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Sangaraju D, Nott KP, Kurita KL. High-Throughput, Nondestructive, and Biosafe Method to Accurately Quantify Water Content in Human Fecal Samples by Benchtop 1H TD-NMR Analysis for Downstream Bioanalytical and Clinical Uses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3722-3726. [PMID: 38373266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Water or moisture content in human stool samples is an important parameter for bioanalytical and clinical purposes. For bioanalytical use, accurate quantitation of water content in stool can provide the extent of dilution within the stool sample which can further be used for absolute quantitation of various stool based biomarkers. For clinical use, water or moisture content in stool is an important indicator of gastrointestinal health, and its accurate determination can enable quantitative assessment of the Bristol Stool Form Scale. In general, accurate determination of water content of stool samples is cumbersome, low-throughput process and is prone to harmful stool pathogens biocontamination, sample cross-contamination using techniques such as gravimetry and karl fischer titration. Here, we report a novel user-friendly high-throughput method to quantitatively and accurately measure the overall water content in human fecal samples nondestructively and biocontained in a closed tube using benchtop a 1H time domain nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer. We used gravimetry and measurement of various bile acid metabolites in stool to verify the accuracy and robustness of the water content measurement using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin P Nott
- Oxford Instruments Magnetic Resonance, Halifax Road, High Wycombe HP12 3SE, United Kingdom
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Yaqoob H, Tariq A, Bhat BA, Bhat KA, Nehvi IB, Raza A, Djalovic I, Prasad PVV, Mir RA. Integrating genomics and genome editing for orphan crop improvement: a bridge between orphan crops and modern agriculture system. GM CROPS & FOOD 2023; 14:1-20. [PMID: 36606637 PMCID: PMC9828793 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2022.2146952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of orphan crops could be explored by editing their genomes. Genome editing has a lot of promise for enhancing agricultural output, and there is a lot of interest in furthering breeding in orphan crops, which are sometimes plagued with unwanted traits that resemble wild cousins. Consequently, applying model crop knowledge to orphan crops allows for the rapid generation of targeted allelic diversity and innovative breeding germplasm. We explain how plant breeders could employ genome editing as a novel platform to accelerate the domestication of semi-domesticated or wild plants, resulting in a more diversified base for future food and fodder supplies. This review emphasizes both the practicality of the strategy and the need to invest in research that advances our understanding of plant genomes, genes, and cellular systems. Planting more of these abandoned orphan crops could help alleviate food scarcities in the challenge of future climate crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwaida Yaqoob
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arooj Tariq
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Basharat Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kaisar Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iqra Bashir Nehvi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, SKIMS, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ali Raza
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China,Ali Raza College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - PV Vara Prasad
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India,CONTACT Rakeeb Ahmad MirDepartment of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Yu H, Yang Q, Fu F, Li W. Three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948518. [PMID: 35937379 PMCID: PMC9354092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of exogenous genes, overexpression of endogenous genes, and suppressed expression of undesirable genes are the three strategies of transgenic manipulation for crop improvement. Up to 2020, most (227) of the singular transgenic events (265) of crops approved for commercial release worldwide have been developed by the first strategy. Thirty-eight of them have been transformed by synthetic sequences transcribing antisense or double-stranded RNAs and three by mutated copies for suppressed expression of undesirable genes (the third strategy). By the first and the third strategies, hundreds of transgenic events and thousands of varieties with significant improvement of resistance to herbicides and pesticides, as well as nutritional quality, have been developed and approved for commercial release. Their application has significantly decreased the use of synthetic pesticides and the cost of crop production and increased the yield of crops and the benefits to farmers. However, almost all the events overexpressing endogenous genes remain at the testing stage, except one for fertility restoration and another for pyramiding herbicide tolerance. The novel functions conferred by the heterologously expressing exogenous genes under the control of constitutive promoters are usually absent in the recipient crops themselves or perform in different pathways. However, the endogenous proteins encoded by the overexpressing endogenous genes are regulated in complex networks with functionally redundant and replaceable pathways and are difficult to confer the desirable phenotypes significantly. It is concluded that heterologous expression of exogenous genes and suppressed expression