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Njoroge TM, Hamid-Adiamoh M, Duman-Scheel M. Maximizing the Potential of Attractive Targeted Sugar Baits (ATSBs) for Integrated Vector Management. INSECTS 2023; 14:585. [PMID: 37504591 PMCID: PMC10380652 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of the human therapeutics and vaccines available to treat and prevent mosquito-borne diseases, the primary strategy for disease mitigation is through vector control. However, the current tools and approaches used for mosquito control have proven insufficient to prevent malaria and arboviral infections, such as dengue, Zika, and lymphatic filariasis, and hence, these diseases remain a global public health threat. The proven ability of mosquito vectors to adapt to various control strategies through insecticide resistance, invasive potential, and behavioral changes from indoor to outdoor biting, combined with human failures to comply with vector control requirements, challenge sustained malaria and arboviral disease control worldwide. To address these concerns, increased efforts to explore more varied and integrated control strategies have emerged. These include approaches that involve the behavioral management of vectors. Attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSBs) are a vector control approach that manipulates and exploits mosquito sugar-feeding behavior to deploy insecticides. Although traditional approaches have been effective in controlling malaria vectors indoors, preventing mosquito bites outdoors and around human dwellings is challenging. ATSBs, which can be used to curb outdoor biting mosquitoes, have the potential to reduce mosquito densities and clinical malaria incidence when used in conjunction with existing vector control strategies. This review examines the available literature regarding the utility of ATSBs for mosquito control, providing an overview of ATSB active ingredients (toxicants), attractants, modes of deployment, target organisms, and the potential for integrating ATSBs with existing vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Muthoni Njoroge
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Raclin-Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN 46617, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
| | - Majidah Hamid-Adiamoh
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Raclin-Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN 46617, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
| | - Molly Duman-Scheel
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Raclin-Carmichael Hall, 1234 Notre Dame Ave., South Bend, IN 46617, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, The University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA
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Yu S, Wang P, Qin J, Zheng H, Wang J, Liu T, Yang X, Wang Y. Bacillus sphaericus exposure reduced vector competence of Anopheles dirus to Plasmodium yoelii by upregulating the Imd signaling pathway. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:446. [PMID: 32891162 PMCID: PMC7487769 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control with Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) is an effective way to block the transmission of malaria. However, in practical application of Bs agents, a sublethal dose effect was often caused by insufficient dosing, and it is little known whether the Bs exposure would affect the surviving mosquitoes’ vector capacity to malaria. Methods A sublethal dose of the Bs 2362 strain was administrated to the early fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles dirus to simulate shortage use of Bs in field circumstance. To determine vector competence, mosquitoes were dissected and the oocysts in the midguts were examined on day 9–11 post-infection with Plasmodium yoelii. Meanwhile, a SYBR quantitative PCR assay was conducted to examine the transcriptional level of the key immune molecules of mosquitoes, and RNA interference was utilized to validate the role of key immune effector molecule TEP1. Results The sublethal dose of Bs treatment significantly reduced susceptibility of An. dirus to P. yoelii, with the decrease of P. yoelii infection intensity and rate. Although there existed a melanization response of adult An. dirus following challenge with P. yoelii, it was not involved in the decrease of vector competence as no significant difference of melanization rates and densities between the control and Bs groups was found. Further studies showed that Bs treatment significantly increased TEP1 expression in the fourth-instar larvae (L4), pupae (Pu), 48 h post-infection (hpi) and 72 hpi (P < 0.001). Further, gene-silencing of TEP1 resulted in disappearance of the Bs impact on vector competence of An. dirus to P. yoelii. Moreover, the transcriptional level of PGRP-LC and Rel2 were significantly elevated by Bs treatment with decreased expression of the negative regulator Caspar at 48 hpi, which implied that the Imd signaling pathway was upregulated by Bs exposure. Conclusions Bs exposure can reduce the vector competence of An. dirus to malaria parasites through upregulating Imd signaling pathway and enhancing the expression of TEP1. The data could not only help us to understand the impact and mechanism of Bs exposure on Anopheles’ vector competence to malaria but also provide us with novel clues for wiping out malaria using vector control.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xuesen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Sougoufara S, Ottih EC, Tripet F. The need for new vector control approaches targeting outdoor biting Anopheline malaria vector communities. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:295. [PMID: 32522290 PMCID: PMC7285743 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of Roll Back Malaria, the widespread use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) is thought to have played a major part in the decrease in mortality and morbidity achieved in malaria-endemic regions. In the past decade, resistance to major classes of insecticides recommended for public health has spread across many malaria vector populations. Increasingly, malaria vectors are also showing changes in vector behaviour in response to current indoor chemical vector control interventions. Changes in the time of biting and proportion of indoor biting of major vectors, as well as changes in the species composition of mosquito communities threaten the progress made to control malaria transmission. Outdoor biting mosquito populations contribute to malaria transmission in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa and pose new challenges as they cannot be reliably monitored or controlled using conventional tools. Here, we review existing and novel approaches that may be used to target outdoor communities of malaria vectors. We conclude that scalable tools designed specifically for the control and monitoring of outdoor biting and resting malaria vectors with increasingly complex and dynamic responses to intensifying malaria control interventions are urgently needed. These are crucial for integrated vector management programmes designed to challenge current and future vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seynabou Sougoufara
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Emmanuel Chinweuba Ottih
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Fiorenzano JM, Koehler PG, Xue RD. Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) For Control of Mosquitoes and Its Impact on Non-Target Organisms: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040398. [PMID: 28394284 PMCID: PMC5409599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito abatement programs contend with mosquito-borne diseases, insecticidal resistance, and environmental impacts to non-target organisms. However, chemical resources are limited to a few chemical classes with similar modes of action, which has led to insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. To develop a new tool for mosquito abatement programs that control mosquitoes while combating the issues of insecticidal resistance, and has low impacts of non-target organisms, novel methods of mosquito control, such as attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs), are being developed. Whereas insect baiting to dissuade a behavior, or induce mortality, is not a novel concept, as it was first introduced in writings from 77 AD, mosquito baiting through toxic sugar baits (TSBs) had been quickly developing over the last 60 years. This review addresses the current body of research of ATSB by providing an overview of active ingredients (toxins) include in TSBs, attractants combined in ATSB, lethal effects on mosquito adults and larvae, impact on non-target insects, and prospects for the use of ATSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi M Fiorenzano
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 120 EOC Drive, St. Augustine, FL 32092, USA.
| | - Philip G Koehler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District, 120 EOC Drive, St. Augustine, FL 32092, USA.
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Saldaña MA, Hegde S, Hughes GL. Microbial control of arthropod-borne disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:81-93. [PMID: 28177042 PMCID: PMC5293117 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods harbor a diverse array of microbes that profoundly influence many aspects of host biology, including vector competence. Additionally, symbionts can be engineered to produce molecules that inhibit pathogens. Due to their intimate association with the host, microbes have developed strategies that facilitate their transmission, either horizontally or vertically, to conspecifics. These attributes make microbes attractive agents for applied strategies to control arthropod-borne disease. Here we discuss the recent advances in microbial control approaches to reduce the burden of pathogens such as Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses, and Trypanosome and Plasmodium parasites. We also highlight where further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Saldaña
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shivanand Hegde
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Pathology, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, Galveston, TX, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Center for Tropical Diseases, Galveston, TX, USA
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Frederick J, Saint Jean Y, Lemoine JF, Dotson EM, Mace KE, Chang M, Slutsker L, Le Menach A, Beier JC, Eisele TP, Okech BA, Beau de Rochars VM, Carter KH, Keating J, Impoinvil DE. Malaria vector research and control in Haiti: a systematic review. Malar J 2016; 15:376. [PMID: 27443992 PMCID: PMC4957415 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haiti has a set a target of eliminating malaria by 2020. However, information on malaria vector research in Haiti is not well known. This paper presents results from a systematic review of the literature on malaria vector research, bionomics and control in Haiti. METHODS A systematic search of literature published in French, Spanish and English languages was conducted in 2015 using Pubmed (MEDLINE), Google Scholar, EMBASE, JSTOR WHOLIS and Web of Science databases as well other grey literature sources such as USAID, and PAHO. The following search terms were used: malaria, Haiti, Anopheles, and vector control. RESULTS A total of 132 references were identified with 40 high quality references deemed relevant and included in this review. Six references dealt with mosquito distribution, seven with larval mosquito ecology, 16 with adult mosquito ecology, three with entomological indicators of malaria transmission, eight with insecticide resistance, one with sero-epidemiology and 16 with vector control. In the last 15 years (2000-2015), there have only been four published papers and three-scientific meeting abstracts on entomology for malaria in Haiti. Overall, the general literature on malaria vector research in Haiti is limited and dated. DISCUSSION Entomological information generated from past studies in Haiti will contribute to the development of strategies to achieve malaria elimination on Hispaniola. However it is of paramount importance that malaria vector research in Haiti is updated to inform decision-making for vector control strategies in support of malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frederick
