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Sabaly P, Ngom EHM, Gueye NA, Gueye A, Diallo M, Dia I. Differential insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis populations in the seaside area of Mbour and its suburbs in Senegal. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21968. [PMID: 38027803 PMCID: PMC10658326 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular monitoring of insecticide resistance status is an important step in implementing appropriate and adapted insecticide-based strategies for vector control. In Senegal, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and a national distribution campaign for long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) have been implemented since 2007 and 2009, respectively to prevent malaria transmission. To expand and ensure the sustainability of these strategies, we conducted a study on the status of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the seaside area of Mbour and its suburbs where no data were previously available. Anopheles larvae were sampled from four study sites (two in both coastal and inland areas) and reared to adulthood in the insectarium. Non-blood-fed females aged 3-5 days were then tested for susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl. PCR amplification was used to identify sibling species of the An. gambiae complex and genotyping for the presence of resistance knockdown (kdr) L1014S, L1014F and Ace-1 G119S. Anopheles arabiensis was the only species present in the area. At all four sites, mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin, permethrin, and lambdacyhalothrin, and exhibited varying degrees of resistance to bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl. Overall, high levels of leucine-serine/phenylalanine substitutions at position 1014 (L1014S/L1014F) were observed, with frequencies ranging from 76.4 to 85.2 % for L1014F, and from 43.2 to 66.7 % for L1014S, compared to 8.1 to 28.3 for the Ace-1 G119S mutation. These results indicate a high level of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to insecticides, which is alarming, as it could have a significant impact on the operational effectiveness of current vector control tools that rely on pyrethroids. However, in the case of bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl, while some level of tolerance was observed, their potential use requires regular monitoring to prevent operational failure, as their deployment could potentially lead to an increase in resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penda Sabaly
- Pole de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - El Hadji Malick Ngom
- Pole de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ndeye Astou Gueye
- Pole de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Assiyatou Gueye
- Pole de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pole de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pole de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Senegal
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Sy O, Sarr PC, Assogba BS, Nourdine MA, Ndiaye A, Konaté L, Faye O, Donnelly MJ, Gaye O, Weetman D, Niang EA. Residual malaria transmission and the role of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles melas in central Senegal. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:546-553. [PMID: 36932704 PMCID: PMC10179433 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behavior and ecology of local malaria vectors is essential for the effectiveness of the commonly used vector-targeted malaria control tools in areas of low malaria transmission. This study was conducted to determine species composition, biting behavior and infectivity of the major Anopheles vectors of Plasmodium falciparum in low transmission settings in central Senegal. Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches during 2 consecutive nights and Pyrethrum Spray Catches in 30-40 randomly selected rooms, from July 2017 to December 2018 in 3 villages. Anopheline mosquitoes were morphologically identified using conventional keys; their reproductive status assessed by ovary dissections, and a sub-sample of Anopheles gambiae s.l. were identified to species level using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Plasmodium sporozoite infections were detected using real-time quantitative PCR. During this study 3684 Anopheles were collected of which 97% were An. gambiae s.l., 0.6% were Anopheles funestus, and 2.4% were Anopheles pharoensis. Molecular identification of 1,877 An. gambiae s.l. revealed a predominance of Anopheles arabiensis (68.7%), followed by Anopheles melas (28.8%), and Anopheles coluzzii (2.1%). The overall human-biting rate of An. gambiae s.l. was highest in the inland site of Keur Martin with 4.92 bites per person per night, while it was similar in the deltaic site, Diofior (0.51) and the coastal site, Mbine Coly (0.67). Parity rates were similar in An. arabiensis (45%) and An. melas (42%). Sporozoite infections were detected in both An. arabiensis and An. melas with the respective infection rates of 1.39% (N = 8) and 0.41% (N = 1). Results suggest that low residual malaria in central Senegal is transmitted by An. arabiensis and An. melas. Consequently, both vectors will need to be targeted as part of malaria elimination efforts in this area of Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Sy
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology (MARCAD program) Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology of Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar/Senegal
| | - Pape C Sarr
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology (MARCAD program) Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology of Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar/Senegal
| | - Benoit S Assogba
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia
| | - Mouhamed A Nourdine
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology (MARCAD program) Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology of Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar/Senegal
| | - Assane Ndiaye
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Oumar Gaye
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology (MARCAD program) Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology of Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar/Senegal
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Elhadji A Niang
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar/Sénégal
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Aulicky R, Stejskal V, Frydova B, Athanassiou C. Evaluation of Phosphine Resistance in Populations of Sitophilus oryzae, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Rhyzopertha dominica in the Czech Republic. INSECTS 2022; 13:1162. [PMID: 36555073 PMCID: PMC9787142 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine is globally the most widely adopted fumigant for the control of storage pests. Recently, an increase in the frequency of stored-product pest resistance has been observed with significant geographical and interspecific variations. In this context, there are available data for the occurrence of resistant populations from America, Asia, Africa, and Australia, but there are few data in the case of Europe. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate phosphine efficacy in important beetle pests of stored products, i.e., Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) sampled from the Czech Republic, using a rapid diagnostic test that is based on the speed to knockdown after exposure. Apart from the standard laboratory populations, which were used as the controls, we tested 56 field populations of these three species, collected in Czech farm grain stores. The survey revealed that 57.1% of the tested field populations were classified as phosphine-susceptible, based on the knockdown method used. However, profound variations among species and populations were recorded. The species with the highest percentage of resistant populations was R. dominica (71.4% of the populations; resistance coefficient 0.5-4.1), followed by S. oryzae (57.1% of the populations; resistance coefficient 0.8-6.9), and O. surinamensis (9.5% of the populations; resistance coefficient 0.5-2.9). Regarding the intra-population variability in response to phosphine (slope of the knockdown time regression), the laboratory and slightly resistant populations of all species were homogenous, whereas the most resistant populations were strongly heterogeneous. Our data show that the occurrence of resistance in the Czech Republic is relatively widespread and covers a wide range of species, necessitating the need for the adoption of an action plan for resistance mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Aulicky
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Stejskal
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Frydova
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Christos Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Tessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
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Evolution of the Pyrethroids Target-Site Resistance Mechanisms in Senegal: Early Stage of the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S Allelic Frequencies Shift. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121948. [PMID: 34946897 PMCID: PMC8701854 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution and spread of insecticide resistance mechanisms amongst malaria vectors across the sub-Saharan Africa threaten the effectiveness and sustainability of current insecticide-based vector control interventions. However, a successful insecticide resistance management plan relies strongly on evidence of historical and contemporary mechanisms circulating. This study aims to retrospectively determine the evolution and spread of pyrethroid resistance mechanisms among natural Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Senegal. Samples were randomly drawn from an existing mosquito sample, collected in 2013, 2017, and 2018 from 10 sentinel sites monitored by the Senegalese National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). Molecular species of An. gambiae s.l. and the resistance mutations at the Voltage-gated Sodium Channel 1014 (Vgsc-1014) locus were characterised using PCR-based assays. The genetic diversity of the Vgsc gene was further analyzed by sequencing. The overall species composition revealed the predominance of Anopheles arabiensis (73.08%) followed by An. gambiae s.s. (14.48%), Anopheles coluzzii (10.94%) and Anopheles gambiae-coluzii hybrids (1.48%). Both Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations were found in all studied populations with a spatial variation of allele frequencies from 3% to 90%; and 7% to 41%, respectively. The two mutations have been detected since 2013 across all the selected health districts, with Vgsc-L1014S frequency increasing over the years while Vgsc-1014F decreasing. At species level, the Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S alleles were more frequent amongst An. gambiae s.s. (70%) and An. arabiensis (20%). The Vgsc gene was found to be highly diversified with eight different haplotypes shared between Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S. The observed co-occurrence of Vgsc-1014F and Vgsc-1014S mutations suggest that pyrethroid resistance is becoming a widespread phenomenon amongst malaria vector populations, and the NMCP needs to address this issue to sustain the gain made in controlling malaria.
