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Menta PR, Prim J, de Oliveira E, Lima F, Galvão KN, Noyes N, Ballou MA, Machado VS. Predictive models for metritis cure using farm-collected data, metabolic and inflammation biomarkers, and hemogram variables measured at diagnosis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00525-3. [PMID: 38428496 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the accuracy of predictive models for metritis spontaneous cure (SC) and cure among ceftiofur-treated cows using farm collected data only, and with the addition of hemogram variables and circulating concentration of metabolites, minerals, and biomarkers of inflammation measured at time of diagnosis. Data related to parity, calving related issues, body condition score (BCS), rectal temperature (RT), and days in milk (DIM) at metritis diagnosis were collected from a randomized clinical trial that included 412 metritic cows from 4 herds in TX, CA, and FL. Metritis was defined as the presence of red-brownish, watery, and fetid vaginal discharge, while cure was defined as the absence of metritis 14 d after initial diagnosis. Cows were randomly allocated to receive systemic ceftiofur therapy (2 subcutaneous doses of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid on the day of diagnosis and 3 d later; CEF) or to remain untreated (CON). At enrollment (day of metritis diagnosis), blood samples were collected and submitted to cell blood count (CBC) and processed for the measurement of 13 minerals and biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation (BM). Univariable analysis to evaluate the association of farm collected data and blood assessed variables with metritis cure were performed, and variables with P ≤ 0.20 were offered to multivariable logistic regression models and retained if P ≤ 0.15. The area under the curve (AUC) for models predicting SC using farm data only and farm + BM, was 0.70 and 0.76 respectively. Cell blood count variables were not retained in the models for SC. For models predicting cure among CEF cows, the AUC was 0.75, 0.77, 0.80, and 0.80 for models using farm data only, farm + CBC, farm + BM, and farm + CBC + BM, respectively. Predictive models of metritis cure had fair accuracy, with SC models being less accurate than models predictive of cure among CEF cows. Additionally, adding BM variables marginally improved the accuracy of models using farm collected data, while CBC data did not improve the accuracy of predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - J Prim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - E de Oliveira
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - F Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - K N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - N Noyes
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - M A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - V S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Davis College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409.
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2
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Prim JG, Casaro S, Mirzaei A, Gonzalez TD, de Oliveira EB, Veronese A, Chebel RC, Santos JEP, Jeong KC, Lima FS, Menta PR, Machado VS, Galvão KN. Application of behavior data to predictive exploratory models of metritis self-cure and treatment failure in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00052-3. [PMID: 38310966 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the performance of exploratory models containing routinely available on-farm data, behavior data, and the combination of both to predict metritis self-cure (SC) and treatment failure (TF). Holstein cows (n = 1,061) were fitted with a collar-mounted automated- health monitoring device (AHMD) from -21 ± 3 to 60 ± 3 d relative to calving to monitor rumination and activity. Cows were examined for diagnosis of metritis at 4 ± 1, 7 ± 1, and 9 ± 1 DIM. Cows diagnosed with metritis (n = 132), characterized by watery, fetid, reddish/brownish vaginal discharge (VD) were randomly allocated to one of 2 treatments: Control (CON; n = 62) - no treatment at the time of metritis diagnosis (d 0); Ceftiofur (CEF; n = 70) - subcutaneous injection of 6.6 mg/kg of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid on d 0 and 3 relative to diagnosis. Cure was determined 12 d after diagnosis and was considered when VD became mucoid and not fetid. Cows in CON were used to determine SC and cows in CEF were used to determine TF. Univariable analyses were performed using farm-collected data (parity, calving season, calving-related disorders, body condition score, rectal temperature, and days in milk at metritis diagnosis) and behavior data (i.e., daily averages of rumination, activity generated by AHMD, and derived variables) to assess their association with metritis SC or TF. Variables with a P ≤ 0.20 were included in the multivariable logistic regression exploratory models. To predict SC, the area under the curve (AUC) for the exploratory model containing only data routinely available on-farm was 0.75. The final exploratory model to predict SC combining routinely available on-farm data and behavior data increased the AUC to 0.87, sensitivity (Se) 87% and specificity (Sp) 71%. To predict TF, the AUC for the exploratory model containing only data routinely available on-farm was 0.90. The final exploratory model combining routinely available on-farm data and behavior data increased the AUC to 0.93, Se of 93% and Sp of 82%. Cross-validation analysis revealed that generalizability of the exploratory models was poor, which indicates that the findings are applicable to the conditions of the present exploratory study. In summary, the addition of behavior data contributed to increasing the prediction of SC and TF. Developing and validating accurate prediction models for SC could lead to a reduction in antimicrobial use, whereas accurate prediction of cows that would have TF may allow for better management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Prim
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Segundo Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Ahmadreza Mirzaei
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Tomas D Gonzalez
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | | | - Anderson Veronese
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Ricardo C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - K C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - Paulo R Menta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409
| | | | - Klibs N Galvão
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610.
