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Barbosa MS, Sampaio BA, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Marques LM, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Mycoplasma agalactiae Vaccines: Current Status, Hurdles, and Opportunities Due to Advances in Pathogenicity Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:156. [PMID: 38400139 PMCID: PMC10892753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious multietiological disease whose classic etiological agent is Mycoplasma agalactiae and which causes high morbidity and mortality rates in infected herds. CA is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health due to its significant worldwide economic impact on livestock, primarily involving goat and sheep farms. The emergence of atypical symptoms and strains of M. agalactiae in wildlife ungulates reestablishes its highly plastic genome and is also of great epidemiological significance. Antimicrobial therapy is the main form of control, although several factors, such as intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the selection of resistant strains, must be considered. Available vaccines are few and mostly inefficient. The virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms of M. agalactiae mainly rely on surface molecules that have direct contact with the host. Because of this, they are essential for the development of vaccines. This review highlights the currently available vaccines and their limitations and the development of new vaccine possibilities, especially considering the challenge of antigenic variation and dynamic genome in this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
| | | | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Zhao G, Lu D, Li M, Wang Y. Gene editing tools for mycoplasmas: references and future directions for efficient genome manipulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191812. [PMID: 37275127 PMCID: PMC10232828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are successful pathogens that cause debilitating diseases in humans and various animal hosts. Despite the exceptionally streamlined genomes, mycoplasmas have evolved specific mechanisms to access essential nutrients from host cells. The paucity of genetic tools to manipulate mycoplasma genomes has impeded studies of the virulence factors of pathogenic species and mechanisms to access nutrients. This review summarizes several strategies for editing of mycoplasma genomes, including homologous recombination, transposons, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system, and synthetic biology. In addition, the mechanisms and features of different tools are discussed to provide references and future directions for efficient manipulation of mycoplasma genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Doukun Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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Akbarzadeh-Niaki M, Derakhshandeh A, Kazemipour N, Hemmatzadeh F. A novel fusion protein candidate for the serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma agalactiae infection. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:456. [PMID: 36581939 PMCID: PMC9798644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of current study was to construct, express, purify and immunogenicity evaluate of a novel recombinant fusion protein including Pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (PDHB) and high antigenic region of lipoprotein P80 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Using bioinformatics tools, antigenicity and physiochemical properties of fused protein were assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS The recombinant fusion protein of GST-PDHB-P80 were expressed in pGEX4T-1 and purified then verified by Western blot assay. The purified protein was successfully used for immunization of mice. 30 female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups (10 mice per each group) injected with GST-PDHB-P80, inactivated bacteria vaccine and PBS as negative control, separately. RESULTS Western blot analysis confirmed the interaction between the immunized mice serum and the blotted recombinant protein GST-PDHB-P80, demonstrating the immunogenicity of this protein. Moreover, the sera of vaccinated mice with inactivated bacteria vaccine, containing whole cell proteins, detected the recombinant protein GST-PDHB-P80 confirming the antigenicity of PDHB-P80. Negative control displayed no reactivity with GST-PDHB-P80. CONCLUSION We proposed a novel designed chimeric protein of Mycoplasma agalactiae as a potential marker for serodiagnostic assays but still further field research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Akbarzadeh-Niaki
- Department of Pathobiology, Biotechnology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
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Sheep Infection Trials with 'Phase-Locked' Vpma Expression Variants of Mycoplasma agalactiae-Towards Elucidating the Role of a Multigene Family Encoding Variable Surface Lipoproteins in Infection and Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040815. [PMID: 35456865 PMCID: PMC9025108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of large multigene families causing high-frequency surface variations in mycoplasmas is not well-understood. Previously, VpmaY and VpmaU clonal variants of the Vpma family of lipoproteins of M. agalactiae were compared via experimental sheep infections using the two corresponding ‘Phase-Locked Mutants’. However, nothing is known about the infectivity of the remaining four Vpma expression variants VpmaX, VpmaW, VpmaZ and VpmaV as they were never evaluated in vivo. Here, in vivo infection and disease progression of all six Vpma expressers constituting the Vpma family of type strain PG2 were compared using the corresponding xer1-disrupted PLMs expressing single well-characterized Vpmas. Each of the six PLMs were separately evaluated using the intramammary sheep infection model along with the control phase-variable wildtype strain PG2. Thorough bacteriological, pathological and clinical examinations were performed, including assessment of milk quality, quantity and somatic cell counts. Altogether, the results indicated that the inability to vary the Vpma expression phase does not hamper the initiation of infection leading to mastitis for all six PLMs, except for PLMU, which showed a defect in host colonization and multiplication for the first 24 h p.i. and pathological/bacteriological analysis indicated a higher potential for systemic spread for PLMV and PLMX. This is the first study in which all isogenic expression variants of a large mycoplasma multigene family are tested in the natural host.
