infrequent (≤50%) in all the items explored and very infrequent (<20%) in relation to allowing free access to family members, having privacy, providing psychological assistance, register the process in the medical record, assist with bureaucratic processes or grant a follow-up plan for grief. CONCLUSION Most of the nursing professionals surveyed are directly responsible for this care, do not have protocols, have not received training, and consider that the ELC could be significantly improved. Strategies for ELCs in the Ibero-American region need to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Montes Bueno
- Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (CIN), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología (SIBEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Muñoz
- Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología (SIBEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Rodríguez
- Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología (SIBEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Augusto Sola
- Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología (SIBEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Ward G, Adair P, Doherty N, McCormack D. Bereaved mothers' experience of expressing and donating breast milk: An interpretative phenomenological study. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023:e13473. [PMID: 36924437 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal loss is a devastating event for any mother. What is often overlooked is a mothers continued ability to lactate following the death of her child. Donor breast milk is a commodity highly sought after given its value for feeding sick babies resident in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. This study aimed to explore the lived experience of mothers who have expressed and donated their breast milk following the loss of their infant. Seven bereaved mothers who donated milk to the Human Milk Bank in Northern Ireland were recruited. These women took part in semistructured interviews, which explored their experiences of perinatal loss and the role that expression/donation played for them in their grief. Their accounts were analysed using a qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) method. After transcription and analysis, three superordinate themes emerged; (1) fulfilling the mother role; (2) the power of being able to 'Do'; (3) making good from the bad. The stories of these women reflect the independent and individual nature of grief. Each mother gained a great deal of comfort in having the ability to express milk. For some this created a physical connection to their child, for others, it created time alone to process what had happened and for all, it created a sense of autonomy and ownership in what was otherwise a very turbulent time in their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne Ward
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Pauline Adair
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nicola Doherty
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David McCormack
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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3
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Waldby C, Noble‐Carr D, Carroll K. Mothers, milk and mourning: The meanings of breast milk after loss of an infant. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2023; 45:109-127. [PMID: 36193004 PMCID: PMC10092727 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is a highly valued substance, immunologically and nutritionally, which also signifies maternal care and love for the infant. This intersection of biological and cultural qualities confers breast milk with complex meanings, which necessarily shape the experience of breastfeeding. Our research, investigating the experience of lactation after the loss of an infant, casts a novel light on these meanings. This article analyses the experience of 17 Australian bereaved mothers and 114 health professionals charged with their care. We find that while all the mothers found post-loss lactation emotionally painful, many also found redemptive meaning in their milk-production, as a bond with the lost child, as confirmation of their maternal competence and as a life giving substance that they could donate to other needy infants. These complex meanings and positive connotations were at odds with hospital cultures that regard post-loss lactation as valueless and best dealt with through medical suppression, despite the more complex insights of individual health-care professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Waldby
- Research School of Social SciencesCollege of Arts & Social SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Debbie Noble‐Carr
- Research School of Social SciencesCollege of Arts & Social SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Katherine Carroll
- Research School of Social SciencesCollege of Arts & Social SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
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4
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Clifford V, Klein LD, Brown R, Sulfaro C, Hoad V, Gosbell IB, Pink J. Donor and recipient safety in human milk banking. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:1629-1634. [PMID: 35779010 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Australian Red Cross Lifeblood supplies pasteurised donor human milk (PDHM) to more than 30 partner hospitals across Australia. Preterm infants who receive PDHM are a highly vulnerable population but formal biovigilance programs are rare in human milk banking. Lifeblood Milk performs ongoing surveillance for both donor and recipient adverse events. This study aimed to formally review adverse events reported to Lifeblood Milk since 2018. METHODS Milk donor infectious diseases testing outcomes and donor adverse events (DAEs) are prospectively recorded at Lifeblood. Infant recipient adverse events are contractually reported back to Lifeblood Milk by hospitals and assessed according to severity and likelihood of relationship to PDHM administration. Donor and recipient adverse events over a 3.5-year period (July 2018 to December 2021) were reviewed. RESULTS There were three DAEs (3/976 = 0.31%) related to phlebotomy; these included two vasovagal reactions and one phlebotomy site haematoma. Eight (8/976 = 0.81%) additional donors had biological false reactive (BFR) infectious diseases serology results. There were 10 reported suspected adverse events in recipients. Six were infection-related; other events included milk curd obstruction, high urinary iodine levels, sudden cardiac death and nasogastric tube obstruction. All reported suspected adverse events in recipients were classified as unlikely to be related, or definitely not related, to PDHM administration. CONCLUSIONS Milk donor adverse events were rare but biological false reactive serology results were not uncommon. There were no recipient adverse events considered causally related to pasteurised donor human milk, which is generally a low-risk biological product. Ongoing biovigilance remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Clifford
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Laboratory Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura D Klein