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3
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Casaro S, Marrero M, Madrid D, Prim J, Nelson C, Galvão K, Laporta J, Driver J. Flow cytometry panels for immunophenotyping dairy cattle peripheral blood leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 248:110417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mestav B. Assessment of the relationship between the postpartum diseases susceptibility and the bovine monocyte subsets via Bayesian logistic regression, under various prior distributions. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Grandoni F, Scatà MC, Martucciello A, De Carlo E, De Matteis G, Hussen J. Comprehensive phenotyping of peripheral blood monocytes in healthy bovine. Cytometry A 2021; 101:122-130. [PMID: 34382742 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are bone marrow derived innate myeloid cells that circulate in the blood and play important roles in infection and inflammation. As part of the mononuclear phagocytic system, monocytes provide innate effector functions, support the adaptive immune response, and play a role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In addition to their role in sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns using several pattern recognition receptors, monocytes are characterized by their ability to ingest and kill microbes, to produce cytokines and chemokines, and to present antigens to T cells. For a long time, monocytes have been considered as a homogenous cell population, characterized by the expression of CD14, the receptor of lipopolysaccharide. Studies in several species have shown that the monocyte population consists of phenotypically and functionally different cell subsets. In this review, we report a comprehensive phenotyping of monocyte subsets in cattle. In addition, the most characterizing cell markers and gating strategies for detailed immunophenotyping of bovine monocyte subsets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Grandoni
- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura (Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture), CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Scatà
- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura (Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture), CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Martucciello
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Esterina De Carlo
- National Reference Centre for Hygiene and Technologies of Water Buffalo Farming and Productions, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Matteis
- Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura (Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture), CREA-Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, King Faisal University College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Ashrafi Tamai I, Mohammadzadeh A, Zahraei Salehi T, Mahmoodi P, Pakbin B. Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factor genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolated from clinical mastitis cases of dairy cows. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4529-4538. [PMID: 34401100 PMCID: PMC8358342 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing important diseases including mastitis and metritis in domestic animals such as dairy cows leading to prominent economic losses in food production industry. The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial species, antimicrobial susceptibility, and presence of virulence factor genes and genotyping of T. pyogenes isolates associated with summer mastitis cases from 22 different farms around Tehran, Iran. Fifty-five percent of dairy cows with clinical mastitis symptoms was infected by T. pyogenesis indicated that this pathogen is the most important contributor to clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the present study. A significant correlation was illustrated between presence of virulence factor genes of isolated pathogen, biochemical patterns, and the utter infected types. Multidrug resistance susceptibility observed between isolates indicated the important need for prudent use of antimicrobials in treatment of mastitis caused by T. pyogenes and increased concerning of consumer health associated with recent problems of antimicrobial resistance. The categorization of isolates was implemented into seven different clonal related types by COX-PCR at 80% of similarity cutoff with significance relationship to clonal types, CAMP test result and sampling time and biochemical profile. Regarding to the results obtained at the present study, T. pyogenes can be considered as an important typically cause of purulent and acute form of clinical bovine mastitis and loss of dairy productivity. Further studies with more sample size and high-throughput omic methods in various sampling time and areas are suggested for study of this pathogen precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iradj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBu‐Ali Sina UniversityHamedanIran
| | | | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Pezhman Mahmoodi
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceBu‐Ali Sina UniversityHamedanIran
| | - Babak Pakbin
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
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Hussen J. Changes in Cell Vitality, Phenotype, and Function of Dromedary Camel Leukocytes After Whole Blood Exposure to Heat Stress in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647609. [PMID: 33898545 PMCID: PMC8062783 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is well-adapted to the desert environment with the ability to tolerate increased internal body temperatures rising daily to 41–42°C during extreme hot. This study was undertaken to assess whether in vitro incubation of camel blood at 41°C, simulating conditions of heat stress, differently alters cell vitality, phenotype, and function of leukocytes, compared to incubation at 37°C (normothermia). Using flow cytometry, the cell vitality (necrosis and apoptosis), the expression of several cell markers and adhesion molecules, and the antimicrobial functions of camel leukocytes were analyzed in vitro. The fraction of apoptotic cells within the granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes increased significantly after incubation of camel whole blood at 41°C for 4 h. The higher increase in apoptotic granulocytes and monocytes compared to lymphocytes suggests higher resistance of camel lymphocytes to heat stress. Functionally, incubation of camel blood at 41°C for 4 h enhanced the phagocytosis and ROS production activities of camel neutrophils and monocytes toward S. aureus. Monocytes from camel blood incubated at 41°C for 4 h significantly decreased their expression level of MHC class II molecules with no change in the abundance of CD163, resulting in a CD163high MHC-IIlow M2-like macrophage phenotype. In addition, heat stress treatment showed an inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced changes in camel monocytes phenotype. Furthermore, in vitro incubation of camel blood at 41°C reduced the expression of the cell adhesion molecules CD18 and CD11a on neutrophils and monocytes. Collectively, the present study identified some heat-stress-induced phenotypic and functional alterations in camel blood leukocytes, providing a paradigm for comparative immunology in the large animals. The clinical relevance of the observed changes in camel leukocytes for the adaptation of the camel immune response to heat stress conditions needs further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Camels are domesticated animals that are highly adapted to the extreme desert ecosystem with relatively higher resistance to a wide range of pathogens compared to many other species from the same geographical region. Recently, there has been increased interest in the field of camel immunology. As the progress in the analysis of camel immunoglobulins has previously been covered in many recent reviews, this review intends to summarize published findings related to camel cellular immunology with a focus on the phenotype and functionality of camel leukocyte subpopulations. The review also describes the impact of different physiological (age and pregnancy) and pathological (e.g. infection) conditions on camel immune cells. Despite the progress achieved in the field of camel immunology, there are gaps in our complete understanding of the camel immune system. Questions remain regarding innate recognition mechanisms, the functional characterization of antigen-presenting cells, and the characterization of camel NK and cytotoxic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Hussen J, Shawaf T, Al-Mubarak AIA, Humam NAA, Almathen F, Schuberth HJ. Leukocyte populations in peripheral blood of dromedary camels with clinical endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 222:106602. [PMID: 32980651 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endometritis represents the main cause of reproductive failure in dromedary camels. In dromedary camels, associations between endometritis-causing pathogen-species, disease severity, and systemic changes in the immune system have not been evaluated. In the current study, there was use of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence of membrane proteins for the evaluation of leukocyte