by RNA interference and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas (CRISPR/Cas) of undesirable genes are superior to the overexpression of endogenous genes for transgenic improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fengling Fu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanchen Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Yepuri V, Jalali S, Mudunuri V, Pothakani S, Kancharla N, Arockiasamy S. Genotyping by sequencing-based linkage map construction and identification of quantitative trait loci for yield-related traits and oil content in Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4293-4306. [PMID: 35239140 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) has been considered as a potential bioenergy crop and its genetic improvement is essential for higher seed yield and oil content which has been hampered due to lack of desirable molecular markers. METHODS AND RESULTS An F2 population was created using an intraspecific cross involving a Central American line RJCA9 and an Asiatic species RJCS-9 to develop a dense genetic map and for Quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification. The genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach was used to genotype the mapping population of 136 F2 individuals along with the two parental lines for classification of the genotypes based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). NextSeq 2500 sequencing technology provided a total of 517.23 million clean reads, with an average of ~ 3.8 million reads per sample. We analysed 411 SNP markers and developed 11 linkage groups. The total length of the genetic map was 4092.3 cM with an average marker interval of 10.04 cM. We have identified a total of 83 QTLs for various yield and oil content governing traits. The percentage of phenotypic variation (PV) was found to be in the range of 8.81 to 65.31%, and a QTL showed the maximum PV of 65.3% for a total seed number on the 6th linkage group (LG). CONCLUSIONS The QTLs detected in this study for various phenotypic traits will lay down the path for marker-assisted breeding in the future and cloning of genes that are responsible for phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Yepuri
- Agronomy Division, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Saakshi Jalali
- Agronomy Division, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - Vishwnadharaju Mudunuri
- Jatropha Breeding station, Reliance Industries Ltd, IDA-Peddapuram, ADB Road, Samalkota, Andhra Pradesh, 533440, India
| | - Sai Pothakani
- Jatropha Breeding station, Reliance Industries Ltd, IDA-Peddapuram, ADB Road, Samalkota, Andhra Pradesh, 533440, India
| | - Nagesh Kancharla
- Agronomy Division, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India
| | - S Arockiasamy
- Agronomy Division, Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai, 400701, India.
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Kamenya SN, Mikwa EO, Song B, Odeny DA. Genetics and breeding for climate change in Orphan crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1787-1815. [PMID: 33486565 PMCID: PMC8205878 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is rapidly changing how we live, what we eat and produce, the crops we breed and the target traits. Previously underutilized orphan crops that are climate resilient are receiving much attention from the crops research community, as they are often the only crops left in the field after periods of extreme weather conditions. There are several orphan crops with incredible resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some are nutritious, while others provide good sources of biofuel, medicine and other industrial raw materials. Despite these benefits, orphan crops are still lacking in important genetic and genomic resources that could be used to fast track their improvement and make their production profitable. Progress has been made in generating draft genomes of at least 28 orphan crops over the last decade, thanks to the reducing cost of sequencing. The implementation of a structured breeding program that takes advantage of additional modern crop improvement tools such as genomic selection, speed breeding, genome editing, high throughput phenotyping and breeding digitization would make rapid improvement of these orphan crops possible, but would require coordinated research investment. Other production challenges such as lack of adequate germplasm conservation, poor/non-existent seed systems and agricultural extension services, as well as poor marketing channels will also need to be improved if orphan crops were to be profitable. We review the importance of breeding orphan crops under the increasing effects of climate change, highlight existing gaps that need to be addressed and share some lessons to be learned from major crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ndagire Kamenya
- African Center of Excellence in Agroecology and Livelihood Systems, Uganda Martyrs University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Erick Owuor Mikwa
- The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics - Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bo Song
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute At Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Damaris Achieng Odeny
- The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics - Eastern and Southern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Kewlani P, Tewari DC, Singh L, Negi VS, Bhatt ID, Pande V. Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Rich Populations of <i>Prinsepia utilis</i> Royle in Western Himalaya. J Oleo Sci 2021; 71:481-491. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laxman Singh
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment
| | | | | | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus
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Yaakub Z, Kamaruddin K, Singh R, Mustafa S, Marjuni M, Ting NC, Amiruddin MD, Leslie LET, Cheng-Li OL, Sritharan K, Nookiah R, Jansen J, Ong Abdullah M. An integrated linkage map of interspecific backcross 2 (BC 2) populations reveals QTLs associated with fatty acid composition and vegetative parameters influencing compactness in oil palm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:356. [PMID: 32727448 PMCID: PMC7391521 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular breeding has opened new avenues for crop improvement with the potential for faster progress. As oil palm is the major producer of vegetable oil in the world, its improvement, such as developing compact planting materials and altering its oils' fatty acid composition for wider application, is important. RESULTS This study sought to identify the QTLs associated with fatty acid composition and vegetative traits for compactness in the crop. It integrated two interspecific backcross two (BC2) mapping populations to improve the genetic resolution and evaluate the consistency of the QTLs identified. A total 1963 markers (1814 SNPs and 149 SSRs) spanning a total map length of 1793 cM were integrated into a consensus map. For the first time, some QTLs associated with vegetative parameters and carotene content were identified in interspecific hybrids, apart from those associated with fatty acid composition. The analysis identified 8, 3 and 8 genomic loci significantly associated with fatty acids, carotene content and compactness, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Major genomic region influencing the traits for compactness and fatty acid composition was identified in the same chromosomal region in the two populations using two methods for QTL detection. Several significant loci influencing compactness, carotene content and FAC were common to both populations, while others were specific to particular genetic backgrounds. It is hoped that the QTLs identified will be useful tools for marker-assisted selection and accelerate the identification of desirable genotypes for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkifli Yaakub
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Katialisa Kamaruddin
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suzana Mustafa
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marhalil Marjuni
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ngoot-Chin Ting
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Din Amiruddin
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Low Eng-Ti Leslie
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ooi Leslie Cheng-Li
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kandha Sritharan
- United Plantations Bhd., Jendarata Estate, 36009, Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Rajanaidu Nookiah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johannes Jansen
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 100, Wageningen, 6700 AC, The Netherlands
| | - Meilina Ong Abdullah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jin X, Madec S, Dutartre D, de Solan B, Comar A, Baret F. High-Throughput Measurements of Stem Characteristics to Estimate Ear Density and Above-Ground Biomass. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 2019:4820305. [PMID: 33313528 PMCID: PMC7706336 DOI: 10.34133/2019/4820305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Total above-ground biomass at harvest and ear density are two important traits that characterize wheat genotypes. Two experiments were carried out in two different sites where several genotypes were grown under contrasted irrigation and nitrogen treatments. A high spatial resolution RGB camera was used to capture the residual stems standing straight after the cutting by the combine machine during harvest. It provided a ground spatial resolution better than 0.2 mm. A Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster-RCNN) deep-learning model was first trained to identify the stems cross section. Results showed that the identification provided precision and recall close to 95%. Further, the balance between precision and recall allowed getting accurate estimates of the stem density with a relative RMSE close to 7% and robustness across the two experimental sites. The estimated stem density was also compared with the ear density measured in the field with traditional methods. A very high correlation was found with almost no bias, indicating that the stem density could be a good proxy of the ear density. The heritability/repeatability evaluated over 16 genotypes in one of the two experiments was slightly higher (80%) than that of the ear density (78%). The diameter of each stem was computed from the profile of gray values in the extracts of the stem cross section. Results show that the stem diameters follow a gamma distribution over each microplot with an average diameter close to 2.0 mm. Finally, the biovolume computed as the product of the average stem diameter, the stem density, and plant height is closely related to the above-ground biomass at harvest with a relative RMSE of 6%. Possible limitations of the findings and future applications are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Jin
- INRA EMMAH, UMR 1114 228 route de l'Aérodrome, 84914 Avignon, France
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Simon Madec
- INRA EMMAH, UMR 1114 228 route de l'Aérodrome, 84914 Avignon, France
| | | | - Benoit de Solan
- ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal, Station Expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France
| | | | - Frédéric Baret