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Departent of Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Brown
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Sulfaro
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veronica Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain B Gosbell
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne Pink
- Clinical Services and Research and Business Growth & Innovation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Fernández-Medina IM, Jiménez-Lasserrotte MDM, Ruíz-Fernández MD, Granero-Molina J, Fernández-Sola C, Hernández-Padilla JM. Milk Donation Following A Perinatal Loss: A Phenomenological Study. J Midwifery Womens Health 2022; 67:463-469. [PMID: 35166428 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perinatal loss is a traumatic event for women with negative consequences for their well-being and mental health. After perinatal loss, some women choose to not suppress lactation and to donate their breast milk. Donating milk can be a grief ritual to cope with the loss. The aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of donating their breast milk following a perinatal loss. METHODS A hermeneutic phenomenology was carried out. Thirteen semistructured interviews were conducted. Data was recorded, transcribed, and categorized into themes and subthemes. RESULTS Two main themes emerged from the data: (1) lactation after loss: a forgotten aspect of the care, with the subthemes "the silence surrounding grieving lactation" and "experiencing lactation amidst a sea of tears"; and (2) milk donation: a resource to alleviate pain and offer hope, with the subthemes "expressing and donating breast milk: a healing ritual" and "breaking the taboo of the grieving lactation." DISCUSSION Information about lactation options is not typically included in participants' care plan. Women's experiences highlight the need for the support of health care professionals. Donating milk helps some women to cope with the loss and accept and integrate it into their daily lives. Milk donation is also an opportunity to educate society about options following a perinatal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Granero-Molina
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cayetano Fernández-Sola
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - José Manuel Hernández-Padilla
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Department of Adult, Child and Midwifery, School of Health and Education, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Noble-Carr D, Carroll K, Waldby C. Mapping Hospital-Based Lactation Care Provided to Bereaved Mothers: A Basis for Quality Improvement. Breastfeed Med 2021; 16:779-789. [PMID: 34107776 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to identify and map the factors that shape the delivery of hospital-based lactation care for bereaved mothers to inform quality improvement initiatives targeting hospital-based lactation care. Methods: Focus groups and interviews were conducted at three large hospitals in Australia with 113 health professionals including obstetricians, neonatologists, midwives, neonatal nurses, lactation consultants, social workers or pastoral care workers, Human Milk Bank (HMB) staff, and perinatal bereavement nurses. Thematic and interactional data analysis identified the nature, scope, and pattern of bereavement lactation care. Results: A bereaved lactation care pathway was generated from health professionals' reports. Bereaved lactation care, if provided, was limited to brief encounters aimed at facilitating lactation suppression. The type of lactation care offered, and any exploration of the variable biopsychosocial significance of lactation after infant death, was conditional on (i) availability of health professionals with suitable awareness, knowledge, capacity, confidence, and comfort to discuss lactation; (ii) hospital culture and mode of suppression primarily practiced; (iii) mother's breast milk being visible to hospital staff; (iv) mother expressing interest in expanded lactation management options; (v) availability of, and eligibility to, donate to a HMB; and (vi) support beyond the hospital setting being facilitated. Conclusion: Mothers should be presented with the full array of lactation management options available after stillbirth or infant death. Inclusion of evidence-based, biopsychosocial and patient-centered approaches to lactation care is urgently required in health professionals' bereavement training and in the policies of hospitals and HMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Noble-Carr
- School of Sociology, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Katherine Carroll
- School of Sociology, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Catherine Waldby
- Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
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7
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Carroll K, Noble-Carr D, Sweeney L, Waldby C. The "Lactation After Infant Death (AID) Framework": A Guide for Online Health Information Provision About Lactation After Stillbirth and Infant Death. J Hum Lact 2020; 36:480-491. [PMID: 32427507 PMCID: PMC7411512 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420926946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Carroll
- School of Sociology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Debbie Noble-Carr
- School of Sociology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Lara Sweeney
- School of Sociology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Catherine Waldby
- Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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8
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Dickens J. Lactation after loss: supporting women's decision-making following perinatal death. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.12968/bjom.2020.28.7.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Offering sensitive and compassionate clinical and bereavement care following perinatal death is the innate focus of the caring healthcare professional and facilitating informed choice around the subject of lactation following loss is an integral part of this. However, evidence suggests that there may be a deficiency in the provision of lactation advice and support following loss. Contributory factors may include a lack of awareness of lactation options following bereavement amongst midwives, as well as an absence of clarity around where the responsibility for offering lactation support and advice lies. This paper presents the literature surrounding the support of women's decision-making for lactation following perinatal death, explicating the physiology of lactation in the antenatal and postnatal periods, and exploring the challenges and opportunities for the midwife when supporting grieving mothers to decide the best option for them and their family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Dickens
- Bereavement specialist midwife, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust; PhD candidate, department of health sciences, University of Leicester
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9
