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Khumalo PG, Carey M, Mackenzie L, Sanson-Fisher R. Cervical cancer screening knowledge and associated factors among Eswatini women: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300763. [PMID: 38635684 PMCID: PMC11025751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent years, cervical cancer incidence and related mortality have steadily increased in Eswatini. Low cervical cancer screening uptake partly explains the situation. Cervical cancer screening-related knowledge is positively associated with screening uptake. Little is known about women's cervical cancer screening-related knowledge in Eswatini. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess cervical cancer screening knowledge and associated factors among Eswatini women eligible for screening. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving three hundred and seventy-seven women aged 25 to 59 selected from four primary healthcare clinics in Eswatini was conducted. A paper and pen survey assessed knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors, benefits of screening, the meaning of screening results, recommended screening intervals, and socio-demographics. Descriptive analyses were performed to assess participants' sociodemographic characteristics. Linear regression was applied to examine associations between cervical cancer screening-related knowledge and participants' sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-nine (61%) participants answered 80% or more knowledge questions correctly. Compared to HIV-positive participants, HIV-negative participants had 0.61 times lower cervical cancer screening knowledge scores (β = -0.39, 95% CI: -0.56, -0.19, p = 0.03). Participants who travelled more than 30 minutes to the clinic had 0.3 times lower cervical cancer screening knowledge scores (β = -0.70, 95% CI: -1.15, -0.25, p < 0.01) compared to participants who travelled less than 30 minutes to the clinic. CONCLUSIONS Relatively high overall cervical cancer screening knowledge levels were observed among the study participants. Findings from the current study may inform future educational programs to create and sustain an accurate understanding of cervical cancer screening in Eswatini communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phinda G. Khumalo
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Mariko Carey
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Mackenzie
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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Nakisige C, de Fouw M, Nakalembe M, Orem J, Atukonyera D, Musheshe M, Koot J, de Zeeuw J, Beltman J, Stekelenburg J. Baseline knowledge on risk factors, symptoms and intended behavior of women and men towards screening and treatment of cervical cancer in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:450. [PMID: 38605317 PMCID: PMC11008004 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of risk factors and symptoms of cervical cancer has been found to promote uptake of screening of cervical cancer. Most interventions targeted women without much involvement of men (husbands/decision makers) who are often decision makers in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed at assessing baseline knowledge and intended behavior of both women and men to enable design specific targeted messages to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening and promote early detection of women with symptoms. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts in Western Uganda using the modified African Women Awareness of CANcer (AWACAN) questionnaire. Women aged 30-49 years and their husbands/decision makers were interviewed. Knowledge on risk factors and symptoms, intended behavior and barriers towards participation in cervical cancer screening and treatment were assessed. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were done to establish the association between knowledge levels and other factors comparing women to men. RESULTS A total of 724 women and 692 men were enrolled. Of these, 71.0% women and 67.2% men had ever heard of cervical cancer and 8.8% women had ever been screened. Knowledge of risk factors and symptoms of cervical cancer was high and similar for both women and men. Lack of decision making by women was associated with low knowledge of risk factors (X2 = 14.542; p = 0.01), low education (X2 = 36.05, p < 0.01) and older age (X2 = 17.33, p < 0.01). Men had better help seeking behavior than women (X2 = 64.96, p < 0.01, OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.31-0.50) and were more confident and skilled in recognising a sign or symptom of cervical cancer (X2 = 27.28, p < 0.01, OR = 0.52, CI (0.40-0.67). CONCLUSION The baseline knowledge for cervical cancer was high in majority of participants and similar in both women and men. Their intended behavior towards screening was also positive but screening uptake was very low. This study suggests developing messages on multiple interventions to promote screening behavior in addition to education, consisting of male involvement, women empowerment and making services available, accessible and women friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Nakisige
- Department of Gynaecologic-Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Marlieke de Fouw
- Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jackson Orem
- Department of Gynaecologic-Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dan Atukonyera
- Uganda Rural Development Training Program, Kagadi, Uganda
| | | | - Jaap Koot
- Department of Health Sciences, Global Health Unit, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine de Zeeuw
- Department of Health Sciences, Global Health Unit, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Beltman
- Department of Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Stekelenburg
- Department of Health Sciences, Global Health Unit, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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Ngwibete A, Ogunbode O, Swende LT, Agbada MM, Omigbodun A. Prevalence of precancerous lesions and other cervical abnormalities among internally displaced women in Benue State Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2024; 47:50. [PMID: 38681110 PMCID: PMC11055184 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.50.39721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction visual inspection is a low-cost screening strategy that can be used to prevent cervical cancer in women. These techniques can improve screening health outcomes for internally displaced women (IDW) who have poor sexual and reproductive health and rights' behaviors and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of precancerous lesions and other clinical features using a visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) technique during a cervical cancer screening campaign in two internally displaced people (IDP) camps in Benue State, Nigeria. Methods this was a cross-sectional study of 166 IDW who voluntarily participated in the study during a VIA cervical cancer screening campaign in two IDP camps in Benue State, Nigeria the screening was done by a group of qualified and trained healthcare workers and data was collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire. Results a total of 99(60%) of the women had a first sexual experience at 16 years, while 78(47%) had more than 5 full-term pregnancies. Although only 72(43.4%) of the women acknowledged having more than one sexual partner, over 70% of the women stated that their sexual partner had another sexual partner. The prevalence of precancerous lesions among women was 10.8%. Smoking(p=0.003), age at menarche (p≤ 0.001) and sexual behaviors (p=0.009, p=0.004) were factors that had a statistically significant relationship with the presence of a precancerous lesion among the IDW. The study also highlights the high rate (95%) of cervicitis among the women and the relatively high rate (5.4%) of leukoplakia. Conclusion the majority of IDW had sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics that predisposed them to developing cervical cancer More targeted interventions aimed at improving the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of IDW are recommended. In addition, there is a need to create awareness about cervical cancer among IDW and make screening available in camp facilities for early detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atenchong Ngwibete