- INRA EMMAH, UMR 1114 228 route de l'Aérodrome, 84914 Avignon, France
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Jin X, Madec S, Dutartre D, de Solan B, Comar A, Baret F. High-Throughput Measurements of Stem Characteristics to Estimate Ear Density and Above-Ground Biomass. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019. [PMID: 33313528 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4820305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Total above-ground biomass at harvest and ear density are two important traits that characterize wheat genotypes. Two experiments were carried out in two different sites where several genotypes were grown under contrasted irrigation and nitrogen treatments. A high spatial resolution RGB camera was used to capture the residual stems standing straight after the cutting by the combine machine during harvest. It provided a ground spatial resolution better than 0.2 mm. A Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster-RCNN) deep-learning model was first trained to identify the stems cross section. Results showed that the identification provided precision and recall close to 95%. Further, the balance between precision and recall allowed getting accurate estimates of the stem density with a relative RMSE close to 7% and robustness across the two experimental sites. The estimated stem density was also compared with the ear density measured in the field with traditional methods. A very high correlation was found with almost no bias, indicating that the stem density could be a good proxy of the ear density. The heritability/repeatability evaluated over 16 genotypes in one of the two experiments was slightly higher (80%) than that of the ear density (78%). The diameter of each stem was computed from the profile of gray values in the extracts of the stem cross section. Results show that the stem diameters follow a gamma distribution over each microplot with an average diameter close to 2.0 mm. Finally, the biovolume computed as the product of the average stem diameter, the stem density, and plant height is closely related to the above-ground biomass at harvest with a relative RMSE of 6%. Possible limitations of the findings and future applications are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Jin
- INRA EMMAH, UMR 1114 228 route de l'Aérodrome, 84914 Avignon, France
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Simon Madec
- INRA EMMAH, UMR 1114 228 route de l'Aérodrome, 84914 Avignon, France
| | | | - Benoit de Solan
- ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal, Station Expérimentale, 91720 Boigneville, France
| | | | - Frédéric Baret
- INRA EMMAH, UMR 1114 228 route de l'Aérodrome, 84914 Avignon, France
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Tang M, Bai X, Niu LJ, Chai X, Chen MS, Xu ZF. miR172 Regulates both Vegetative and Reproductive Development in the Perennial Woody Plant Jatropha curcas. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2549-2563. [PMID: 30541045 PMCID: PMC6290486 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a promising feedstock for biofuel production because its oil is highly suitable for processing bio-jet fuels and biodiesel. However, Jatropha exhibits a long juvenile stage in subtropical areas. miR172, a conserved small non-protein-coding RNA molecule with 21 nucleotides, regulates a wide range of developmental processes. To date, however, no studies have examined the function of miR172 in Jatropha. There are five miR172 precursors encoding two mature miR172s in Jatropha, which are expressed in all tissues, with the highest expression level in leaves, and the levels are up-regulated with age. Overexpression of JcmiR172a resulted in early flowering, abnormal flowers, and altered leaf morphology in transgenic Arabidopsis and Jatropha. The expression levels of miR172 target genes were down-regulated, and the flower identity genes were up-regulated in the JcmiR172a-overexpressing transgenic plants. Interestingly, we showed that JcmiR172 might be involved in regulation of stem vascular development through manipulating the expression of cellulose and lignin biosynthesis genes. Overexpression of JcmiR172a enhanced xylem development and reduced phloem and pith development. This study helped elucidate the functions of miR172 in perennial plants, a known age-related miRNA involved in the regulation of perennial plant phase change and organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long-Jian Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +86-691-8715070
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Fatty Acids Variation in Seed of Eucommia ulmoides Populations Collected from Different Regions in China. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9090505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruits of 240 Eucommia ulmoides Oliver individuals were collected from 12 different geographical regions across a wide area of China. The seed oil content ranged from 28.54% in Guilin and Lueyang to 31.35% in Chaoyang. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the seed oil revealed that linolenic acid (56.68–60.70%), oleic acid (16.31–17.80%), and linoleic acid (11.02–13.32%) were the major components, and the oil showed good potential for the food and health care industries. Three levels (high, medium, and low) of linolenic acid and oil content were observed among the 12 populations according to principal component analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental factors had a large influence on oil content and fatty acids composition and explained 89.33% of the total variance. Latitude and precipitation were key environmental factors and were significantly correlated with the fatty acid composition of E. ulmoides seeds.