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Sy O, Sarr PC, Assogba BS, Ndiaye M, Dia AK, Ndiaye A, Nourdine MA, Guèye OK, Konaté L, Gaye O, Faye O, Niang EA. Detection of kdr and ace-1 mutations in wild populations of Anopheles arabiensis and An. melas in a residual malaria transmission area of Senegal. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104783. [PMID: 33771262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the central western Senegal, malaria transmission has been reduced low due to the combination of several effective control interventions. However, despite this encouraging achievement, residual malaria transmission still occurring in few areas, mainly ensured by An. arabiensis and An. melas. The resurgence or the persistence of the disease may have originated from the increase and the spread of insecticide resistance genes among natural malaria vectors populations. Therefore, assessing the status and mechanisms of insecticides resistance among targeted malaria vectors is of highest importance to better characterize factors underlying the residual transmission where it occurs. Malaria vectors were collected from three selected villages using nocturnal human landing catches (HLC) and pyrethrum spray collections (PSC) methods. An. gambiae s.l. specimens were identified at the species level then genotyped for the presence of kdr-west (L1014F), kdr-east (L1014S) and ace-1R mutations by qPCR. An. arabiensis (69.36%) and An. melas (27.99%) were the most common species of the Gambiae complex in the study area. Among An. arabiensis population, the allelic frequency of the kdr-east (22.66%) was relatively higher than for kdr-west mutation (9.96%). While for An. melas populations, the overall frequencies of both mutations were very low, being respectively 1.12% and 0.40% for the L1014S and L1014F mutations. With a global frequency of 2%, only the heterozygous form of the G119S mutation was found only in An. arabiensis and in all the study sites. The widespread occurrence of the kdr mutation in both An. arabiensis and An. melas natural populations, respectively the main and focal vectors in the central-western Senegal, may have contributed to maintaining malaria transmission in the area. Thus, compromising the effectiveness of pyrethroids-based vector control measures and the National Elimination Goal. Therefore, monitoring and managing properly insecticide resistance became a key programmatic intervention to achieve the elimination goal where feasible, as aimed by Senegal. Noteworthy, this is the first report of the ace-1 mutation in natural populations of An. arabiensis from Senegal, which need to be closely monitored to preserve one of the essential insecticide classes used in IRS to control the pyrethroids-resistant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Sy
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - P C Sarr
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - B S Assogba
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, the Gambia
| | - M Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A K Dia
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A Ndiaye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - M A Nourdine
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - O K Guèye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - L Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - O Gaye
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et d'Odonto-stomatologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - O Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - E A Niang
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
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Gueye OK, Tchouakui M, Dia AK, Faye MB, Ahmed AA, Wondji MJ, Nguiffo DN, J. Mugenzi LM, Tripet F, Konaté L, Diabate A, Dia I, Gaye O, Faye O, Niang EHA, S. Wondji C. Insecticide Resistance Profiling of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae Populations in the Southern Senegal: Role of Target Sites and Metabolic Resistance Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1403. [PMID: 33255805 PMCID: PMC7760107 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance among the main malaria vectors is threatening the effectiveness of vector control interventions in Senegal. The main drivers of this resistance in the Anopheles gambiae complex (e.g., An. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii) remains poorly characterized in Senegal. Here we characterized the main target site and metabolic resistances mechanisms among the An. gambiae and An. coluzzii populations from their sympatric and allopatric or predominance area in Senegal. Larvae and pupae of An. gambiae s.l. were collected, reared to adulthood, and then used for insecticides susceptibility and synergist assays using the WHO (World Health Organisation) test kits for adult mosquitoes. The TaqMan method was used for the molecular characterization of the main target site insecticide resistance mechanisms (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, N1575Y and G119S). A RT-qPCR (Reverse Transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase Chaine Reaction) was performed to estimate the level of genes expression belonging to the CYP450 (Cytochrome P450) family. Plasmodium infection rate was investigated using TaqMan method. High levels of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT and full susceptibility to organophosphates and carbamates where observed in all three sites, excepted a probable resistance to bendiocarb in Kedougou. The L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y mutations were found in both species. Pre-exposure to the PBO (Piperonyl butoxide) synergist induced a partial recovery of susceptibility to permethrin and full recovery to deltamethrin. Subsequent analysis of the level of genes expression, revealed that the CYP6Z1 and CYP6Z2 genes were over-expressed in wild-resistant mosquitoes compared to the reference susceptible strain (Kisumu), suggesting that both the metabolic resistance and target site mutation involving kdr mutations are likely implicated in this pyrethroid resistance. The presence of both target-site and metabolic resistance mechanisms in highly pyrethroid-resistant populations of An. gambiae s.l. from Senegal threatens the effectiveness and the sustainability of the pyrethroid-based tools and interventions currently deployed in the country. The Kdr-west mutation is widely widespread in An. coluzzii sympatric population. PBO or Duo nets and IRS (Indoor Residual Spraying) with organophosphates could be used as an alternative measure to sustain malaria control in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumou. K. Gueye
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde BP 13591, Cameroon; (M.T.); (M.J.W.); (D.N.N.); (L.M.J.M.)
| | - Abdoulaye K. Dia
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - Mouhamed B. Faye
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - Amblat A. Ahmed
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - Murielle J. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde BP 13591, Cameroon; (M.T.); (M.J.W.); (D.N.N.); (L.M.J.M.)
