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Okafor MA, Ekpo ND, Opara KN, Udoidung NI, Ataya FS, Yaro CA, Batiha GES, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Pyrethroid insecticides susceptibility profiles and evaluation of L1014F kdr mutant alleles in Culex quinquefasciatus from lymphatic filariasis endemic communities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18716. [PMID: 37907533 PMCID: PMC10618241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the dynamics in pyrethriod resistance and the presence/frequencies of L1014F knockdown resistance mutant allelles in Culex quinquefasciatus vector populations from Uruan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State, Southern Nigeria between the months of March and November, 2021. Uruan LGA is among the endemic LGAs for lymphatic filariasis in AkwaIbomState. Female Anopheles mosquitoes from Eman Uruan, Ituk Mbang and Idu Uruan were exposed to permethrin, deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin in CDC insecticide coated bottles for susceptibility bioassay following standard protocols. The mosquitoes were obtained as aquatic forms from the study sites and reared under laboratory conditions to adults. The adult mosquitoes were used for this study. All the mosquitoes used for the insecticide susceptibility bioassay were morphologically identified. Standard Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for authenticating the Culex quinquefasciatus species. A portion of the vgsc (917 bp) gene spanning the entire intron and the exon containing the L1014F mutation associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) in the vectorswere amplified using Allele-SPECIFIC POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (AS-PCR) in order to detect target site insensitivity in the vectors from the study sites. Results obtained revealed that vectors from all the study sites were resistant to permethrin insecticide (mortality rate: 18-23%). Suspected resistance (mortality rate: 90-93%) to deltamethrin and low resistance (mortality rate: 82-85%) to alphacypermethrin insecticides were detected. knockdown was more rapid with deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin than with permethrin across the study sites considering their KDT50 and KDT95. The frequency of the resistant phenotypes ranged from 35.14 to 55.3% across the study sites with a net of 45.1% resistant phenotype recorded in this study. The 1014F allelic frequency calculated from Hardy-Weinberg principle for vector populations across the study sites ranged from 0.500 (50.00%) to 0.7763 (77.63%). All populations witnessed significant (p < 0.05) deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the distribution of these alleles. The findings of this study show that there is a tendency to record an entire population of resistant vectors in this study area over time due to natural selection. The public health implication of these findings is that the use of pyrethroid based aerosols, coils, sprays, LLITNs and others for the purpose of controlling vectors of lymphatic filariasis and other diseases may be effort in futility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Anurika Okafor
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Ndifreke Daniel Ekpo
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
| | - Kenneth Nnamdi Opara
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Nsima Ibanga Udoidung
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Farid S Ataya
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Clement Ameh Yaro
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, 22511, Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Subahar R, Aulia AP, Yulhasri Y, Felim RR, Susanto L, Winita R, El Bayani GF, Adugna T. Assessment of susceptible Culex quinquefasciatus larvae in Indonesia to different insecticides through metabolic enzymes and the histopathological midgut. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12234. [PMID: 36590519 PMCID: PMC9798163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis and virus diseases that are transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus are still a global health problem. Control of mosquito vectors with synthetic insecticides causes resistance to these mosquitoes to insecticides so that detection of susceptibility of the mosquito larval stage to insecticides is important for evaluating mosquito control programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of wild-caught Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae in Jakarta, Indonesia, following exposure to temephos, malathion, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin; this was done by examining the detoxifying enzyme activities and histological damage to the larval midgut. Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were collected from five fields in Jakarta and exposed for 24 h to temephos (1.25, 6.25, 31.25, and 156.25 ppm), malathion (0.5 ppm), cypermethrin (0.25 ppm), and deltamethrin (0.35 ppm). The larvae were then examined for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and oxidase activities using biochemical methods. Histological damage to the larval midgut was examined using routine histopathological methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After 24 h, temephos and deltamethrin led to 100% mortality in the Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Temephos and malathion significantly inhibited the activity of AChE, while cypermethrin and deltamethrin significantly inhibited oxidase activity. Histologically, all insecticides damaged the larval midgut, as indicated by irregularities in the epithelial cell (ECs), microvilli (Mv), food boluses (FBs), peritrophic membranes (PMs), and cracked epithelial layers (Ep). The TEM findings confirmed that temephos and cypermethrin damage to the midgut ECs included damage to the cell membrane, nucleus, nucleoli, mitochondria, and other cell organelles. Overall, Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae in Jakarta were completely susceptible to temephos and deltamethrin. Synthetic insecticides may kill Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae through their actions on the metabolic enzyme activities and histopathological midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizal Subahar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Annisa Putri Aulia
- Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Yulhasri Yulhasri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Ris Raihan Felim
- Medical Doctor Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Lisawati Susanto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Rawina Winita
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Gulshan Fahmi El Bayani
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
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Chamnanya S, Yanola J, Nachaiwieng W, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. Novel real-time PCR assay detects widespread distribution of knock down resistance (kdr) mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Thailand. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105172. [PMID: 35973764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to pyrethroids in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, the major vector of lymphatic filariasis, is being seriously threatened worldwide. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, particularly the L1014F mutation, is an important resistance mechanism. Our aim was to develop a real-time PCR with melt curve analysis to evaluate the distribution of the L1014F mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus throughout Thailand and to determine the polymorphism pattern of a VGSC gene fragment spanning the L1014F mutation. A total of 3760 females from 18 localities across five regions of Thailand were bio-assayed by exposure to 0.05% deltamethrin WHO papers, showing mortality rates ranging from 2.4% to 83.0%. Genotyping of 753 dead and surviving mosquitoes using our novel real-time PCR assay with melt curve analysis and tetra-primer allele-specific PCR revealed the mutant F1014 allele is closely associated with the deltamethrin resistance phenotype. The L1014F mutation was found at high frequency throughout Thailand, particularly in the North. However, some survivors were homozygous for wild type L1014 allele, which were further sequenced for the IIP-IIS6 region of VGSC gene. The haplotype network of phenotypically characterized individuals indicated the presence of other possible kdr alleles/resistance mechanisms at play including two novel mutations, V978E and D992E. The finding of new putative kdr alleles and widespread distribution of the F1014 allele emphasizes the significant role of kdr mutations in pyrethroid resistance in Thai Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Monitoring kdr variations and phenotypic resistance is critical for managing resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowanee Chamnanya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Catherine Walton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Lee HJ, Longnecker M, Calkins TL, Renfro AD, Fredregill CL, Debboun M, Pietrantonio PV. Detection of the Nav channel kdr-like mutation and modeling of factors affecting survivorship of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from six areas of Harris County (Houston), Texas, after permethrin field-cage tests. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008860. [PMID: 33211688 PMCID: PMC7714350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is one of the most important mosquito vectors of arboviruses. Currently, the fastest approach to control disease transmission is the application of synthetic adulticide insecticides. However, in highly populated urban centers the development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations could impair insecticide efficacy and therefore, disease control. To assess the effect of resistance on vector control, females of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected from six mosquito control operational areas in Harris County, Texas, were treated in field cage tests at three different distances with the pyrethroid Permanone® 31-66 applied at the operational rate. Females were analyzed by sequencing and/or diagnostic PCR using de novo designed primers for detecting the kdr-like mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel (L982F; TTA to TTT) (house fly kdr canonical mutation L1014F). Females from the Cx. quinquefasciatus susceptible Sebring strain and those from the six operational areas placed at 30.4 m from the treatment source were killed in the tests, while 14% of field-collected mosquitoes survived at 60.8 m, and 35% at 91.2 m from the source. The diagnostic PCR had a with 97.5% accuracy to detect the kdr-like mutation. Pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes carrying the L982F mutation were broadly distributed in Harris County at high frequency. Among mosquitoes analyzed (n = 1,028), the kdr-kdr genotype was prevalent (81.2%), the kdr-s genotype was 18%, and s-s mosquitoes were less than 1% (n = 8). A logistic regression model estimated an equal probability of survival for the genotypes kdr-kdr and kdr-s in all areas analyzed. Altogether, our results point to a high-risk situation for the pyrethroid-based arboviral disease control in Harris County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jung Lee