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Josi C, Bürki S, Vidal S, Dordet-Frisoni E, Citti C, Falquet L, Pilo P. Large-Scale Analysis of the Mycoplasma bovis Genome Identified Non-essential, Adhesion- and Virulence-Related Genes. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2085. [PMID: 31572317 PMCID: PMC6753880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle causing bovine mycoplasmosis. Clinical manifestations are numerous, but pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis cases are mainly reported. Currently, no efficient vaccine is available and antibiotic treatments are not always satisfactory. The design of new, efficient prophylactic and therapeutic approaches requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for M. bovis pathogenicity. Random transposon mutagenesis has been widely used in Mycoplasma species to identify potential gene functions. Such an approach can also be used to screen genomes and search for essential and non-essential genes for growth. Here, we generated a random transposon mutant library of M. bovis strain JF4278 containing approximately 4000 independent insertion sites. We then coupled high-throughput screening of this mutant library to transposon sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify M. bovis non-essential, adhesion- and virulence-related genes. Three hundred and fifty-two genes of M. bovis were assigned as essential for growth in rich medium. Among the remaining non-essential genes, putative virulence-related factors were subsequently identified. The complete mutant library was screened for adhesion using primary bovine mammary gland epithelial cells. Data from this assay resulted in a list of conditional-essential genes with putative adhesion-related functions by identifying non-essential genes for growth that are essential for host cell-adhesion. By individually assessing the adhesion capacity of six selected mutants, two previously unknown factors and the adhesin TrmFO were associated with a reduced adhesion phenotype. Overall, our study (i) uncovers new, putative virulence-related genes; (ii) offers a list of putative adhesion-related factors; and (iii) provides valuable information for vaccine design and for exploring M. bovis biology, pathogenesis, and host-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Josi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Bürki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Vidal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Christine Citti
- UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Pilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Qi J, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu T, Tan L, Wang S, Tian M, Li T, Wang X, Ding C, Yu S. Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha and beta subunits and their roles in cytoadherence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208745. [PMID: 30532176 PMCID: PMC6287819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a causative agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens, typically causing great economic losses. Cytoadherence is the critical stage for mycoplasma infection, and the associated proteins are important for mycoplasma pathogenesis. Many glycolytic enzymes are localized on the cell surface and can bind the extracellular matrix of host cells. In this study, the M. gallisepticum pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit (PDHA) and beta subunit (PDHB) were expressed in Escherichia coli, and their enzymatic activities were identified based on 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reduction. When recombinant PDHA (rPDHA) and recombinant PDHB (rPDHB) were mixed at a 1:1 molar ratio, they exhibited strong enzymatic activity. Alone, rPDHA and rPDHB exhibited no or weak enzymatic activity. Further experiments indicated that both PDHA and PDHB were surface-exposed immunogenic proteins of M. gallisepticum. Bactericidal assays showed that the mouse anti-rPDHA and anti-rPDHB sera killed 48.0% and 75.1% of mycoplasmas respectively. A combination of rPDHA and rPDHB antisera had a mean bactericidal rate of 65.2%, indicating that rPDHA and rPDHB were protective antigens, and combining the two sera did not interfere with bactericidal activity. Indirect immunofluorescence and surface display assays showed that both PDHA and PDHB adhered to DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells and adherence was significantly inhibited by antisera against PDHA and PDHB. Adherence inhibition of M. gallisepticum to DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells was 30.2% for mouse anti-rPDHA serum, 45.1% for mouse anti-rPDHB serum and 72.5% for a combination of rPDHA and rPDHB antisera, suggesting that rPDHA and rPDHB antisera may have synergistically interfered with M. gallisepticum cytoadherence. Plasminogen (Plg)-binding assays further demonstrated that both PDHA and PDHB were Plg-binding proteins, which may have contributed to bacterial colonization. Our results clarified the enzymatic activity of M. gallisepticum PDHA and PDHB and demonstrated these compounds as Plg-binding proteins involved in cytoadherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fanqing Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail: (Shengqing Yu); (Chan Ding)
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (Shengqing Yu); (Chan Ding)
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Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Korb M, Brunthaler R, Ertl R. Comprehensive RNA-Seq Profiling to Evaluate the Sheep Mammary Gland Transcriptome in Response to Experimental Mycoplasma agalactiae Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170015. [PMID: 28081235 PMCID: PMC5231372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is a worldwide serious pathogen of small ruminants that usually spreads through the mammary route causing acute to subacute mastitis progressing to chronic persistent disease that is hard to eradicate. Knowledge of mechanisms of its pathogenesis and persistence in the mammary gland are still insufficient, especially the host-pathogen interplay that enables it to reside in a chronic subclinical state. This study reports transcriptome profiling of mammary tissue from udders of sheep experimentally infected with M. agalactiae type strain PG2 in comparison with uninfected control animals using Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the infected udders and RT-qPCR analyses of selected DEGs showed their expression profiles to be in agreement with results from RNA-Seq. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed majority of the DEGs to be associated with mycoplasma defense responses that are directly or indirectly involved in host innate and adaptive immune responses. Similar RNA-Seq analyses were also performed with spleen cells of the same sheep to know the specific systemic transcriptome responses. Spleen cells exhibited a comparatively lower number of DEGs suggesting a less prominent host response in this organ. To our knowledge this is the first study that describes host transcriptomics of M. agalactiae infection and the related immune-inflammatory responses. The data provides useful information to further dissect the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying mycoplasma mastitis, which is a prerequisite for designing effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Korb
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
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