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Xia Z, Zhang S, Wen M, Lu C, Sun Y, Zou M, Wang W. Construction of an ultrahigh-density genetic linkage map for Jatropha curcas L. and identification of QTL for fruit yield. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:3. [PMID: 29321812 PMCID: PMC5759280 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-1004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important biofuel plant, the demand for higher yield Jatropha curcas L. is rapidly increasing. However, genetic analysis of Jatropha and molecular breeding for higher yield have been hampered by the limited number of molecular markers available. RESULTS An ultrahigh-density linkage map for a Jatropha mapping population of 153 individuals was constructed and covered 1380.58 cM of the Jatropha genome, with average marker density of 0.403 cM. The genetic linkage map consisted of 3422 SNP and indel markers, which clustered into 11 linkage groups. With this map, 13 repeatable QTLs (reQTLs) for fruit yield traits were identified. Ten reQTLs, qNF-1, qNF-2a, qNF-2b, qNF-2c, qNF-3, qNF-4, qNF-6, qNF-7a, qNF-7b and qNF-8, that control the number of fruits (NF) mapped to LGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8, whereas three reQTLs, qTWF-1, qTWF-2 and qTWF-3, that control the total weight of fruits (TWF) mapped to LGs 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It is interesting that there are two candidate critical genes, which may regulate Jatropha fruit yield. We also identified three pleiotropic reQTL pairs associated with both the NF and TWF traits. CONCLUSION This study is the first to report an ultrahigh-density Jatropha genetic linkage map construction, and the markers used in this study showed great potential for QTL mapping. Thirteen fruit-yield reQTLs and two important candidate genes were identified based on this linkage map. This genetic linkage map will be a useful tool for the localization of other economically important QTLs and candidate genes for Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Xia
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengkui Zhang
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfu Wen
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yufang Sun
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- The Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou, China
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13
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Ye J, Wang C, Sun Y, Qu J, Mao H, Chua NH. Overexpression of a Transcription Factor Increases Lipid Content in a Woody Perennial Jatropha curcas. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1479. [PMID: 30405653 PMCID: PMC6204399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oil is an important renewable resource for dietary consumption for human and livestock, and more recently for biodiesel production. Lipid traits in crops are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and each of them has a small effect on lipid traits. So far, there is limited success to increase lipid yield and improve lipid quality in plants. Here, we reported the identification of a homolog of APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factor WRINKLED1 (JcWRI1) from an oleaginous plant Jatropha curcas and characterized its function in Jatropha and Arabidopsis thaliana. Using physical mapping data, we located JcWRI1 in a QTL region specifying high oleate and lipid content in Jatropha. Overexpression of JcWRI1 in Jatropha elevated seed lipid content and increased seed mass. Lipid profile in seeds of over-expression plants showed higher oleate content which will be beneficial to improve biodiesel quality. Overexpression of JcWRI1 activated lipid-related gene expression and JcWRI1 was shown to directly bind to the AW-box of promoters of some of these genes. In conclusion, we were able to increase seed lipid content and improve seed lipid quality in Jatropha by manipulating one key transcription factor JcWRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Ye, Nam-Hai Chua,
| | - Chunming Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huizhu Mao
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jian Ye, Nam-Hai Chua,
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14
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Bai B, Wang L, Lee M, Zhang Y, Alfiko Y, Ye BQ, Wan ZY, Lim CH, Suwanto A, Chua NH, Yue GH. Genome-wide identification of markers for selecting higher oil content in oil palm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:93. [PMID: 28558657 PMCID: PMC5450198 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is the most important source of edible oil. The improvement of oil yield is currently slow in conventional breeding programs due to long generation intervals. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to accelerate genetic improvement. To identify DNA markers associated with oil content traits for MAS, we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) in a breeding population derived from a cross between Deli Dura and Ghana Pisifera, containing 153 F1 trees. RESULTS We constructed a high-density linkage map containing 1357 SNPs and 123 microsatellites. The 16 linkage groups (LGs) spanned 1527 cM, with an average marker space of 1.03 cM. One significant and three suggestive QTL for oil to bunch (O/B) and oil to dry mesocarp (O/DM) were mapped on LG1, LG8, and LG10 in a F1 breeding population, respectively. These QTL explained 7.6-13.3% of phenotypic variance. DNA markers associated with oil content in these QTL were identified. Trees with beneficial genotypes at two QTL for O/B showed an average O/B of 30.97%, significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that of trees without any beneficial QTL genotypes (average O/B of 28.24%). QTL combinations showed that the higher the number of QTL with beneficial genotypes, the higher the resulting average O/B in the breeding population. CONCLUSIONS A linkage map with 1480 DNA markers was constructed and used to identify QTL for oil content traits. Pyramiding the identified QTL with beneficial genotypes associated with oil content traits using DNA markers has the potential to accelerate genetic improvement for oil yield in the breeding population of oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - May Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Yuzer Alfiko
