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Vang A, White AV, Balanay JAG, Tutor Marcom R, Richards SL. Evaluation of surface versus total permethrin content in permethrin-treated clothing: Implications for protection against mosquitoes. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:365-375. [PMID: 35038971 PMCID: PMC9387339 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2028377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to treat uniforms (e.g. military, foresters) and other clothing to protect people against pests (e.g., mosquitoes, ticks). Pests contacting the surface of permethrin-treated clothing (PTC) are repelled and/or killed, depending on the dose and duration of exposure. Hence, it is important to assess the amount of permethrin on the surface of clothing. Fabric swatches prepared using two commercially available permethrin treatments (Insect Shield® & Sawyer Repellant) and one laboratory created treatment (4g permethrin/L) were tested. A Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester (MAPT) and gas chromatography were used to assess surface permethrin content (SPC) and total permethrin content (TPC). Sawyer PTC had the highest SPC (mean ± standard error) (32.68±14.55µg/g), followed by Insect Shield® (23.35±2.71µg/g) and lab-created 4g/L permethrin (8.7±0.78µg/g). SPC (after 1000 rubs on MAPT) for Insect Shield®, Sawyer, and 4g/L permethrin groups was significantly lower than TPC (P=0.011, P<0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). The SPC/TPC relationship varied widely between permethrin treatment methods and practical implications for this are discussed. Mosquito repellency tests indicate that Insect Shield®, Sawyer, and lab-created (4g/L) permethrin-treated fabrics showed a significantly higher repellency rate than control (untreated) fabrics (P=0.001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, respectively). While Insect Shield® had the highest repellency rate against susceptible (53%) and exposed (48%) mosquitoes, differences between groups were not significant. Repellency rates indicate SPC plus other factors (e.g. treatment method) may contribute to mosquito repellency and should be considered in risk assessments for protection against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Vang
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Avian V. White
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Jo Anne G. Balanay
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA
| | - Robin Tutor Marcom
- East Carolina University, North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, Greenville, USA,CONTACT Stephanie L. Richards Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Science Program, East Carolina University, College of Health and Human Performance, 3403 Carol Belk Building, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC27858, USA
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Richards SL, Driver J, Dyer MC, Mather TN, Funkhouser S, Mitchell C, Anne Balanay J, White A, Meshnick S. Assessing Durability and Safety of Permethrin Impregnated Uniforms Used by Outdoor Workers to Prevent Tick Bites after One Year of Use. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:615-622. [PMID: 34958094 PMCID: PMC9272190 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long lasting permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can retain permethrin and repel ticks for up to three months and without exceeding EPA-approved safe levels; however, little is known about longer term effects of wearing LLPI clothing. Here, permethrin content was measured in new forester pants soon after initial impregnation (Insect Shield) and again one year later after being repeatedly worn by foresters in the field. Urine samples were collected from foresters for biomonitoring of permethrin metabolites at multiple time intervals (pre-use, one-month, three-to-four-months, and one-year post-use). Lethality against nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say was measured in clothing after one year of wear by foresters. Furthermore, to test potential variability in permethrin impregnation of different batches of clothing, separate sets of clothing were anonymously sent to Insect Shield for permethrin treatment over a period of three months and permethrin was quantified. Results demonstrated 33% of participants' pants had no measurable permethrin after one year of wear and permethrin content and tick mortality varied significantly between clothing. Only two of the participants' clothing resulted in ≥ 30% tick mortality after one year of wear. Significant differences were observed in 3-PBA and trans-DCCA, but not cis-DCCA metabolites in participants over the four measured time points and were higher than general United States population levels. This study provides practical information on the safety (measured by urinary metabolites) over time of LLPI clothing. It also provides snapshots (pre-washing and after one year of wear) of effectiveness of LLPI clothing as personal protective equipment against ticks for outdoor workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Richards
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jeffrey Driver
- risksciences LLC, 5285 Gulf of Mexico Dr., Longboat Key, FL 34228, and University of South Florida, College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Megan C Dyer
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Thomas N Mather
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Rd, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Sheana Funkhouser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cedar Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jo Anne Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Avian White
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, 300 Curry Court, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steven Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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López-Aceves TG, Coballase-Urrutia E, Estrada-Rojo F, Vanoye-Carlo A, Carmona-Aparicio L, Hernández ME, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Navarro L, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Pérez-Torres A, Medina-Campos ON, Martínez-Fong D, Sánchez-Valle V, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Granados-Rojas L, Pulido-Camarillo E, Rodríguez-Mata V, León-Sicairos CDR. Exposure to Sub-Lethal Doses of Permethrin Is Associated with Neurotoxicity: Changes in Bioenergetics, Redox Markers, Neuroinflammation and Morphology. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120337. [PMID: 34941771 PMCID: PMC8704605 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin (PERM) is a member of the class I family of synthetic pyrethroids. Human use has shown that it affects different systems, with wide health dysfunctions. Our aim was to determine bioenergetics, neuroinflammation and morphology changes, as redox markers after subacute exposure to PERM in rats. We used MDA determination, protein carbonyl assay, mitochondrial O2 consumption, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a deep histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. PERM (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight/day, o.v.) increased lipoperoxidation and carbonylated proteins in a dose-dependent manner in the brain regions. The activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, reductase, S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase showed an increase in all the different brain areas, with dose-dependent effects in the cerebellum. Cytokine profiles (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) increased in a dose-dependent manner in different brain tissues. Exposure to 150 mg/kg of permethrin induced degenerated and/or dead neurons in the rat hippocampus and induced mitochondrial uncoupling and reduction of oxidative phosphorylation and significantly decreased the respiratory parameters state 3-associated respiration in complex I and II. PERM exposure at low doses induces reactive oxygen species production and imbalance in the enzymatic antioxidant system, increases gene expression of pro-inflammatory interleukins, and could lead to cell damage mediated by mitochondrial functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Guadalupe López-Aceves
- Regional Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán 80000, Mexico; (T.G.L.-A.); (C.d.R.L.-S.)