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Daniel N. Nguiffo
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde BP 13591, Cameroon; (M.T.); (M.J.W.); (D.N.N.); (L.M.J.M.)
| | - Leon. M. J. Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde BP 13591, Cameroon; (M.T.); (M.J.W.); (D.N.N.); (L.M.J.M.)
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - Abdoulaye Diabate
- Centre Muraz/Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso BP 545, Burkina Faso;
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal;
| | - Oumar Gaye
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et d’Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal;
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - El Hadji A. Niang
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar BP 5005, Senegal; (A.K.D.); (M.B.F.); (A.A.A.); (L.K.); (O.F.); (E.H.A.N.)
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde BP 13591, Cameroon; (M.T.); (M.J.W.); (D.N.N.); (L.M.J.M.)
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Diouf EH, Niang EHA, Samb B, Diagne CT, Diouf M, Konaté A, Dia I, Faye O, Konaté L. Multiple insecticide resistance target sites in adult field strains of An. gambiae (s.l.) from southeastern Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:567. [PMID: 33176872 PMCID: PMC7661151 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of vector control strategy in Senegal where insecticide resistance by the target vectors species is a great of concern. This study explores insecticide susceptibility profile and target-site mutations mechanisms within the Anopheles gambiae complex in southeastern Senegal. METHODS Larvae of Anopheles spp. were collected in two sites from southeastern Senegal Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi in October and November 2014, and reared until adult emergence. Wild F0 adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species. Susceptibility of 3-5-day-old An. gambiae (s.l.) samples to 11 insecticides belonging to the four insecticide classes was assessed using the WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Tested samples were identified using molecular techniques and insecticide resistance target-site mutations (kdr, ace-1 and rdl) were determined. RESULTS A total of 3742 An. gambiae (s.l.) were exposed to insecticides (2439 from Kedougou and 1303 from Wassadou-Badi). Tests with pyrethroid insecticides and DDT showed high level of resistance in both Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl and malathion was not detected while resistance to bendoicarb and fenitrothion was confirmed in Kedougou. Of the 745 specimens of An. gambiae (s.l.) genotyped, An. gambiae (s.s.) (71.6%) was the predominant species, followed by An. arabiensis (21.7%), An. coluzzii (6.3%) and hybrids (An. gambiae (s.s.)/An. coluzzii; 0.4%). All target site mutations investigated (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, Ace-1 and Rdl) were found at different frequencies in the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Vgsc-1014F mutation was more frequent in An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii than An. arabiensis. Vgsc-1014S was present in An. gambiae (s.l.) populations in Wassadou but not in Kedougou. Ace-1 and rdl mutations were more frequent in An. gambiae (s.s.) in comparison to An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii. CONCLUSIONS Resistance to all the four insecticide classes tested was detected in southeastern Senegal as well as all target site mutations investigated were found. Data will be used by the national Malaria Control Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- El hadji Diouf
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - El hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Badara Samb
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Mbaye Diouf
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Konaté
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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Sy FA, Faye O, Diallo M, Dia I. Effects of insecticide resistance on the reproductive potential of two sub-strains of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 56:207-211. [PMID: 32655069 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.289401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors raise concerns over the control of malaria disease. Therefore, the implementation of better control strategies need a thorough understanding of the effects and mechanisms of resistance on vector adaptation capacities. We studied the effects of insecticide resistance on the reproductive potential of two laboratory sub-strains of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii characterised by phenotypic resistance/susceptibility to DDT. METHODS The two sub-strains were selected from a laboratory strain of An. coluzzii using WHO test tubes. For each sub-strain, the number of produced and hatched eggs, developmental time, mosquito stages mortality, sex ratio and insemination rates after dissection of spermathecae were compared as measures of reproductive potential. RESULTS Overall, the susceptible sub-strain produced higher but not significant mean numbers of eggs. However, the mean numbers of hatched eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were significantly lower than those of the resistant substrain. The mean time from egg-hatching to adult-emergence, egg-flooding to hatching, I instar to pupae and pupae to adult were similar between the two sub-strains. The mortality rates at the pupal stage were significantly different between the two sub-strains. Of the dissected spermathecae, 85.1% of the females from the resistant sub-strain were fertilized compared to 66.1% of the females from the susceptible sub-strain (p <0.0001). The resistant sub-strain produced more females in comparison to the susceptible sub-strain (respective mean sex ratio 1.37 vs 1.03, p = 0.01). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The results show differential life history traits between the two sub-strains of the malaria vector An. coluzzii, particularly fertility, insemination rate and sex ratio. They may have varied implications for insecticide resistance spread, monitoring and management; and hence underscore the need of further investigations before any generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faty Amadou Sy
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Departement de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Namountougou M, Soma DD, Kientega M, Balboné M, Kaboré DPA, Drabo SF, Coulibaly AY, Fournet F, Baldet T, Diabaté A, Dabiré RK, Gnankiné O. Insecticide resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae complex populations from Burkina Faso, West Africa. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105054. [PMID: 31175862 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vector control constitutes a fundamental approach in reducing vector density and the efficient option to break malaria transmission in Africa. Malaria vectors developed resistance to almost all classes of insecticides recommended by WHO for vector control in most places of African countries and may compromise the vector control strategies. This study updated the resistance status of Anopheles gambiae complex populations to insecticides recommended for vector control in the western part of Burkina Faso. Insecticide susceptibility bioassays were performed on seven natural populations of An. gambiae complex from western Burkina Faso in the 2016 rainy season using the WHO protocol. Biochemical assays were carried out according to the WHO protocol on the same populations to estimate detoxifying enzymes activities including non-specific esterases (NSEs), oxidases (cytochrome P450) and Glutathione-S-Transferases (GSTs). Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) were performed for the identification of the An. gambiae complex species as well as the detection of kdr-west and ace-1 mutations. Susceptibility bioassays showed that An. gambiae complex was multi-resistant to pyrethroids, DDT and carbamates in almost all areas. The mortality rates ranged from 10 to 38%, 2.67 to 59.57% and 64.38 to 98.02% for Deltamethrin, DDT and Bendiocarb respectively. A full susceptibility (100%) to an organophosphate, the Chlorpyrifos-methyl, was observed at the different sites. Three (3) species of the An. gambiae complex were identified: An. gambiae s.s, An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis. The frequencies of the kdr-w mutation were highly widespread (0.66 to 0.98) among the three species of the complex. The ace-1 mutation was detected at low frequencies (0 to 0.12) in An. gambiae s.s and An. coluzzii. A high level of GSTs and NSEs were observed within the different populations of the An. gambiae complex. Several mechanisms of insecticide resistance were found simultaneously in the same populations of An. gambiae complex conferring high multi-resistance to DDT, Carbamate and Pyrethroids. The full susceptibility of An. gambiae complex to organophosphates is a useful data for the national malaria control program in selecting the most appropriate products to both maintain the effectiveness of vector control strategies and best manage insecticide resistance as well as developing new alternative strategies for the control of major malaria vectors in Burkina Faso.
