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Pindling S, Klugman M, Lan Q, Hosgood HD. Narrative review: respiratory tract microbiome and never smoking lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:4522-4529. [PMID: 37691669 PMCID: PMC10482636 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective The lung microbiome was previously thought to be a sterile environment where only gaseous exchange takes place, but recent studies have shown the presence of microbiota in the lung. This review investigates the current literature on the effects of an environmental driven dysbiosis on the healthy oral and respiratory microbiome and its relationship to lung cancer risk in never-smokers. Methods An online electronic search was performed on PubMed of all English-language literature using combinations of the following keywords: "lung cancer", "dysbiosis", "non-smokers", "oral microbiome", and "respiratory microbiome". All population-based studies reporting results on oral and/or respiratory microbiome in adults were considered for our narrative review. Key Content and Findings Metagenomic analyses have been performed on isolated samples from healthy participants and compared to samples from those with lung cancer. Research shows that a decrease in alpha diversity of microbes in the oral microbiome is associated with increased risk of lung cancer, along with differences in beta diversity in the sputum of lung cancer cases and healthy controls. Further, several studies have observed that significant changes in the abundance of genera such as increased abundance of Lactobacillales, Bacilli, and Firmicutes associated with an increased lung cancer risk among participants with exposure to certain household solid fuels. Conclusions These findings suggest potential carcinogenic processes such as increased inflammation associated with changes in flora. Additionally, studies showed that increase in certain taxa such as Bacteroides and Spirochetes might have a protective effect on lung cancer risk. The review also provides insight into how understanding the microbial changes can be beneficial for lung cancer treatment and disease-free survival. Larger studies in different populations need to be performed to strengthen the current associations between microbial diversity and lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Pindling
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Madelyn Klugman
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H. Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Li N, Zhou H, Holden VK, Deepak J, Dhilipkannah P, Todd NW, Stass SA, Jiang F. Streptococcus pneumoniae promotes lung cancer development and progression. iScience 2023; 26:105923. [PMID: 36685035 PMCID: PMC9852931 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is associated with lung cancer, yet its role in the tumorigenesis remains uncertain. Herein we find that SP attaches to lung cancer cells via binding pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) to platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR). Interaction between PspC and PAFR stimulates cell proliferation and activates PI3K/AKT and nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) signaling pathways, which trigger a pro-inflammatory response. Lung cancer cells infected with SP form larger tumors in BALB/C mice compared to untreated cells. Mice treated with tobacco carcinogen and SP develop more lung tumors and had shorter survival period than mice treated with the carcinogen alone. Mutating PspC or PAFR abolishes tumor-promoting effects of SP. Overabundance of SP is associated with the survival. SP may play a driving role in lung tumorigenesis by activating PI3K/AKT and NF-kB pathways via binding PspC to PAFR and provide a microbial target for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Van K. Holden
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaki Deepak
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pushpa Dhilipkannah
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nevins W. Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanford A. Stass
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Sun Y, Wen M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Jing P, Gu Z, Jiang T, Wang W. The human microbiome: A promising target for lung cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091165. [PMID: 36817461 PMCID: PMC9936316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and insights into its underlying mechanisms as well as potential therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. The microbiome plays an important role in human health, and is also responsible for the initiation and progression of lung cancer through its induction of inflammatory responses and participation in immune regulation, as well as for its role in the generation of metabolic disorders and genotoxicity. Here, the distribution of human microflora along with its biological functions, the relationship between the microbiome and clinical characteristics, and the role of the microbiome in clinical treatment of lung cancer were comprehensively reviewed. This review provides a basis for the current understanding of lung cancer mechanisms with a focus on the microbiome, and contributes to future decisions on treatment management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Miaomiao Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengyu Jing
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhongping Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenchen Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Wei YF, Huang MS, Huang CH, Yeh YT, Hung CH. Impact of Gut Dysbiosis on the Risk of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15991. [PMID: 36498063 PMCID: PMC9740010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: The imbalance of gut microbiota, dysbiosis, is associated with various malignant diseases. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of gut microbiota in age-matched treatment-naïve non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and healthy individuals to investigate possible gut-microbe-related pathways involved in the development of NSCLC. Methods: We enrolled 34 age-matched NSCLC patients and 268 healthy individuals. Hypervariable V3−V4 amplicons of 16S rRNA in freshly collected fecal samples were sequenced. Diversity, microbial composition, functional pathways, smoking history, and gut-microbe-related comorbidities were analyzed to assess the factors associated with the risk of NSCLC. Results: Microbial alpha diversity was decreased in the patients with NSCLC, and beta diversity was significantly different between the patients and controls (p < 0.001). After adjustments for sex, smoking history, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 11 abundant microbes with significant differences between the patients and controls, the enrichment of Anaerotruncus spp. and Bacteroides caccae was associated with an increased risk of NSCLC (p = 0.003 and 0.007, respectively). The areas under receiver operating characteristic curves were 71.4% and 66.9% for Anaerotruncus spp. and Bacteroides caccae, respectively (both p < 0.001). Furthermore, the abundance of Bacteroides caccae was positively correlated with steroid hormone biosynthesis (p < 0.001), N-glycan biosynthesis (p = 0.023), glycosaminoglycan degradation (p < 0.001), lipoic acid metabolism (p = 0.039), peroxisome (p < 0.001), and apoptosis (p < 0.001), but inversely related to glycerolipid metabolism (p < 0.001). Anaerotruncus spp. was positively associated with decreased biosynthesis of ansamycin only (p = 0.001). No overlapping signaling pathways were modulated by Bacteroides caccae or Anaerotruncus spp. Conclusions: Our results revealed that fecal Anaerotruncus spp. and Bacteroides caccae were abundant and may be associated with the risk of NSCLC regardless of sex, smoking history, and gut-microbe-related comorbidities. Further investigations on the mechanism underlying the potential association between gut dysbiosis and the development of NSCLC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Wei