subsets and the cellular phenotype in blood of camels with clinical endometritis and evaluations of associations with disease severity and endometritis-causing pathogens. Animals with endometritis had markedly larger numbers of total leukocytes and neutrophils. Although total lymphocyte and monocyte counts did not differ between camels with and without clinical endometritis, there were lesser numbers of total and effector CD4-positive T cells in camels with endometritis. Among monocytes, number of camel inflammatory monocytes (Mo-II) was markedly greater, whereas Mo-III numbers were less in the blood of camels with clinical endometritis. Number of inflammatory monocytes was also indicative of endometritis severity grade. Among camels with clinical endometritis, E. coli- and S. aureus-infected animals had similar endometritis grades and comparable phenotype and composition patterns of leukocytes. Neutrophils and monocytes of camels with clinical endometritis had fewer cell adhesion molecules (i.e., CD11a and CD18). Collectively, the results from the current study allowed for identification of associations between endometritis severity grade and larger numbers of inflammatory monocytes. The results also indicate there is no association between endometritis pathogen-species and changes in phenotype or composition of blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naser Abdallah Al Humam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; The Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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de Lima FS. Recent advances and future directions for uterine diseases diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management in dairy cows. Anim Reprod 2020; 17:e20200063. [PMID: 33029222 PMCID: PMC7534574 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers, veterinarians, and farmers' pursuit of a consistent diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of uterine diseases remains challenging. The diagnosis and treatment of metritis is inconsistent, a concerning situation when considered the global threat of antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Endometritis is an insidious disease absent on routine health programs in many dairy farms and from pharmaceutical therapeutics arsenal in places like the US market. Conversely, a multitude of studies advanced the understanding of how uterine diseases compromise oocyte, follicle, and embryo development, and the uterine environment having long-lasting effects on fertility. The field of uterine disease microbiome also experienced tremendous progress and created opportunities for the development of novel preventives to improve the management of uterine diseases. Activity monitors, biomarkers, genomic selection, and machine learning predictive models are other innovative developments that have been explored in recent years to help mitigate the negative impacts of uterine diseases. Albeit novel tools such as vaccines for metritis, immune modulators, probiotics, genomic selection, and selective antimicrobial therapy are promising, further research is warranted to implement these technologies in a systematic and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Soares de Lima
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Methods in isolation and characterization of bovine monocytes and macrophages. Methods 2020; 186:22-41. [PMID: 32622986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. The cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage system are structurally and functionally heterogeneous. Several subsets of monocytes have been previously identified in mammalian blood, generating different subpopulations of macrophages in tissues. Although their distribution and phenotype are similar to their human counterpart, bovine monocytes and macrophages feature differences in both functions and purification procedures. The specific roles that monocytes and macrophages fulfil in several important diseases of bovine species, including among the others tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, brucellosis or the disease related to peripartum, remain still partially elusive. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of bovine monocytes and macrophages. We will describe methods for their purification and characterization of their major functions, including chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing, oxidative burst, apoptosis and necrosis. An overview of the flow cytometry and morphological procedures, including cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry, that are currently utilized to describe monocyte and macrophage main populations and functions is presented as well.