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Matowo NS, Abbasi S, Munhenga G, Tanner M, Mapua SA, Oullo D, Koekemoer LL, Kaindoa E, Ngowo HS, Coetzee M, Utzinger J, Okumu FO. Fine-scale spatial and temporal variations in insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes in rural south-eastern Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:413. [PMID: 31443737 PMCID: PMC6708135 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex mosquitoes cause considerable biting nuisance and sporadic transmission of arboviral and filarial diseases. METHODS Using standard World Health Organization procedures, insecticide resistance profiles and underlying mechanisms were investigated during dry and wet seasons of 2015 and 2016 in Culex pipiens complex from three neighbouring administrative wards in Ulanga District, Tanzania. Synergist tests with piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, and triphenyl phosphate, were employed to investigate mechanisms of the observed resistance phenotypes. Proportional biting densities of Culex species, relative to other taxa, were determined from indoor surveillance data collected in 2012, 2013, and 2015. RESULTS Insecticide resistance varied significantly between wards and seasons. For example, female mosquitoes in one ward were susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion in the wet season, but resistant during the dry season, while in neighbouring ward, the mosquitoes were fully susceptible to these pesticides in both seasons. Similar variations occurred against bendiocarb, DDT, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Surprisingly, with the exception of one ward in the wet season, the Culex populations were susceptible to permethrin, commonly used on bednets in the area. No insecticide resistance was observed against the organophosphates, pirimiphos-methyl and malathion, except for one incident of reduced susceptibility in the dry season. Synergist assays revealed possible involvement of monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione S-transferase in pyrethroid and DDT resistance. Morphology-based identification and molecular assays of adult Culex revealed that 94% were Cx. pipiens complex, of which 81% were Cx. quinquefasciatus, 2% Cx. pipiens, and 3% hybrids. About 14% of the specimens were non-amplified during molecular identifications. Female adults collected indoors were 100% Cx. pipiens complex, and constituted 79% of the overall biting risk. CONCLUSIONS The Cx. pipiens complex constituted the greatest biting nuisance inside people's houses, and showed resistance to most public health insecticides possible. Resistance varied at a fine geographical scale, between adjacent wards, and seasons, which warrants some modifications to current insecticide resistance monitoring strategies. Resistance phenotypes are partly mediated by metabolic mechanisms, but require further evaluation through biochemical and molecular techniques. The high densities and resistance in Culex could negatively influence the acceptability of other interventions such as those used against malaria mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S. Matowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Said Abbasi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Wits/SAMRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salum A. Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - David Oullo
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lizette L. Koekemoer
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Wits/SAMRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emanuel Kaindoa
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Halfan S. Ngowo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maureen Coetzee
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, Wits/SAMRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Opondo KO, Jawara M, Cham S, Jatta E, Jarju L, Camara M, Sanneh F, Gaye PM, Jadama L, Ceesay S, Njie E, Assogba BS, Kandeh B, D'Alessandro U. Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:287. [PMID: 31164149 PMCID: PMC6549352 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control activities, namely long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), have contributed significantly to the decreasing malaria burden observed in The Gambia since 2008. Nevertheless, insecticide resistance may threaten such success; it is important to regularly assess the susceptibility of local malaria vectors to available insecticides. Methods In the transmission seasons of 2016 and 2017, Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were sampled in or around the nine vector surveillance sentinel sites of the Gambia National Malaria Control Programme (GNMCP) and in a few additional sampling points. Using WHO susceptibility bioassays, female adult mosquitoes were exposed to insecticide-impregnated papers. Molecular identification of sibling species and insecticide resistance molecular markers was done on a subset of 2000 female mosquitoes. Results A total of 4666 wild-caught female adult mosquitoes were exposed to either permethrin (n = 665), deltamethrin (n = 744), DDT (n = 1021), bendiocarb (n = 990) or pirimiphos-methyl (n = 630) insecticide-impregnated papers and control papers (n = 616). Among the 2000 anophelines, 1511 (80.7%) were Anopheles arabiensis, 204 (10.9%) Anopheles coluzzii, 75 (4%) Anopheles gambiae (s.s.), and 83 (4.4%) An. gambiae (s.s.) and An. coluzzii hybrids. There was a significant variation in the composition and species distribution by regions and year, P = 0.009. Deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT resistance was found in An. arabiensis, especially in the coastal region, and was mediated by Vgsc-1014F/S mutations (odds ratio = 34, P = 0.014). There was suspected resistance to pirimiphos-methyl (actellic 300CS) in the North Bank Region although only one survivor had the Ace-1-119S mutation. Conclusions As no confirmed resistance to bendiocarb and actellic 300CS was detected, the national malaria control programme can continue using these insecticides for IRS. Nevertheless, the detection of Ace-1 119S mutation warrants extensive monitoring. The source of insecticide pressure driving insecticide resistance to pyrethroids and DDT detected at the coastal region should be further investigated in order to properly manage the spread of resistance in The Gambia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3538-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ochieng' Opondo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.