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsieh Huang
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
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Ciernikova S, Sevcikova A, Stevurkova V, Mego M. Tumor microbiome - an integral part of the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1063100. [PMID: 36505811 PMCID: PMC9730887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1063100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a significant role in tumor progression and cancer cell survival. Besides malignant cells and non-malignant components, including immune cells, elements of the extracellular matrix, stromal cells, and endothelial cells, the tumor microbiome is considered to be an integral part of the TME. Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical studies evaluated the presence of tumor type-specific intratumoral bacteria. Differences in microbiome composition between cancerous tissues and benign controls suggest the importance of the microbiome-based approach. Complex host-microbiota crosstalk within the TME affects tumor cell biology via the regulation of oncogenic pathways, immune response modulation, and interaction with microbiota-derived metabolites. Significantly, the involvement of tumor-associated microbiota in cancer drug metabolism highlights the therapeutic implications. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about the emerging role of tumor microbiome in various types of solid malignancies. The clinical utility of tumor microbiome in cancer progression and treatment is also discussed. Moreover, we provide an overview of clinical trials evaluating the role of tumor microbiome in cancer patients. The research focusing on the communication between the gut and tumor microbiomes may bring new opportunities for targeting the microbiome to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Ciernikova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia,*Correspondence: Sona Ciernikova,
| | - Aneta Sevcikova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viola Stevurkova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Unlocking the Potential of the Human Microbiome for Identifying Disease Diagnostic Biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071742. [PMID: 35885645 PMCID: PMC9315466 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome encodes more than three million genes, outnumbering human genes by more than 100 times, while microbial cells in the human microbiota outnumber human cells by 10 times. Thus, the human microbiota and related microbiome constitute a vast source for identifying disease biomarkers and therapeutic drug targets. Herein, we review the evidence backing the exploitation of the human microbiome for identifying diagnostic biomarkers for human disease. We describe the importance of the human microbiome in health and disease and detail the use of the human microbiome and microbiota metabolites as potential diagnostic biomarkers for multiple diseases, including cancer, as well as inflammatory, neurological, and metabolic diseases. Thus, the human microbiota has enormous potential to pave the road for a new era in biomarker research for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The scientific community needs to collaborate to overcome current challenges in microbiome research concerning the lack of standardization of research methods and the lack of understanding of causal relationships between microbiota and human disease.
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Bonifacio JPP, Schmolke M. Visualization of Respiratory Commensal Bacteria in Context of Their Natural Host Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:678389. [PMID: 34149669 PMCID: PMC8212125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.678389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbes are an integral component of mammalian physiology. 16S rRNA gene-specific next generation sequencing from DNA of total organs, swabs or lavages has revolutionized the characterization of bacterial communities in virtually every ecological niche of the body. Culturomics, next allowed the isolation and characterization of commensal bacteria in the lab and the establishment of artificial communities of bacteria, which were eventually reintroduced in model organisms. Spatial organization of microbiota within a given host environment is critical to the physiological or pathological phenotypes provoked by commensal microbiota. In situ hybridization (ISH) is a complementary technique to sequencing and culturing to visualize the presence of individual bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) in context of the colonized organ. We recently applied highly sensitive in situ RNA hybridization to detection of commensal bacteria in low abundance respiratory tract samples of mice housed under specific pathogen free conditions. This technique allows species-specific detection of living bacteria using RNAScopeTM technology, while preserving the natural environment of the organ. We here provide a detailed step-by-step protocol describing the detection of commensal lung bacteria in respiratory tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P P Bonifacio
- Microbiology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Microbiology and Molecular Medicine Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Martins D, Mendes F, Schmitt F. Microbiome: A Supportive or a Leading Actor in Lung Cancer? Pathobiology 2020; 88:198-207. [PMID: 33352574 DOI: 10.1159/000511556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the major diagnostic and therapeutic innovations, the effect on mortality has been modest and the overall survival is still poor. Better understanding of the pathology of these tumors is necessary in order to develop personalized therapeutic strategies in lung cancer patients. Human microbiome has been associated with normal physiology and function, and increasing evidence points towards a key role of the microbiome in promoting the progression of lung disease. Studies have shown that although poorly understood, lung has a distinctive microbiome that may an important role in lung cancer development and progression, and interactions between microbial populations have the potential to influence disease, suggesting that microbiome can be an emerging target in cancer therapeutics. We will review mechanisms how the lung microbiota influences carcinogenesis, focusing on the bacterial dysbiosis and inflammation. Moreover, we will discuss the link between the microbiome and cancer and the consequences induced by the immune system, as the host microbiota plays an essential role in activating and modulating the immune response. We summarize current research advances in the lung microbiome and demonstrate the potential to exploit microbiome as a mechanism to prevent carcinogenesis and modulate therapeutic strategy, suggesting microbiome as a valuable approach in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martins
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Mendes
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, .,IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, .,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,
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