- Pan African University Life and Earth Sciences Institute (including Health and Agriculture)-PAULESI, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka Ogunbode
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Mangalu Mobhe Agbada
- Département des Sciences de la Population et du Développement, Faculté des Sciences Economiques et de Gestion, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Akinyinka Omigbodun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Khumalo PG, Carey M, Mackenzie L, Sanson-Fisher R. Non-adherence to cervical cancer screening recommendations among women in Eswatini: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:290. [PMID: 36755260 PMCID: PMC9909983 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2018, Eswatini had the world's highest age-standardised cervical cancer incidence rate. Cervical cancer screening reduces women's risk of invasive cervical cancer. Data on adherence to cervical cancer screening recommendations in Eswatini are scarce. The purpose of the current study was to determine Eswatini women's self-reported adherence to cervical cancer screening recommendations, attitudes toward screening, and factors associated with non-adherence. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of women (n = 377) aged 25 to 59 accessing primary healthcare clinics (n = 4) in Eswatini assessed screening participation, attitudes and knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening, and socio-demographic variables. Adjusted logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with non-adherence to Eswatini cervical cancer screening recommendations. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-six (44%) women were classified as adherent to cervical cancer screening recommendations. Attitudinal barriers endorsed by over one-third of participants included a perceived low risk of cervical cancer (n = 161, 43%) and a view that screening is likely to be painful (n = 146, 38%). Participants had higher odds of being classified as non-adherent if they: were single compared with married (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.01, p = 0.03), perceived screening as likely painful (OR = 4.43, 95% CI: 2.62, 7.46, p < 0.001); and had not been advised by a doctor/ nurse to screen (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.71, 4.64, p < 0.001). Also, a 1-year increase in age was associated with an increase in the odds of being classified as non-adherent (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.45, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Self-reported adherence was moderate among this group of women. Tailored interventions are needed to increase participation in cervical cancer screening, especially for those women with characteristics associated with being classified as non-adherent. Primary healthcare clinic nurses (and other health providers) may contribute toward improving participation in cervical cancer screening by advising eligible women to screen and providing health education addressing negative attitudes toward screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phinda G. Khumalo
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Medicine and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Collaborative College of Health The University of Newcastle, Medicine, and Wellbeing, NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia ,grid.413648.cHunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia ,grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XHealth Behaviour Research Collaborative, The University of Newcastle, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1, Kookaburra Cct, New Lambton Heights , NSW 2305 Australia
| | - Mariko Carey
- grid.413648.cHunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia ,grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Medicine and Public Health, Centre for Women’s Health Research College of Health The University of Newcastle, Medicine, and Wellbeing, NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia
| | - Lisa Mackenzie
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Medicine and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Collaborative College of Health The University of Newcastle, Medicine, and Wellbeing, NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia ,grid.413648.cHunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia
| | - Rob Sanson-Fisher
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Medicine and Public Health, Health Behaviour Research Collaborative College of Health The University of Newcastle, Medicine, and Wellbeing, NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia ,grid.413648.cHunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia
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Ramathebane MM, Sooro MA, Kabuya RM, Sayed AR. Knowledge and attitudes relating to cervical and breast cancer among women in Maseru, Lesotho. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2022; 14:e1-e8. [PMID: 36546486 PMCID: PMC9772699 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer has remained one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In Lesotho, breast and cervical cancers contribute about 43% of all the cancer cases annually. AIM This study is aimed at comparing knowledge, attitudes, and practices between breast and cervical cancers among females in Maseru. SETTINGS This study consists of women residing in five study sites which have clinics that offer cervical and breast cancer-screening services. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2021 in Maseru, the Capital city of Lesotho. The participants were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire, through which their knowledge, practices about, and attitudes towards breast and cervical cancers were assessed. RESULTS A total of 228 women aged 15-75 years participated in the study and the majority were aged 30 years and above. Of the women interviewed for cervical cancer, 89.5% had heard of it, 11.8% had heard of its screening, and 7.4% had at least one examination. Similarly, for breast cancer, 77.6% of women who had heard of it, 72.9% had heard of screening, and 40.1% of women did at least one examination. CONCLUSION The majority of women were more knowledgeable about cervical cancer than breast cancer. However, more women had heard about breast cancer screening than cervical cancer screening. Therefore, there is a need for awareness campaigns related to cervical cancers' screening.Contribution: There is an urgent need to intensify awareness about cervical and breast cancer screening and availability of services at the nearby clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maseabata M. Ramathebane