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Oreg A. Milk donation after losing one's baby: Adopting a donor identity as a means of coping with loss. Soc Sci Med 2019; 238:112519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Schafer EJ, Ashida S, Palmquist AEL. Psychosocial dimensions of human milk sharing. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2019; 14 Suppl 6:e12606. [PMID: 30592166 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is critical to maternal and infant health. Psychosocial factors are associated with lactation outcomes, and perinatal mood disorders (PMDs) are often linked with breastfeeding difficulties and early, unexpected weaning. Parents may utilize human milk sharing to ensure their infant receives human milk when breastfeeding requires supplementation or is not possible, but this practice carries health risks and is often stigmatized. Milk sharing recipient mothers may be particularly vulnerable to PMDs associated with breastfeeding difficulties. The study objective was to explore factors associated with emotional responses to a parent's decision to feed their infant with shared human milk. An online cross-sectional survey of 205 milk sharing recipients was analysed with linear regression. Controlling for participants' education and breastfeeding difficulties, higher perceived social stigma was associated with more negative emotional responses (p < .01). Receiving strong spousal/partner support for milk sharing (p < .001) and screening donors regarding the health of their nursling(s) (p < .05) were associated with more positive emotional responses. Social stigmatization of milk sharing may negatively influence emotional responses among recipient mothers. Based on these results, it can be recommended that health professionals screen breastfeeding mothers with lactation difficulties for emotional distress that may lead to PMDs and provide evidence-based information about milk sharing in a nonstigmatizing way. Health professionals may support informed decision-making for infant feeding practices, including human milk sharing, by providing information on milk sharing risks and risk mitigation, developing evidence-based practices and guidelines that facilitate safe milk sharing, and directing families to available resources for psychosocial support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Schafer
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State University College of Health Sciences, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Sato Ashida
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Aunchalee E L Palmquist
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Carolina Global Breastfeeding Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Palmquist AEL, Perrin MT, Cassar-Uhl D, Gribble KD, Bond AB, Cassidy T. Current Trends in Research on Human Milk Exchange for Infant Feeding. J Hum Lact 2019; 35:453-477. [PMID: 31206310 DOI: 10.1177/0890334419850820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is critical for the healthy growth and development of infants. A diverse range of infant-feeding methods are used around the world today. Many methods involve feeding infants with expressed human milk obtained through human milk exchange. Human milk exchange includes human milk banking, human milk sharing, and markets in which human milk may be purchased or sold by individuals or commercial entities. In this review, we examine peer-reviewed scholarly literature pertaining to human milk exchange in the social sciences and basic human milk sciences. We also examine current position and policy statements for human milk sharing. Our review highlights areas in need of future research. This review is a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and others who provide evidence-based care to families about infant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunchalee E L Palmquist
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Carolina Global Breastfeeding Institute, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maryanne T Perrin
- 2 Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Diana Cassar-Uhl
- 3 Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, Cornwall, NY, USA
| | - Karleen D Gribble
- 4 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, AUS
| | - Angela B Bond
- 5 Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tanya Cassidy
- 6 Dublin City University, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Glasnevin Campus, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Doshmangir L, Naghshi M, Khabiri R. Factors Influencing Donations to Human Milk Bank: A Systematic Review of Facilitators and Barriers. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:298-306. [PMID: 30896254 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2019.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Mother's own milk has long been accepted as the best source of nutrition for the newborn. In those cases where mother's milk is not available, the best choice is the human milk provided by selected donors. Human milk banks are the most institutionalized method of milk sharing and play a vital role for neonates that cannot be breastfed. This study aims at systematically reviewing factors influencing donation to human milk banks. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed on authentic electronic resources, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science with no time limitation. To increase the sensitivity and to find additional studies for systematic review, the reference list of the published studies was examined as well. Data extraction and quality appraisal were carried out by two independent reviewers. The study was qualitatively summarized to generate descriptive and explanatory themes that emerged from the literature. Results: From a total of 1,157 articles, 31 met the inclusion criteria in which 64 factors are extracted. From these, 26 factors act as barriers and 38 factors act as facilitators of milk donation. Having excess milk, altruism, and helping other babies are found to be the most important facilitators of milk donation, while the most important barriers are religious and cultural concerns. Conclusion: Developing practical strategies to attract milk donors are crucial for successfully establishing human milk banks. These include providing reliable information regarding the milk bank goals and functions and developing breastfeeding polices with regard to differences in countries' contexts and trying to resolve any uncertainties regarding milk donation, especially those arising for religious concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Doshmangir
- 1 Department of Health Services Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Centre, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Naghshi
- 3 Department of Knowledge Translation, National Public Health Management Center (NPMC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Khabiri
- 4 Department of Health Management, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Facilitating Milk Donation in the Context of Perinatal Palliative Care. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2018; 47:564-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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