| | - Musa Jawara
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Saihou Cham
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,School of Arts and Sciences, University of Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Jatta
- Ministry of Health, The Gambia National Malaria Control Programme, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Lamin Jarju
- Ministry of Health, The Gambia National Malaria Control Programme, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Muhammed Camara
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Fatou Sanneh
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Pa Modou Gaye
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Lamin Jadama
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Sainey Ceesay
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Ebrima Njie
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Benoit Sessinou Assogba
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Balla Kandeh
- Ministry of Health, The Gambia National Malaria Control Programme, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
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da Cruz DL, Paiva MHS, Guedes DRD, Alves J, Gómez LF, Ayres CFJ. Detection of alleles associated with resistance to chemical insecticide in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Santiago, Cabo Verde. Malar J 2019; 18:120. [PMID: 30953531 PMCID: PMC6451206 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex are the main malaria vectors worldwide. Due to the lack of a vaccine to prevent malaria, the principal way to reduce the impact of this disease relies on the use of chemical insecticides to control its vectors. However, the intensive use of such compounds has led to the emergence of insecticide resistance in several Anopheles populations in Africa. This study aimed to investigate the presence of resistance alleles in an Anopheles arabiensis population from the City of Praia, capital of the Archipelago Cabo Verde, one of the countries on the World Health Organization list of countries that are on a path to eliminate local transmission of malaria. METHODS Larvae from the Anopheles genus were collected using a one-pint dipper in three areas of City of Praia. Larvae were fed and maintained until the emergence of adult mosquitoes, and these were morphologically identified. In addition, molecular identification was performed using IGS markers and all An. arabiensis samples were subjected to PCR to screen for mutations associated to resistance in the Ace-1, Nav and GSTE2 genes. RESULTS From a total of 440 mosquitoes collected, 52.3% were morphologically identified as An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and 46.7% as Anopheles pretoriensis. The molecular identification showed that 100% of the An. gambiae s.l. were An. arabiensis. The mutations G119S in the Ace-1 gene and L119F in the GSTE2 gene were screened but not found in any sample. However, sequencing analysis for GSTE2 revealed the presence of 37 haplotypes, 16 polymorphic sites and a high genetic diversity (π = 2.67). The L1014S mutation in the Nav (voltage-gated sodium channel gene) was detected at a frequency of 7.3%. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the circulation of insecticide resistance alleles in An. arabiensis from Cabo Verde. The circulation of the L1014S allele in the population of An. arabiensis in the city of Praia suggests that pyrethroid resistance may arise, be quickly selected, and may affect the process of malaria elimination in Cabo Verde. Molecular monitoring of resistance should continue in order to guide the development of strategies to be used in vector control in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derciliano Lopes da Cruz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Rodovia BR-104, km 59 - Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE, 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Joana Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Ministério da Saúde, Largo do Desastre da Assistência, CP-719, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Lara Ferrero Gómez
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Caixa Postal 775, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
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Niang EHA, Konaté L, Faye O, Diallo M, Dia I. Vector bionomics and malaria transmission in an area of sympatry of An. arabiensis, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. Acta Trop 2019; 189:129-136. [PMID: 30339798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive genetic studies on their variability and differentiation, few is known about the specific and relative role of An. coluzzii, An. gambiae and An. arabiensis in areas of sympatry. Indeed, their behavioral dissimilarities and divergent population dynamics can impact on malaria transmission level and intensity. This study was undertaken in four sympatric sites belonging to two different ecosystems with differential insecticide pressure to study the bionomics of these species and their relative role in malaria transmission. Mosquitoes were collected monthly from July to December 2011 when landing on human volunteers and by pyrethrum spray catches. Specimens belonging to the An. gambiae complex were further identified using molecular tools. Plasmodium falciparum infection and blood-feeding preferences were studied using the ELISA techniques. Overall, the three species were in sympatry in each of the four sites with the predominance of An. gambiae. Mosquito populations' dynamics varied temporally depending on the rainy season for each zone. The anthropophilic rates varied between 45.7 and 78.1% for An. arabiensis, 81.8 and 100% for An. coluzzii and 80 and 96.7% for An. gambiae. Plasmodium infection rates were higher in An. gambiae (range: 2.17%-6.54%) while for An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii it varied respectively between 0-1.24% and 0-3.66%. Malaria transmission occured in each of the four sites both indoors and outdoors and was due mainly to An. gambiae. An. arabiensis and An. coluzzii played a limited role due both to a low anthropophilic rate and a lower biting rate for An. coluzzii in comparison with An. gambiae. This study showed that, while present in sympatric areas, species from the An. gambiae complex could exhibit differential involvement in malaria transmission. Even less involved in malaria transmission, the occurrence of ecological and environmental changes tending to a good adaptation of An. coluzzii could lead to a great risk for malaria transmission in time and space in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal; Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
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Chi-Chim WA, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Reyes-Solis G, García-Rejon JE, Baak-Baak CM, Machain-Williams C, Chan-Orilla JA, Gomez-Garcia C, Ballina-Gomez HS, Reyes-Lopez MA. Frequency of the L1014F Mutation in the Sodium Channel Gene, in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Rural and Urban Areas of Yucatan State, Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 55:1633-1637. [PMID: 30060188 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) is a mosquito species that has attracted a lot of attention from a medical and veterinary point of view; however, little is known about the frequency of L1014F mutations that have been found in the sodium channel gene, with this being a target for DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. The distribution and frequency of the L1014F mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus populations was determined in rural and urban areas of Yucatan, Mexico from January 2015 to March 2016. Nine hundred fifty adult females out of 17,727 immature states were collected and analyzed in all sites sampled (n = 10). Susceptible homozygotes were identified (L1014/L1014) in 12% (114/950), heterozygous individuals (F1014/L1014) in 34% (323/950), and mutated homozygotes (F1014/F1014) in 54% (513/950) during the dry and rainy seasons. In this work, study areas with a high frequency of L1014F mutation were identified. These findings may help guarantee a more effective and efficient use of the resources available for the control of this vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert A Chi-Chim
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Solis