- Biotech Lab, Wilmar International, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bao Qing Ye
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Zi Yi Wan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Chin Huat Lim
- R & D Department, Wilmar International Plantation, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Antonius Suwanto
- Biotech Lab, Wilmar International, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nam-Hai Chua
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 6 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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15
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Vásquez-Mayorga M, Fuchs EJ, Hernández EJ, Herrera F, Hernández J, Moreira I, Arnáez E, Barboza NM. Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of Jatropha curcas L. in Costa Rica. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2931. [PMID: 28289556 PMCID: PMC5345823 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We estimated the genetic diversity of 50 Jatropha curcas samples from the Costa Rican germplasm bank using 18 EST-SSR, one G-SSR and nrDNA-ITS markers. We also evaluated the phylogenetic relationships among samples using nuclear ribosomal ITS markers. Non-toxicity was evaluated using G-SSRs and SCARs markers. A Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree and a Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree were constructed using SSR markers and ITS sequences, respectively. Heterozygosity was moderate (He = 0.346), but considerable compared to worldwide values for J. curcas. The PIC (PIC = 0.274) and inbreeding coefficient (f = − 0.102) were both low. Clustering was not related to the geographical origin of accessions. International accessions clustered independently of collection sites, suggesting a lack of genetic structure, probably due to the wide distribution of this crop and ample gene flow. Molecular markers identified only one non-toxic accession (JCCR-24) from Mexico. This work is part of a countrywide effort to characterize the genetic diversity of the Jatropha curcas germplasm bank in Costa Rica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Vásquez-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica , San Pedro , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Eric J Fuchs
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica , San Pedro , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo J Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica , San Pedro , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Franklin Herrera
- Estación Experimental Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Universidad de Costa Rica , Alajuela , Costa Rica
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Ileana Moreira
- Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica , Cartago , Costa Rica
| | - Elizabeth Arnáez
- Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica , Cartago , Costa Rica
| | - Natalia M Barboza
- Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica; Escuela de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica; Centro Nacional en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
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16
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Martínez-Díaz Y, González-Rodríguez A, Rico-Ponce HR, Rocha-Ramírez V, Ovando-Medina I, Espinosa-García FJ. Fatty Acid Diversity is Not Associated with Neutral Genetic Diversity in Native Populations of the Biodiesel Plant Jatropha curcas
L. Chem Biodivers 2016; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Martínez-Díaz
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Antonio González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Héctor Rómulo Rico-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación Regional Pacífico Centro; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias; Campo experimental Valle de Apatzingán, Km. 17.5, Carretera Apatzingán-Cuatro Caminos Km 17.5 CP 6078 Apatzingán Michoacán México
| | - Víctor Rocha-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Isidro Ovando-Medina
- Instituto de Biociencias; Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas; Carretera a Puerto Madero Km 2.0 CP 30798 Tapachula Chiapas México
| | - Francisco J. Espinosa-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta CP 58190 Morelia Michoacán México
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17