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Elvia Coballase-Urrutia
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Estrada-Rojo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.E.-R.); (L.N.)
| | - América Vanoye-Carlo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Liliana Carmona-Aparicio
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - María Eugenia Hernández
- Subdirection of Clinical Research, National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City 14370, Mexico;
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04150, Mexico; (J.P.-C.); (O.E.A.-T.); (O.N.M.-C.)
| | - Luz Navarro
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (F.E.-R.); (L.N.)
| | - Omar E. Aparicio-Trejo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04150, Mexico; (J.P.-C.); (O.E.A.-T.); (O.N.M.-C.)
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.P.-T.); (E.P.-C.); (V.R.-M.)
| | - Omar N. Medina-Campos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04150, Mexico; (J.P.-C.); (O.E.A.-T.); (O.N.M.-C.)
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Vicente Sánchez-Valle
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Noemi Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Leticia Granados-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.); (N.C.-R.); (L.G.-R.)
| | - Evelyn Pulido-Camarillo
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.P.-T.); (E.P.-C.); (V.R.-M.)
| | - Verónica Rodríguez-Mata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (A.P.-T.); (E.P.-C.); (V.R.-M.)
| | - Claudia del R. León-Sicairos
- Regional Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán 80000, Mexico; (T.G.L.-A.); (C.d.R.L.-S.)
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Chin AZ, Avoi R, Atil A, Awang Lukman K, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Ibrahim MY, Ahmed K, Jeffree MS. Risk factor of plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sabah Borneo Malaysia, 2020: A population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257104. [PMID: 34506556 PMCID: PMC8432820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Malaysian state of Sabah, P. knowlesi notifications increased from 2% (59/2,741) of total malaria notifications in 2004 to 98% (2030/2,078) in 2017. There was a gap regarding P. knowlesi acquisition risk factors related to practice specifically in working age group. The main objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for acquiring P. knowlesi infection in Sabah among the working age group. METHODS AND METHODS This retrospective population-based case-control study was conducted in Ranau district to assess sociodemographic, behavioural and medical history risk factors using a pretested questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Bivariate analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression whereas multivariate analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression. We set a statistical significance at p-value less than or equal to 0.05. RESULTS A total of 266 cases and 532 controls were included in the study. Male gender (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.63-4.50), spending overnight in forest (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.20-3.06), not using mosquito repellent (AOR = 2.49; 95% CI: 1.36-4.56) and history of previous malaria infection (AOR = 49.34; 95% CI: 39.09-78.32) were found to be independent predictors of P. knowlesi infection. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the need to strengthen the strategies in preventing and controlling P. knowlesi infection specifically in changing the practice of spending overnight in forest and increasing the usage of personal mosquito repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Zefong Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Richard Avoi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Azman Atil
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khamisah Awang Lukman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Scott J. Proposed Integrated Control of Zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi in Southeast Asia Using Themes of One Health. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E175. [PMID: 33233871 PMCID: PMC7709578 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, threatens the global progression of malaria elimination. Southeast Asian regions are fronting increased zoonotic malaria rates despite the control measures currently implemented-conventional measures to control human-malaria neglect P. knowlesi's residual transmission between the natural macaque host and vector. Initiatives to control P. knowlesi should adopt themes of the One Health approach, which details that the management of an infectious disease agent should be scrutinized at the human-animal-ecosystem interface. This review describes factors that have conceivably permitted the emergence and increased transmission rates of P. knowlesi to humans, from the understanding of genetic exchange events between subpopulations of P. knowlesi to the downstream effects of environmental disruption and simian and vector behavioral adaptations. These factors are considered to advise an integrative control strategy that aligns with the One Health approach. It is proposed that surveillance systems address the geographical distribution and transmission clusters of P. knowlesi and enforce ecological regulations that limit forest conversion and promote ecosystem regeneration. Furthermore, combining individual protective measures, mosquito-based feeding trapping tools and biocontrol strategies in synergy with current control methods may reduce mosquito population density or transmission capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Scott
- College of Public Health and Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