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Mopa A. Sooro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
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Khumalo PG, Carey M, Mackenzie L, Sanson-Fisher R. Cervical cancer screening-related knowledge among community health workers in Eswatini: a cross-sectional survey. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:6671812. [PMID: 35984338 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eswatini has the highest age-standardized incidence and second highest mortality rate related to cervical cancer globally. In Eswatini, community health workers educate communities about cervical cancer screening. They need to have accurate knowledge about cervical cancer and screening to do this effectively. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess knowledge regarding cervical cancer screening among community health workers in Eswatini. A telephone survey of 172 community health workers from eight selected constituencies was conducted. Descriptive analyses were performed to assess participants' socio-demographic and service-related characteristics. Linear regression was applied to investigate factors associated with cervical cancer screening-related knowledge. One hundred and seven (62%) participants answered at least 80% of the questions correctly. However, knowledge regarding cervical cancer risk factors, the meaning of screening results and Eswatini cervical cancer screening guidelines was suboptimal. Community health workers aged 46-55 were more likely (β = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-2.15, p < 0.01) to have a higher cervical cancer screening knowledge score than those aged 30-45 years. Community health workers from Lubombo were marginally less likely (β = -0.83, 95% CI: -1.80 to -0.04, p = 0.05) to have a higher knowledge score than those from Hhohho. This study suggests knowledge deficits amongst community health workers in Eswatini. Knowledge deficits may result in inaccurate information being communicated to clients. While increasing knowledge of these vital health workers may not be sufficient to increase cervical cancer screening rates in Eswatini, it is an essential first step that should be the focus of future educational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phinda G Khumalo
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Mariko Carey
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Lisa Mackenzie
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Rob Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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Getaneh A, Tegene B, Belachew T. Knowledge, attitude and practices on cervical cancer screening among undergraduate female students in University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: an institution based cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:775. [PMID: 33888094 PMCID: PMC8063279 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a major public health problem. In the world, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women and it is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in females. It is the second most common women cancer in Ethiopia with almost 6300 new cases and 4884 deaths annually. Despite the high burden of new cases and deaths, there is a scarcity of data on knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards cervical cancer screening among female university students in Ethiopia particularly in the study area. Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the KAP of undergraduate female students towards cervical cancer screening. METHODS An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2018 at the University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences undergraduate female students. Pretested, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Four hundred and three female students were recruited by a simple random sampling method and the data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical packages. Descriptive data analysis was used to report the results. RESULTS More than half of the respondents (59.3.3%) had good knowledge, whereas nearly 67.7% of the respondents had favorable attitude towards cervical cancer. However, less than 1% of the respondents had been screened for cervical cancer. CONCLUSION Although undergraduate female students had apparently good knowledge and favorable attitude, their practices on cervical cancer screening were quite low. Therefore, the health sectors and the gender streaming office of the university mobilize students to strengthen the uptake the cervical cancer screening practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alem Getaneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Teshome Belachew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Wang X, Guo Y, Wang C, Wang Q, Yan G. Long Noncoding RNA ZEB1-AS1 Downregulates miR-23a, Promotes Tumor Progression, and Predicts the Survival of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2699-2710. [PMID: 33888994 PMCID: PMC8057792 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s297209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in cancer-related biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration, cell invasion, and chemoresistance. However, the effects of the lncRNA ZEB1-AS1 on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have not been adequately demonstrated. The aims of our current study were to explore the roles of lncRNA ZEB1-AS1 in OSCC progression to reveal the potential mechanism. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to measure relative ZEB1-AS1 expression levels in OSCC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The biological functions of ZEB1-AS1 in OSCC growth and progression were identified by cell proliferation, wound healing, and in vitro transwell assays as well as in vivo xenograft model. The underlying mechanism was detected with a dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay. Results The up-regulation of ZEB1-AS1 and downregulation of miR-23a-3p (miR-23a) were found in OSCC cancer tissues. A ZEB1-AS1 knockdown remarkably suppressed in vitro cancerous, biological processes of OSCC cell lines such as cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The tumor growth was also inhibited by silencing ZEB1-AS1 in vivo, and a DLR assay confirmed the association between ZEB1-AS1 and miR-23a. Conclusion The newly identified lncRNA ZEB1-AS1 functions as a tumor promoter in OSCC through regulation of miR-23a. Based on these results, ZEB1-AS1 could be a valid molecular target for treating oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, 110002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, 110002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, 110002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, 110002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqi Yan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, 110002, People's Republic of China
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