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Julian E García-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Julio A Chan-Orilla
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, colonia Inalambrica, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Gomez-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular I. Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENMyH-IPN), México
| | | | - Miguel Angel Reyes-Lopez
- Conservation Medicine Lab. Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro S/N esq. Elias Piña, Narcizo Mendoza, Cd. Reynosa, Mexico
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Mint Mohamed Lemine A, Ould Lemrabott MA, Niang EHA, Basco LK, Bogreau H, Faye O, Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary A. Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:344. [PMID: 29895314 PMCID: PMC5998517 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mauritania is one of the African countries with ongoing malaria transmission where data on insecticide resistance of local malaria vectors are limited despite an increasing use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) as the main intervention for vector control. This study presents an evaluation of the level of insecticide resistance of Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott. METHODS Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae were collected in breeding sites during the rainy season (August-September) in 2015 and 2016 from two selected sites in Nouakchott and reared until emergence. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were tested against malathion (5%), bendiocarb (0.1%), permethrin (0.75%) and deltamethrin (0.05%) using standard World Health Organization (WHO) insecticide-impregnated papers. PCR assays were used for the identification of An. gambiae (s.l.) sibling species as well as knockdown resistance (kdr). RESULTS The mean knockdown times 50% (KDT50) and 95% (KDT95) were 66 ± 17 and 244 ± 13 min, respectively, for permethrin in 2015. The KDT50 and the KDT95 were 39 ± 13 and 119 ± 13 min, respectively, for deltamethrin. The KDT50 and the KDT95 doubled for both molecules in 2016. The mortality rates 24 h post-exposure revealed that An. arabiensis populations in Nouakchott were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and malathion in 2015 as well as in 2016, while they were resistant to permethrin (51.9% mortality in 2015 and 24.1% mortality in 2016) and to deltamethrin (83.7% mortality in 2015 and 39.1% mortality in 2016). The molecular identification showed that Anopheles arabiensis was the only malaria vector species collected in Nouakchott in 2015 and 2016. Both the West and East African kdr mutant alleles were found in An. arabiensis mosquitoes surviving exposure to pyrethroid insecticide, with a high rate of homozygous resistant genotypes (54.3% for the West African kdr mutation and 21.4% for the East African kdr mutation) and a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg proportions (χ2 = 134, df = 3, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The study showed high levels of pyrethroid resistance in An. arabiensis populations in Nouakchott and presence of both West and East African kdr alleles in the resistant phenotype. These results highlight a need for routine monitoring of susceptibility of malaria vector populations to insecticides used in public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aichetou Mint Mohamed Lemine
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux (JEAI), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026 Mauritanie
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mohamed Aly Ould Lemrabott
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux (JEAI), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026 Mauritanie
| | - El Hadji Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leonardo K. Basco
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bogreau
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Parasitologie et d’Entomologie, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary
- Unité de recherche Génomes et Milieux (JEAI), Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nouveau Campus Universitaire, Nouakchott, BP 5026 Mauritanie
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Thiaw O, Doucouré S, Sougoufara S, Bouganali C, Konaté L, Diagne N, Faye O, Sokhna C. Investigating insecticide resistance and knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation in Dielmo, Senegal, an area under long lasting insecticidal-treated nets universal coverage for 10 years. Malar J 2018; 17:123. [PMID: 29566682 PMCID: PMC5863856 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of insecticides, through indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), is essential to control malaria vectors. However, the sustainability of these tools is challenged by the spread of insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes. This study was conducted to assess the susceptibility to insecticides and to determine the resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors in Dielmo, a rural area of western Senegal where LLINs were introduced a decade ago. Methods CDC bottle bioassays were used to determine the susceptibility of 2–5 day-old unfed Anopheles gambiae s.l. females to alphacypermethrin (12.5 µg/bottle), deltamethrin (12.5 µg/bottle), etofenprox (12.5 µg/bottle), lambdacyhalothrin (12.5 µg/bottle), permethrin (21.5 µg/bottle), DDT (100 µg/bottle), bendiocarb (12.5 µg/bottle), pirimiphos-methyl (20 µg/bottle) and fenitrothion (50 µg/bottle). The involvement of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) in insecticide resistance was assessed using a synergist, etacrynic acid (EA, 80 µg/bottle). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the presence of ‘knock-down resistance (kdr)’ mutation and to identify sibling species within the An. gambiae complex. Results CDC bottle bioassays showed that mosquitoes were fully susceptible to lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and fenitrothion. Overall, mortality rates of 97, 94.6, 93.5, 92.1, and 90.1% were, respectively, observed for permethrin, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, etofenprox and alphacypermethrin. Resistance to DDT was observed, with a mortality rate of 62%. The use of EA significantly improved the susceptibility of An. gambiae s.l. to DDT by inhibiting GSTs (p = 0.03). PCR revealed that Anopheles arabiensis was the predominant species (91.3%; IC 95 86.6–94%) within An. gambiae complex from Dielmo, followed by Anopheles coluzzii (5.4%; IC 95 2.7–8.1%) and Anopheles gambiae s.s. (3.3%; IC 95 0.6–5.9%). Both 1014F and 1014S alleles were found in An. arabiensis population with frequencies of 0.08 and 0.361, respectively, and 0.233 and 0.133, respectively in An. coluzzii. In An. gambiae s.s. population, only kdr L1014F mutation was detected, with a frequency of 0.167. It was observed that some individual mosquitoes carried both alleles, with 19 specimens recorded for An. arabiensis and 2 for An. coluzzii. The presence of L1014F and L1014S alleles were not associated with resistance to pyrethroids and DDT in An. arabiensis. Conclusions The co-occurrence of 1014F and 1014S alleles and the probable involvement of GSTs enzymes in insecticide resistance in An. gambiae s.l. should prompt the local vector programme to implement non-pyrethroid/DDT insecticides alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Thiaw
- UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann Maristes, Dakar, Senegal.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire (LEVP), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Doucouré
- UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann Maristes, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Seynabou Sougoufara
- UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann Maristes, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Charles Bouganali
- UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann Maristes, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire (LEVP), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nafissatou Diagne
- UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann Maristes, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire (LEVP), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FST), Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Campus International UCAD-IRD Hann Maristes, Dakar, Senegal.