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Montes JM, Melchinger AE. Domestication and Breeding of Jatropha curcas L. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:1045-1057. [PMID: 27639951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha) has a high, untapped potential to contribute towards sustainable production of food and bioenergy, rehabilitation of degraded land, and reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tremendous progress in jatropha domestication and breeding has been achieved during the past decade. This review: (i) summarizes current knowledge about the domestication and breeding of jatropha; (ii) identifies and prioritizes areas for further research; and (iii) proposes strategies to exploit the full genetic potential of this plant species. Altogether, the outlook is promising for accelerating the domestication of jatropha by applying modern scientific methods and novel technologies developed in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Montes
- JatroSolutions GmbH, Echterdinger Straße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Albrecht E Melchinger
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirth Straße 21, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Adriano-Anaya MDL, Pérez-Castillo E, Salvador-Figueroa M, Ruiz-González S, Vázquez-Ovando A, Grajales-Conesa J, Ovando-Medina I. Sex expression and floral diversity in Jatropha curcas: a population study in its center of origin. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2071. [PMID: 27257548 PMCID: PMC4888319 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex expression and floral morphology studies are central to understand breeding behavior and to define the productive potential of plant genotypes. In particular, the new bioenergy crop Jatropha curcas L. has been classified as a monoecious species. Nonetheless, there is no information about its reproductive diversity in the Mesoamerican region, which is considered its center of origin and diversification. Thus, we determined sex expression and floral morphology in J. curcas populations from southern Mexico and Guatemala. Our results showed that most of J. curcas specimens had typical inflorescences with separate sexes (monoecious); meanwhile, the rest were atypical (gynoecious, androecious, andromonoecious, androgynomonoecious). The most important variables to group these populations, based on a discriminant analysis, were: male flower diameter, female petal length and male nectary length. From southern Mexico “Guerrero” was the most diverse population, and “Centro” had the highest variability among the populations from Chiapas. A cluster analysis showed that the accessions from southern Mexico were grouped without showing any correlation with the geographical origin, while those accessions with atypical sexuality were grouped together. To answer the question of how informative are floral morphological traits compared to molecular markers, we perform a Mantel correlation test between the distance matrix generated in this study and the genetic distance matrix (AFLP) previously reported for the same accessions. We found significant correlation between data at the level of accessions. Our results contribute to design genetic improvement programs by using sexually and morphologically contrasting plants from the center of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edilma Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas , Tapachula, Chiapas , Mexico
| | | | - Sonia Ruiz-González
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas , Tapachula, Chiapas , Mexico
| | | | | | - Isidro Ovando-Medina
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas , Tapachula, Chiapas , Mexico
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19
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Tang M, Tao YB, Xu ZF. Ectopic expression of Jatropha curcas APETALA1 (JcAP1) caused early flowering in Arabidopsis, but not in Jatropha. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1969. [PMID: 27168978 PMCID: PMC4860315 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas is a promising feedstock for biofuel production because Jatropha oil is highly suitable for the production of biodiesel and bio-jet fuels. However, Jatropha exhibits a low seed yield as a result of unreliable and poor flowering. APETALA1 (AP1) is a floral meristem and organ identity gene in higher plants. The flower meristem identity genes of Jatropha have not yet been identified or characterized. To better understand the genetic control of flowering in Jatropha, an AP1 homolog (JcAP1) was isolated from Jatropha. An amino acid sequence analysis of JcAP1 revealed a high similarity to the AP1 proteins of other perennial plants. JcAP1 was expressed in inflorescence buds, flower buds, sepals and petals. The highest expression level was observed during the early developmental stage of the flower buds. The overexpression of JcAP1 using the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter resulted in extremely early flowering and abnormal flowers in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Several flowering genes downstream of AP1 were up-regulated in the JcAP1-overexpressing transgenic plant lines. Furthermore, JcAP1 overexpression rescued the phenotype caused by the Arabidopsis AP1 loss-of-function mutant ap1-11. Therefore, JcAP1 is an ortholog of AtAP1, which plays a similar role in the regulation of flowering in Arabidopsis. However, the overexpression of JcAP1 in Jatropha using the same promoter resulted in little variation in the flowering time and floral organs, indicating that JcAP1 may be insufficient to regulate flowering by itself in Jatropha. This study helps to elucidate the function of JcAP1 and contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flower development in Jatropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Bin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan , China
| | - Zeng-Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan , China
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