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Mitchell C, Dyer M, Lin FC, Bowman N, Mather T, Meshnick S. Protective Effectiveness of Long-Lasting Permethrin Impregnated Clothing Against Tick Bites in an Endemic Lyme Disease Setting: A Randomized Control Trial Among Outdoor Workers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1532-1538. [PMID: 32277701 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are a growing threat to public health in the United States, especially among outdoor workers who experience high occupational exposure to ticks. Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing has demonstrated high initial protection against bites from blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), in laboratory settings, and sustained protection against bites from the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), in field tests. However, long-lasting permethrin impregnation of clothing has not been field tested among outdoor workers who are frequently exposed to blacklegged ticks. We conducted a 2-yr randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial among 82 outdoor workers in Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts. Participants in the treatment arm wore factory-impregnated permethrin clothing, and the control group wore sham-treated clothing. Outdoor working hours, tick encounters, and bites were recorded weekly to assess protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-impregnated garments. Factory-impregnated clothing significantly reduced tick bites by 65% in the first study year and by 50% in the second year for a 2-yr protective effect of 58%. No significant difference in other tick bite prevention method utilization occurred between treatment and control groups, and no treatment-related adverse outcomes were reported. Factory permethrin impregnation of clothing is safe and effective for the prevention of tick bites among outdoor workers whose primary exposure is to blacklegged ticks in the northeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar Mitchell
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Megan Dyer
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Feng-Chang Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Natalie Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Thomas Mather
- Center for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Steven Meshnick
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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7
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Maule AL, Heaton KJ, Cadarette B, Taylor KM, Guerriere KI, Haven CC, Scarpaci MM, Kenefick RW, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Proctor SP. Effect of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on Permethrin Biomarkers of Exposure in U.S. Soldiers Wearing Permethrin-Treated Uniforms. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1455-1462. [PMID: 32228790 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, including high temperature and humidity, can influence dermal absorption of chemicals. Soldiers can be dermally exposed to permethrin while wearing permethrin-treated uniforms. This study aimed at examining the effects of high temperature and a combined high temperature and humid environment on permethrin absorption compared with ambient conditions when wearing a permethrin-treated uniform. Twenty-seven male enlisted soldiers wore study-issued permethrin-treated army uniforms for 33 consecutive hours in three different environments: 1) simulated high temperature (35°C, 40% relative humidity [rh]) (n = 10), 2) simulated high temperature and humidity (30°C, 70% rh) (n = 10), and 3) ambient conditions (13°C, 60% rh) (n = 7). Spot urine samples, collected at 21 scheduled time points before, during, and after wearing the study uniforms, were analyzed for permethrin exposure biomarkers (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and creatinine. Biomarker concentrations were 60-90% higher in the heat and combined heat/humidity groups (P < 0.001-0.022) than the ambient group. Also, the average daily permethrin dose, calculated 12 hours after removing the treated uniforms, was significantly higher in the heat (P = 0.01) and the heat/humidity (P = 0.03) groups than the ambient group. There were no significant differences in biomarker concentrations or computed average daily dose between the heat and the heat/humidity groups. Both hot and combined hot and humid environmental conditions significantly increased permethrin absorption in soldiers wearing permethrin-treated uniforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Maule
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.,United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts
| | - Kristin J Heaton
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts
| | - Bruce Cadarette
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts
| | - Katelyn I Guerriere
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts
| | - Caitlin C Haven
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts
| | - Matthew M Scarpaci
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.,United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts
| | - Robert W Kenefick
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Ospina
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan P Proctor
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Military Performance Division, Natick, Massashusetts.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Research Service, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bhatt P, Huang Y, Zhan H, Chen S. Insight Into Microbial Applications for the Biodegradation of Pyrethroid Insecticides. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1778. [PMID: 31428072 PMCID: PMC6687851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides and presence of chiral carbon differentiates among various forms of pyrethroids. Microbial approaches have emerged as a popular solution to counter pyrethroid toxicity to marine life and mammals. Bacterial and fungal strains can effectively degrade pyrethroids into non-toxic compounds. Different strains of bacteria and fungi such as Bacillus spp., Raoultella ornithinolytica, Psudomonas flourescens, Brevibacterium sp., Acinetobactor sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Trichoderma sp., and Candia spp., are used for the biodegradation of pyrethroids. Hydrolysis of ester bond by enzyme esterase/carboxyl esterase is the initial step in pyrethroid biodegradation. Esterase is found in bacteria, fungi, insect and mammalian liver microsome cells that indicates its hydrolysis ability in living cells. Biodegradation pattern and detected metabolites reveal microbial consumption of pyrethroids as carbon and nitrogen source. In this review, we aim to explore pyrethroid degrading strains, enzymes and metabolites produced by microbial strains. This review paper covers in-depth knowledge of pyrethroids and recommends possible solutions to minimize their environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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