- />Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Yvan Saint Jean
- />Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Ellen M. Dotson
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kimberly E. Mace
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Michelle Chang
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Laurence Slutsker
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - John C. Beier
- />Division of Environment & Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Thomas P. Eisele
- />Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Bernard A. Okech
- />Department of Environmental and Global Health College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Valery Madsen Beau de Rochars
- />Department of Health Service Research Management and Policy of College of Public Health and Health Professions, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, FL USA
- />The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Keith H. Carter
- />Department of Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC USA
| | - Joseph Keating
- />Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Daniel E. Impoinvil
- />Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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Menezes HSG, Chalegre KDDM, Romão TP, Oliveira CMF, de-Melo-Neto OP, Silva-Filha MHNL. A new allele conferring resistance to Lysinibacillus sphaericus is detected in low frequency in Culex quinquefasciatus field populations. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:70. [PMID: 26846600 PMCID: PMC4743420 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Cqm1 α-glucosidase of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae acts as the midgut receptor for the binary toxin of the biolarvicide Lysinibacillus sphaericus. Mutations within the cqm1 gene can code for aberrant polypeptides that can no longer be properly expressed or bind to the toxin, leading to insect resistance. The cqm1REC and cqm1REC-2 alleles were identified in a laboratory selected colony and both displayed mutations that lead to equivalent phenotypes of refractoriness to L. sphaericus. cqm1REC was first identified as the major resistance allele in this colony but it was subsequently replaced by cqm1REC-2, suggesting the better adaptive features of the second allele. The major aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of cqm1REC-2 and track its origin in field populations where cqm1REC was previously identified. Methods The screening of the cqm1REC-2 allele was based on more than 2000 C. quinquefasciatus larvae from five localities in the city of Recife, Brazil and used a multiplex PCR assay that is also able to identify cqm1REC. Full-length sequencing of the cqm1REC-2 and selected cqm1 samples was performed to identify further polymorphisms between these alleles. Results The cqm1REC-2 allele was found in field samples, specifically in two heterozygous individuals from a single locality with an overall frequency and distribution much lower than that observed for cqm1REC. The full-length sequences from these two cqm1REC-2 copies were almost identical to the cqm1REC-2 derived from the resistant colony but displayed more than 30 SNPs when compared with cqm1 and cqm1REC. The cqm1REC and cqm1REC-2 resistant alleles were found to be associated with two distinct sets of wild-type cqm1 variants found in field populations. Conclusions The cqm1REC-2 allele occurs in populations in Recife and was probably already present in the samples used to establish the laboratory resistant colony. The data generated indicates that cqm1REC-2 can be selected in field populations, although its low frequency and distribution in Recife suggest that cqm1REC-2 presents a lower risk of selection compared to cqm1REC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1347-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatiany Patrícia Romão
- Department of Entomology, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil.
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Terbot JW, Nikbakhtzadeh MR, Foster WA. Evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis as a Control Agent for Adult Anopheles gambiae. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:258-261. [PMID: 26375907 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-03-258-261.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) for the control of larval mosquitoes, studies of its effects on adults, for its possible use in attractive toxic sugar baits, have resulted in conflicting results. Five species have shown a decrease in adult survival due to Bti ingestion, whereas adults of Anopheles arabiensis have not. We sought to determine if ingestion of Bti by adults of Anopheles gambiae, a sibling species of An. arabiensis, increases their mortality. Laboratory-reared adults were provided continuously from emergence with water only, a sucrose solution, or a Bti suspension in sucrose solution. After 3 days, the Bti suspension was replaced with untainted sucrose solution. The mosquitoes with only water were all dead by day 3. The survivorships of those in the sucrose and sucrose-Bti treatments were insignificantly different, both with an LT50 (Lethal Time, time until 50% of individuals died) of 25 days. The results support the conclusion that adult survivorship of An. gambiae-complex members is unaffected by the ingestion of Bti in sugar meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Terbot
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Mahmood R Nikbakhtzadeh
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Woodbridge A Foster
- Department of Entomology and Department of Evolution, Ecology & Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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