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Dia AK, Guèye OK, Niang EA, Diédhiou SM, Sy MD, Konaté A, Samb B, Diop A, Konaté L, Faye O. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis populations from Dakar and its suburbs: role of target site and metabolic resistance mechanisms. Malar J 2018; 17:116. [PMID: 29544491 PMCID: PMC5856323 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urban malaria is an increasing concern in most of the sub-Saharan Africa countries. In Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, the malaria epidemiology has been complicated by recurrent flooding since 2005. The main vector control measure for malaria prevention in Dakar is the community use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets. However, the increase of insecticide resistance reported in this area needs to be better understood for suitable resistance management. This study reports the situation of insecticide resistance and underlying mechanisms in Anopheles arabiensis populations from Dakar and its suburbs. Results All the populations tested showed resistance to almost all insecticides except organophosphates families, which remain the only lethal molecules. Piperonil butoxide (PBO) and ethacrinic acid (EA) the two synergists used, have respectively and significantly restored the susceptibility to DDT and permethrin of Anopheles population. Molecular identification of specimens revealed the presence of An. arabiensis only. Kdr genotyping showed the presence of the L1014F mutation (kdr-West) as well as L1014S (kdr-East). This L1014S mutation was found at very high frequencies (89.53%) in almost all districts surveyed, and in association with the L1014F (10.24%). Conclusion Results showed the contribution of both target-site and metabolic mechanisms in conferring pyrethroid resistance to An. arabiensis from the flooded areas of Dakar suburbs. These data, although preliminary, stress the need for close monitoring of the urban An. arabiensis populations for a suitable insecticide resistance management system to preserve core insecticide-based vector control tools in this flooded area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kane Dia
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - O Kalsom Guèye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - E Amadou Niang
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - S Mocote Diédhiou
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M Demba Sy
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Badara Samb
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Abdoulaye Diop
- Abt Associates, PMI Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lassana Konaté
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
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Tmimi FZ, Faraj C, Bkhache M, Mounaji K, Failloux AB, Sarih M. Insecticide resistance and target site mutations (G119S ace-1 and L1014F kdr) of Culex pipiens in Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:51. [PMID: 29357900 PMCID: PMC5778619 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control of the mosquito vector Culex pipiens with insecticides is the main way to control arboviruses that the species can transmit such as West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). However, its efficiency has been hampered by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Little is known about the insecticide-resistance status and underlying resistance mechanisms of field-collected populations of Cx. pipiens in Morocco. Methods Mosquito adults from Mohammadia city in Morocco were reared from immature stages. The level of their susceptibility to insecticides was assessed using standard WHO bioassay. The two forms of the Cx. pipiens complex and their hybrids were identified by a multiplex PCR. Identified mosquitoes were then tested for the presence of the G119S ace-1 and L1014F kdr mutations using PCR-RFLP and PCR assays, respectively. Results WHO bioassays indicated that Cx. pipiens was resistant to all tested insecticides: lambda-cyhalothrin (49% mortality), permethrin (63% mortality), DDT (16% mortality), malation (52% mortality) and bendiocarb (39% mortality). The frequency of the 119S allele was almost identical in the pipiens form and hybrids (0.11 and 0.15, respectively) whereas it remained low in the molestus form (0.03). No significant correlation was observed between the G119S allele and the resistance phenotype to two tested insecticides (malathion and bendiocarb). The frequency of the L1014F allele was identical in the pipiens form and hybrids (0.44) whereas it was low in the molestus form (0.36) but no significant difference was detected (χ2 = 1.46, df = 1, P = 0.225). The presence of the L1014F kdr mutation was significantly associated with resistance to three tested insecticides in pipiens form (P = 0.0019, P = 0.0023 and P = 0.023, respectively, to lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and DDT) whereas no significant correlation was observed between the L1014F kdr mutation and resistance phenotype in molestus form and hybrids to the three tested insecticides. Conclusion These findings showed that wild populations of Cx. pipiens have developed resistance against the main insecticide families with different modes of action: organochlorines (DDT), organophosphates (malathion), carbamates (bendiocarb), pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin). Therefore, urgent action should be taken to manage the resistance in this species to maintain the effectiveness of arbovirus control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatim-Zohra Tmimi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.,Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire et Biotechnologie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chafika Faraj
- Institut National d'Hygiène, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Meriem Bkhache
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khadija Mounaji
- Faculté des Sciences Ain-Chock, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie, Génétique Moléculaire et Biotechnologie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.
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Rakotoson JD, Fornadel CM, Belemvire A, Norris LC, George K, Caranci A, Lucas B, Dengela D. Insecticide resistance status of three malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae (s.l.), An. funestus and An. mascarensis, from the south, central and east coasts of Madagascar. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:396. [PMID: 28835269 PMCID: PMC5569519 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-based vector control, which comprises use of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), is the key method to malaria control in Madagascar. However, its effectiveness is threatened as vectors become resistant to insecticides. This study investigated the resistance status of malaria vectors in Madagascar to various insecticides recommended for use in ITNs and/or IRS. METHODS WHO tube and CDC bottle bioassays were performed on populations of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.), An. funestus and An. mascarensis. Adult female An. gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes reared from field-collected larvae and pupae were tested for their resistance to DDT, permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl. Resting An. funestus and An. mascarensis female mosquitoes collected from unsprayed surfaces were tested against permethrin, deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl. The effect on insecticide resistance of pre-exposure to the synergists piperonyl-butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) also was assessed. Molecular analyses were done to identify species and determine the presence of knock-down resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase resistance (ace-1 R ) gene mutations. RESULTS Anopheles funestus and An. mascarensis were fully susceptible to permethrin, deltamethrin and pirimiphos-methyl. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was fully susceptible to bendiocarb and pirimiphos-methyl. Among the 17 An. gambiae (s.l.) populations tested for deltamethrin, no confirmed resistance was recorded, but suspected resistance was observed in two sites. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was resistant to permethrin in four out of 18 sites (mortality 68-89%) and to alpha-cypermethrin (89% mortality) and lambda-cyhalothrin (80% and 85%) in one of 17 sites, using one or both assay methods. Pre-exposure to PBO restored full susceptibility to all pyrethroids tested except in one site where only partial restoration to permethrin was observed. DEF fully suppressed resistance to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin, while it partially restored susceptibility to permethrin in two of the three sites. Molecular analysis data suggest absence of kdr and ace-1 R gene mutations. CONCLUSION This study suggests involvement of detoxifying enzymes in the phenotypic resistance of An. gambiae (s.l.) to pyrethroids. The absence of resistance in An. funestus and An. mascarensis to pirimiphos-methyl and pyrethroids and in An. gambiae (s.l.) to carbamates and organophosphates presents greater opportunity for managing resistance in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Desire Rakotoson
- President's Malaria Initiative Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Christen M Fornadel
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, 2100 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Allison Belemvire
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, 2100 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Laura C Norris
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, 2100 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Kristen George
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, 2100 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Angela Caranci