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Longnecker
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Travis L. Calkins
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Renfro
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris L. Fredregill
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Texas, United States of America
| | - Mustapha Debboun
- Harris County Public Health, Mosquito and Vector Control Division (HCPH-MVCD), Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia V. Pietrantonio
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Zhu CY, Zhao CC, Wang YG, Ma DL, Song XP, Wang J, Meng FX. Establishment of an innovative and sustainable PCR technique for 1534 locus mutation of the knockdown resistance (kdr) gene in the dengue vector Aedes albopictus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:603. [PMID: 31878970 PMCID: PMC6933705 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, or knockdown resistance (kdr) gene, is an important resistance mechanism against DDT and pyrethroids for dengue vector Aedes albopictus. A phenylalanine to serine (F1534S), leucine (F1534L) and cysteine (F1534C) substitution were detected in many Ae. albopictus populations around the world, and the mutant allele frequencies have been increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to establish a simple, time-saving and cost-effective procedure to monitor the alleles in large-scale studies. Methods Based on the mutation genotypes of the 1534 locus in the kdr gene, F/F, F/S, F/C, F/L, S/S, C/C, L/L and S/C, we designed specific forward and reverse primers and optimized the reaction conditions for establishing of the allele-specific PCR(AS-PCR) detection technique. DNA sequencing in this study was taken as the gold standard, and used to determine the accuracy of AS-PCR. Results The designed AS-PCR technique showed high specificity for distinguishing the mutations at the 1534 locus, as the accuracy for F/F, F/S, F/C, F/L, S/S, C/C and S/C were 100%, 95.35%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions The designed AS-PCR technique effectively distinguished individual genotypes for the mutations at the 1534 locus in the kdr gene, which could facilitate the knockdown resistance surveillance in Ae. albopictus in large-scale studies .
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Vector Surveillance and Management, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chun-Chun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Vector Surveillance and Management, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yi-Guan Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - De-Ling Ma
- Eco-Global Pest Solutions Australia/Termite Doctor Pty Ltd, Archerfield, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Xiu-Ping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Vector Surveillance and Management, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Vector Surveillance and Management, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Feng-Xia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Vector Surveillance and Management, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Transcriptomic analysis of insecticide resistance in the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11406. [PMID: 31388075 PMCID: PMC6684662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus plays an important role in transmission of vector-borne diseases of public health importance, including lymphatic filariasis (LF), as well as many arboviral diseases. Currently, efforts to tackle C. quinquefasciatus vectored diseases are based on either mass drug administration (MDA) for LF, or insecticide-based interventions. Widespread and intensive insecticide usage has resulted in increased resistance in mosquito vectors, including C. quinquefasciatus. Herein, the transcriptome profile of Ugandan bendiocarb-resistant C. quinquefasciatus was explored to identify candidate genes associated with insecticide resistance. High levels of insecticide resistance were observed for five out of six insecticides tested, with the lowest mortality (0.97%) reported to permethrin, while for DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and deltamethrin the mortality rate ranged from 1.63-3.29%. Resistance to bendiocarb in exposed mosquitoes was marked, with 2.04% mortality following 1 h exposure and 58.02% after 4 h. Genotyping of the G119S Ace-1 target site mutation detected a highly significant association (p < 0.0001; OR = 25) between resistance and Ace1-119S. However, synergist assays using the P450 inhibitor PBO, or the esterase inhibitor TPP resulted in markedly increased mortality (to ≈80%), suggesting a role of metabolic resistance in the resistance phenotype. Using a novel, custom 60 K whole-transcriptome microarray 16 genes significantly overexpressed in resistant mosquitoes were detected, with the P450 Cyp6z18 showing the highest differential gene expression (>8-fold increase vs unexposed controls). These results provide evidence that bendiocarb resistance in Ugandan C. quinquefasciatus is mediated by both target-site mechanisms and over-expression of detoxification enzymes.
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