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Hussen J, Shawaf T, Al-Mubarak AIA, Al Humam NA, Almathen F, Schuberth HJ. Dromedary camel CD14 high MHCII high monocytes display inflammatory properties and are reduced in newborn camel calves. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:62. [PMID: 32070351 PMCID: PMC7027094 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In human and different animal species, blood monocytes are classified based on their expression pattern of different monocytic markers into phenotypically and functionally different subsets. In the current study, we used flow cytometry and monoclonal antibodies to CD172a, CD14, CD163 and MHCII to identify monocyte subsets in peripheral blood of dromedary camels. Results Based on CD14, CD163 and MHCII expression, camel CD172a + monocytes were divided into three subsets: The major subpopulation of camel monocytes (mo-I) showed high expression of CD14 and CD163, but low expression of MHCII. A second subset of monocytes (mo-II) expressed highly all three markers, CD14, CD163 and MHCII. A third monocyte subset (mo-III) displayed low expression of CD14 and CD163 with high MHCII expression. While the two MHCIIhigh subsets (mo-II and mo-III) showed higher expression of CD11a in comparison to the MHCIIlow subset (mo-I), CD18 and CD11b were highest expressed on the two CD14high subsets (mo-I and mo-II). Bacterial stimulation of camel leukocytes identified mo-II cells as an antimicrobial monocyte subset with the highest phagocytic and ROS production capacity. The comparison of monocyte counts and phenotype between newborn calves and adult camels revealed significantly reduced numbers of mo-II cells in newborn animals. Monocytes of newborns expressed significantly more CD172a and CD163 molecules but less CD14 and MHCII molecules than monocytes of adult camels. Conclusions Camel monocyte subsets, mo-I, mo-II and mo-III are counterparts of bovine classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes respectively. The distribution of camel monocyte subsets is influenced by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I A Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser Abdallah Al Humam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,The Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Subclinical endometritis in dairy cattle is associated with distinct mRNA expression patterns in blood and endometrium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220244. [PMID: 31374089 PMCID: PMC6677313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle with subclinical endometritis (SCE) are sub-fertile and diagnosing subclinical uterine disease remains a challenge. The hypothesis for this study was that endometrial inflammation is reflected in mRNA expression patterns of peripheral blood leucocytes. Transcriptome profiles were evaluated in healthy cows and in cows with SCE using circulating white blood cells (WBC) and endometrial biopsy samples collected from the same animals at 45–55 days postpartum. Bioinformatic analyses of microarray-based transcriptional data identified gene profiles associated with distinct biological functions in circulating WBC and endometrium. In circulating WBC, SCE promotes a pro-inflammatory environment, whereas functions related to tissue remodeling are also affected in the endometrium. Nineteen differentially expressed genes associated with SCE were common to both circulating WBC and the endometrium. Among these genes, transcript abundance of immune factors C3, C2, LTF, PF4 and TRAPPC13 were up-regulated in SCE cows at 45–55 days postpartum. Moreover, mRNA expression of C3, CXCL8, LTF, TLR2 and TRAPPC13 was temporally regulated during the postpartum period in circulating WBC of healthy cows compared with SCE cows. This observation might indicate an advantageous modulation of the immune system in healthy animals. The transcript abundance of these genes represents a potential source of indicators for postpartum uterine health.
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Mann S, Sipka AS, Grenier JK. The degree of postpartum metabolic challenge in dairy cows is associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome changes of the innate immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:28-36. [PMID: 30500340 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo a nutrient deficit immediately postpartum when lactational demands exceed nutrient intake. This occurs concurrently to an increased challenge due to bacterial and viral infections, yet ability for pathogen clearance is reduced despite a heightened and often host-damaging inflammatory response. We hypothesized that nutrient stress is associated with differences in the immune cell transcriptome. Our objective was therefore to investigate differentially expressed pathways (DEP) by RNA-seq in peripheral blood mononuclear cells harvested 3 weeks before and 1 week after calving from Holstein cows in low (L, n = 3) or high (H, n = 3) postpartum metabolic stress situations. Metabolic stress was defined by differences in circulating concentrations of glucose, fatty acids, and ketones postpartum. Cows in group H showed several upregulated DEP in relation to myeloid cell function and inflammatory response, as well as downregulation of the Th2 pathway. Principal components analysis showed that the transcriptome of group H postpartum samples was most different from all other samples. Differences in DE genes were noted even prepartum albeit fewer DE genes were identified and myeloid cell pathways in group H were generally downregulated at this time compared with group L. Samples within group L showed little difference between the two time points. We conclude that the metabolic phenotype of cows allowed us to identify differences in immune-regulatory pathways and that myeloid immune cells could play a dominant role in identifying these metabolically-associated differences that were demonstrated among a mixed mononuclear cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Anja S Sipka