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, United States Agency for International Development, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, 2100 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Bradford Lucas
- President's Malaria Initiative Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, 4550 Montgomery Ave, Suite 800 North, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Dereje Dengela
- President's Malaria Initiative Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project, Abt Associates, 4550 Montgomery Ave, Suite 800 North, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Bkhache M, Tmimi FZ, Charafeddine O, Faraj C, Failloux AB, Sarih M. First report of L1014F-kdr mutation in Culex pipiens complex from Morocco. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:644. [PMID: 27986090 PMCID: PMC5159952 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex, competent vectors for West Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are widely targeted by insecticide treatments. The intensive application of chemical insecticides led to the development of resistance in many insects including Culex pipiens mosquitoes. The absence of data on resistance mechanisms in Morocco allow us to assess the levels of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and the frequency of the mutated gene L1014F kdr in different forms of Cx. pipiens complex from three regions of Morocco. Methods Mosquito adults were reared from immature stages collected in three different regions in Morocco (Tangier, Casablanca and Marrakech). Standard WHO insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on adults emerged from collected larvae. Specimens were identified as belonging to the Culex pipiens complex using a multiplex PCR assay with diagnostic primers designed from the flanking region of microsatellite CQ11. Identified mosquitoes were then tested for the presence of the L1014F kdr mutation using PCR assay. Results Our results showed that 21% of the tested population has a resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. The molecular identification of survivors shows that 43% belonged to the Cx. pipiens pipiens and only 9.5% to the Cx. pipiens molestus form. On the other hand, 416 specimens were screened for the L1014F kdr mutation. L1014F mutation was detected in different forms of Cx. pipiens in different sites. The frequency of L1014F mutation was similar between the Cx. pipiens pipiens form and hybrid form, while it was lower in the Cx. pipiens molestus form. The presence of the L1014F kdr allele was significantly associated with resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in Cx. pipiens pipiens (P < 0.0001) and hybrid form (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin of Cx. pipiens populations appears to be largely due to the L1014F kdr mutation. To our knowledge, the frequencies of L1014F kdr mutation are examined for the first time in natural populations of the Culex pipiens complex in Morocco. These findings will provide important information to propose more adapted vector control measures towards this mosquito species, potential vector of arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Bkhache
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco.,Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Laboratoire de Virologie Microbiologie & Qualité/Eco-toxicologie & Biodiversité, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatim-Zohra Tmimi
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Omar Charafeddine
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Mohammedia, Laboratoire de Virologie Microbiologie & Qualité/Eco-toxicologie & Biodiversité, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chafika Faraj
- Institut National d'Hygiène, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75724, France
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Laboratoire des Maladies Vectorielles, Place Louis Pasteur, Casablanca, 20360, Morocco.
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Sweileh WM, Sawalha AF, Al-Jabi SW, Zyoud SH, Shraim NY, Abu-Taha AS. A bibliometric analysis of literature on malaria vector resistance: (1996 - 2015). Global Health 2016; 12:76. [PMID: 27884199 PMCID: PMC5123357 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-016-0214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a real threat to future goals of elimination and control of malaria. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess research trend on insecticide resistance of Anopheles mosquito. In specific, number of publications, countries, institutions, and authors' research profile, citation analysis, international collaborations, and impact of journals publishing documents on insecticide resistance will be presented. It was conducted via Scopus search engine which was used to retrieve relevant data. Keywords used were based on literature available on this topic. The duration of study was set from 1996-2015. RESULTS A total of 616 documents, mainly as original research articles (n = 569; 92.37%) were retrieved. The average number of citations per article was 26.36. Poisson log-linear regression analysis indicated that there was a 6.00% increase in the number of publications for each extra article on pyrethroid resistance. A total of 82 different countries and 1922 authors participated in publishing retrieved articles. The United Kingdom (UK) ranked first in number of publications followed by the United States of America (USA) and France. The top ten productive countries included seven African countries. The UK had collaborations mostly with Benin (relative link strength = 46). A total of 1817 institution/ organizations participated in the publication of retrieved articles. The most active institution/ organization was Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Retrieved articles were published in 134 different scientific peer reviewed journals. The journal that published most on this topic was Malaria Journal (n = 101; 16.4%). Four of the top active authors were from South Africa and two were from the UK. Three of the top ten cited articles were published in Insect Molecular Biology journal. Six articles were about pyrethroid resistance and at least two were about DDT resistance. CONCLUSION Publications on insecticide resistance in malaria vector has gained momentum in the past decade. International collaborations enhanced the knowledge about the situation of vector resistance in countries with endemic malaria. Molecular biology of insecticide resistance is the key issue in understanding and overcoming this emerging problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M. Sweileh
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Ansam F. Sawalha
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Samah W. Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Naser Y. Shraim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
| | - Adham S. Abu-Taha
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839 Palestine
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22
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Samb B, Konate L, Irving H, Riveron JM, Dia I, Faye O, Wondji CS. Investigating molecular basis of lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in an Anopheles funestus population from Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:449. [PMID: 27519696 PMCID: PMC4983014 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles funestus is one of the major malaria vectors in tropical Africa, notably in Senegal. The highly anthropophilic and endophilic behaviours of this mosquito make it a good target for vector control operations through the use of insecticide treated nets, long-lasting insecticide nets and indoor residual spraying. However, little is known about patterns of resistance to insecticides and the underlying resistance mechanisms in field populations of this vector in Senegal. METHODS Here, we assessed the susceptibility status of An. funestus populations from Gankette Balla, located in northern Senegal and investigated the potential resistance mechanisms. RESULTS WHO bioassays indicated that An. funestus is resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05 % (74.64 % mortality), DDT 4 % (83.36 % mortality) and deltamethrin 0.05 % (88.53 % mortality). Suspected resistance was observed to permethrin 0.75 % (91.19 % mortality), bendiocarb 0.1 % (94.13 % mortality) and dieldrin 4 % (96.41 % mortality). However, this population is fully susceptible to malathion 5 % (100 % mortality) and fenitrothion 1 % (100 % mortality). The microarray and qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in Gankette Balla is conferred by metabolic resistance mechanisms under the probable control of cytochrome P450 genes among which CYP6M7 is the most overexpressed. The absence of overexpression of the P450 gene, CYP6P9a, indicates that the resistance mechanism in Senegal is different to that observed in southern Africa. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first report of pyrethroid and DDT resistance in An. funestus from Senegal and shows that resistance to insecticides is not only confined to An. gambiae as previously thought. Therefore, urgent action should be taken to manage the resistance in this species to ensure the continued effectiveness of malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badara Samb
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar-Fann, BP, 5005, Sénégal.
| | - Lassana Konate
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar-Fann, BP, 5005, Sénégal
| | - Helen Irving
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jacob M Riveron
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP, 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar-Fann, BP, 5005, Sénégal
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, P.O Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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