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer K Grenier
- RNA Sequencing Core, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Martin P, Barkema HW, Brito LF, Narayana SG, Miglior F. Symposium review: Novel strategies to genetically improve mastitis resistance in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2724-2736. [PMID: 29331471 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is a disease of major economic importance to the dairy cattle sector because of the high incidence of clinical mastitis and prevalence of subclinical mastitis and, consequently, the costs associated with treatment, production losses, and reduced animal welfare. Disease-recording systems compiling data from a large number of farms are still not widely implemented around the world; thus, selection for mastitis resistance is often based on genetically correlated indicator traits such as somatic cell count (SCC), udder depth, and fore udder attachment. However, in the past years, several countries have initiated collection systems of clinical mastitis, based on producers recording data in most cases. The large data sets generated have enabled researchers to assess incidence of this disease and to investigate the genetic background of clinical mastitis itself, as well as its relationships with other traits of interest to the dairy industry. The genetic correlations between clinical mastitis and its previous proxies were estimated more accurately and confirmed the strong relationship of clinical mastitis with SCC and udder depth. New traits deriving from SCC were also studied, with the most relevant findings being associated with mean somatic cell score (SCS) in early lactation, standard deviation of SCS, and excessive test-day SCC pattern. Genetic correlations between clinical mastitis and other economically important traits indicated that selection for mastitis resistance would also improve resistance against other diseases and enhance both fertility and longevity. However, milk yield remains negatively correlated with clinical mastitis, emphasizing the importance of including health traits in the breeding objectives to achieve genetic progress for all important traits. These studies enabled the establishment of new genetic and genomic evaluation models, which are more efficient for selection to mastitis resistance. Further studies that are potential keys for future improvement of mastitis resistance are deep investigation of the bacteriology of mastitis, identification of novel indicator traits and tools for selection, and development of a larger female reference population to improve reliability of genomic evaluations. These cutting-edge studies will result in a better understanding of the genetic background of mastitis resistance and enable a more accurate phenotyping and genetic selection to improve mastitis resistance, and consequently, animal welfare and industry profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martin
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - L F Brito
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - S G Narayana
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1; Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1K 1E5
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16
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Hussen J, Schuberth HJ. Heterogeneity of Bovine Peripheral Blood Monocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1875. [PMID: 29312348 PMCID: PMC5742132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes of several species can be divided into different subpopulations with distinct phenotypic and functional properties. Herein, we aim at reviewing published work regarding the heterogeneity of the recently characterized bovine monocyte subsets. As the heterogeneity of human blood monocytes was widely studied and reviewed, this work focuses on comparing bovine monocyte subsets with their human counterparts regarding their phenotype, adhesion and migration properties, inflammatory and antimicrobial functions, and their ability to interact with neutrophilic granulocytes. In addition, the differentiation of monocyte subsets into functionally polarized macrophages is discussed. Regarding phenotype and distribution in blood, bovine monocyte subsets share similarities with their human counterparts. However, many functional differences exist between monocyte subsets from the two species. In contrast to their pro-inflammatory functions in human, bovine non-classical monocytes show the lowest phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species generation capacity, an absent ability to produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β after inflammasome activation, and do not have a role in the early recruitment of neutrophils into inflamed tissues. Classical and intermediate monocytes of both species also differ in their response toward major monocyte-attracting chemokines (CCL2 and CCL5) and neutrophil degranulation products (DGP) in vitro. Such differences between homologous monocyte subsets also extend to the development of monocyte-derived macrophages under the influence of chemokines like CCL5 and neutrophil DGP. Whereas the latter induce the differentiation of M1-polarized macrophages in human, bovine monocyte-derived macrophages develop a mixed M1/M2 macrophage phenotype. Although only a few bovine clinical trials analyzed the correlation between changes in monocyte composition and disease, they suggest that functional differences between human and bovine monocyte subsets are also reflected in their different clinical relevance for distinct diseases. In opposite to the human system, where higher blood cell number of non-classical monocytes was widely correlated with several human infectious and non-infectious diseases, higher counts of bovine intermediate monocytes are suggested as a potential biomarker for inflammatory responses postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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