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Huang G, Cong Z, Liu Z, Chen F, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zheng J, Peng D, Sun M. Silencing Ditylenchus destructor cathepsin L-like cysteine protease has negative pleiotropic effect on nematode ontogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10030. [PMID: 38693283 PMCID: PMC11063044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ditylenchus destructor is a migratory plant-parasitic nematode that severely harms many agriculturally important crops. The control of this pest is difficult, thus efficient strategies for its management in agricultural production are urgently required. Cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CPL) is one important protease that has been shown to participate in various physiological and pathological processes. Here we decided to characterize the CPL gene (Dd-cpl-1) from D. destructor. Analysis of Dd-cpl-1 gene showed that Dd-cpl-1 gene contains a signal peptide, an I29 inhibitor domain with ERFNIN and GNFD motifs, and a peptidase C1 domain with four conserved active residues, showing evolutionary conservation with other nematode CPLs. RT-qPCR revealed that Dd-cpl-1 gene displayed high expression in third-stage juveniles (J3s) and female adults. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that Dd-cpl-1 was expressed in the digestive system and reproductive organs. Silencing Dd-cpl-1 in 1-cell stage eggs of D. destructor by RNAi resulted in a severely delay in development or even in abortive morphogenesis during embryogenesis. The RNAi-mediated silencing of Dd-cpl-1 in J2s and J3s resulted in a developmental arrest phenotype in J3 stage. In addition, silencing Dd-cpl-1 gene expression in female adults led to a 57.43% decrease in egg production. Finally, Dd-cpl-1 RNAi-treated nematodes showed a significant reduction in host colonization and infection. Overall, our results indicate that Dd-CPL-1 plays multiple roles in D. destructor ontogenesis and could serve as a new potential target for controlling D. destructor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ziwen Cong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Han LL, Lu QQ, Zheng WW, Li YL, Song YY, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel trypsin of Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to PAR2 and activating ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011874. [PMID: 38166153 PMCID: PMC10786404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) play an important role in larval invasion and pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which proteases mediate larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remains unclear. A novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsTryp) was identified in IIL excretory/secretory (ES) proteins. It was an early and highly expressed protease at IIL stage, and had the potential as an early diagnostic antigen. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of this novel TsTryp, its role in larval invasion of gut epithelium, and the mechanisms involved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING TsTryp with C-terminal domain was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the rTsTryp had the enzymatic activity of natural trypsin, but it could not directly degrade gut tight junctions (TJs) proteins. qPCR and western blotting showed that TsTryp was highly expressed at the invasive IIL stage. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ELISA and Far Western blotting revealed that rTsTryp specifically bound to IECs, and confocal microscopy showed that the binding of rTsTryp with IECs was mainly localized in the cytomembrane. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) confirmed that rTsTryp bound to protease activated receptors 2 (PAR2) in Caco-2 cells. rTsTryp binding to PAR2 resulted in decreased expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin and increased paracellular permeability in Caco-2 monolayers by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. rTsTryp decreased TJs expression and increased epithelial permeability, which could be abrogated by the PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. rTsTryp facilitated larval invasion of IECs, and anti-rTsTryp antibodies inhibited invasion. Both inhibitors impeded larval invasion and alleviated intestinal inflammation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS TsTryp binding to PAR2 activated the ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut TJs proteins, disrupted epithelial integrity and barrier function, and consequently mediated larval invasion of the gut mucosa. Therefore, rTsTryp could be regarded as a potential vaccine target for blocking T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Cheng YK, Guo X, Zhang X, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011872. [PMID: 38190388 PMCID: PMC10798628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut epithelium is the first natural barrier against Trichinella spiralis larval invasion, but the mechanism by which larval penetration of gut epithelium is not completely elucidated. Previous studies showed that proteases secreted by T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) degraded tight junctions (TJs) proteins of gut epithelium and mediated larval invasion. A new T. spiralis serine proteinase (TsSPc) was identified in the IIL surface proteins and ES proteins, rTsSPc bound to the intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) and promoted larval invasion of IECs. The aim of this study was to characterize the interacted proteins of TsSPc and IECs, and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of TsSPc mediating larval invasion of gut mucosa. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING IIFT results showed natural TsSPc was detected in infected murine intestine at 6, 12 hours post infection (hpi) and 3 dpi. The results of GST pull-down, mass spectrometry (MS) and Co-IP indicated that rTsSPc bound and interacted specifically with receptor for activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) in Caco-2 cells. rTsSPc did not directly hydrolyze the TJs proteins. qPCR and Western blot showed that rTsSPc up-regulated RACK1 expression, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, reduced the expression levels of gut TJs (occludin and claudin-1) and adherent protein E-cad, increased the paracellular permeability and damaged the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier. Moreover, the RACK1 inhibitor HO and ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 abolished the rTsSPc activating ERK1/2 pathway, they also inhibited and abrogated the rTsSPc down-regulating expression of occludin, claudin-1 and E-cad in Caco-2 monolayer and infected murine intestine, impeded larval invasion and improved intestinal epithelial integrity and barrier function, reduced intestinal worm burdens and alleviated intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS rTsSPc bound to RACK1 receptor in gut epithelium, activated MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut epithelial TJs proteins and disrupted the epithelial integrity, consequently mediated T. spiralis larval invasion of gut epithelium. The results are valuable to understand T. spiralis invasion mechanism, and TsSPc might be regarded as a vaccine target against T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Kang Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Liu RD, Meng XY, Li CL, Lin XZ, Xu QY, Xu H, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L damages the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells and mediates larval invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011816. [PMID: 38048314 PMCID: PMC10721182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin L, a lysosomal enzyme, participates in diverse physiological processes. Recombinant Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L domains (rTsCatL2) exhibited natural cysteine protease activity and hydrolyzed host immunoglobulin and extracellular matrix proteins in vitro, but its functions in larval invasion are unknown. The aim of this study was to explore its functions in T. spiralis invasion of the host's intestinal epithelial cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS RNAi significantly suppressed the expression of TsCatL mRNA and protein with TsCatL specific siRNA-302. T. spiralis larval invasion of Caco-2 cells was reduced by 39.87% and 38.36%, respectively, when anti-TsCatL2 serum and siRNA-302 were used. Mice challenged with siRNA-302-treated muscle larvae (ML) exhibited a substantial reduction in intestinal infective larvae, adult worm, and ML burden compared to the PBS group, with reductions of 44.37%, 47.57%, and 57.06%, respectively. The development and fecundity of the females from the mice infected with siRNA-302-treated ML was significantly inhibited. After incubation of rTsCatL2 with Caco-2 cells, immunofluorescence test showed that the rTsCatL2 gradually entered into the cells, altered the localization of cellular tight junction proteins (claudin 1, occludin and zo-1), adhesion junction protein (e-cadherin) and extracellular matrix protein (laminin), and intercellular junctions were lost. Western blot showed a 58.65% reduction in claudin 1 expression in Caco-2 cells treated with rTsCatL2. Co-IP showed that rTsCatL2 interacted with laminin and collagen I but not with claudin 1, e-cadherin, occludin and fibronectin in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, rTsCatL2 disrupted the intestinal epithelial barrier by inducing cellular autophagy. CONCLUSIONS rTsCatL2 disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier and facilitates T. spiralis larval invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiang Yu Meng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chen Le Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Zhi Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qiu Yi Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Liu RD, Meng XY, Le Li C, Xu QY, Lin XZ, Dong BR, Ye CY, Miao TT, Si XY, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin L induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of newborn larvae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:433. [PMID: 37993938 PMCID: PMC10666456 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the early stages of Trichinella spiralis infection, macrophages predominantly undergo polarization to the M1-like phenotype, causing the host's inflammatory response and resistance against T. spiralis infection. As the disease progresses, the number of M2-type macrophages gradually increases, contributing to tissue repair processes within the host. While cysteine protease overexpression is typically associated with inflammation, the specific role of T. spiralis cathepsin L (TsCatL) in mediating macrophage polarization remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the killing effect of macrophage polarization mediated by recombinant T. spiralis cathepsin L domains (rTsCatL2) on newborn larvae (NBL). METHODS rTsCatL2 was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. Polarization of the rTsCatL2-induced RAW264.7 cells was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The effect of JSH-23, an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), on rTsCatL2-induced M1 polarization investigated. Cytotoxic effects of polarized macrophages on NBL were observed using in vitro killing assays. RESULTS Following the co-incubation of rTsCatL2 with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells, qPCR and ELISA revealed increased transcription and secretion levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in macrophages. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in iNOS protein expression, while the expression level of arginase-1 protein remained unchanged. Flow cytometry revealed a substantial increase in the number of CD86-labeled macrophages. The western blot results also indicated that rTsCatL2 increased the expression levels of phospho-NF-κB and phospho-nuclear factor-κB inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) proteins in a dose-dependent manner, while immunofluorescence revealed that rTsCatL2 induced nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB (NF-κB p65) protein in macrophages. The inhibitory effect of JSH-23 suppressed and abrogated the effect of rTsCatL2 in promoting M1 macrophage polarization. rTsCatL2 mediated polarization of macrophages to the M1-like phenotype and enhanced macrophage adhesion and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) killing of NBL. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that rTsCatL2 induces macrophage M1 polarization via the NF-κB pathway and enhances the ADCC killing of NBL. This study provides a further understanding of the interaction mechanism between T. spiralis and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiang Yu Meng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chen Le Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qiu Yi Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Zhi Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Bo Rang Dong
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chu Yan Ye
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Tian Tian Miao
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xin Yi Si
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Wang Z, Lu QQ, Weng MM, Li YL, Han LL, Song YY, Shi YL, Liu RD, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Binding of Trichinella spiralis C-type lectin with syndecan-1 on intestinal epithelial cells mediates larval invasion of intestinal epithelium. Vet Res 2023; 54:86. [PMID: 37784173 PMCID: PMC10546719 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin (CTL) is a protein that binds to saccharides and plays an important role in parasite adhesion, host cell invasion and immune evasion. Previous studies showed that recombinant T. spiralis C-type lectin (rTsCTL) promotes larval invasion of intestinal epithelium cells (IEC), whereas anti-rTsCTL antibodies inhibits larval invasion. Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) is a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan family which is mainly expressed on the surface of IEC and in extracellular matrices where they interact with a plethora of ligands. SDC-1 has a principal role in maintaining cell morphogenesis, establishing cell-cell adhesions, and regulating the gut mucosal barrier. The aim of this study was to investigate whether rTsCTL binds to SDC-1 on IEC, and the binding of rTsCTL with SDC-1 promotes larval invasion and its mechanism. IFA results show that rTsCTL and SDC-1 co-localized on Caco-2 cell membrane. GST pull-down and Co-IP verified the direct interaction between rTsCTL and SDC-1 on Caco-2 cells. qPCR and Western blotting revealed that rTsCTL binding to SDC-1 increased the expression of SDC-1 and claudin-2, and reduced the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cells incubated with rTsCTL via the STAT3 pathway. β-Xyloside (a syndecan-1 synthesis inhibitor) and Stattic (a STAT3 inhibitor) significantly inhibited rTsCTL binding to syndecan-1 in Caco-2 cells and activation of the STAT3 pathway, abrogated the effects of rTsCTL on the expression of gut tight junctions, and impeded larval invasion. The results demonstrate that binding of rTsCTL to SDC-1 on Caco-2 cells activated the STAT3 pathway, decreased gut tight junction expression, damaged the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, and mediated T. spiralis invasion of the gut mucosa. TsCTL might be regarded as a candidate vaccine target against T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Min Min Weng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yu Long Shi
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Song YY, Zhang XZ, Wang BN, Weng MM, Zhang ZY, Guo X, Zhang X, Wang ZQ, Cui J. Molecular characterization of a novel serine proteinase from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in larval invasion of gut epithelium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011629. [PMID: 37695792 PMCID: PMC10513378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel serine proteinase of Trichinells spiralis (TsSPc) has been identified in the excretion/secretion (ES) antigens, but its role in larval invasion is unclear. The aim of this study was to clone and express TsSPc, identify its biological and biochemical characteristics, and investigate its role on larval invasion of gut epithelium during T. spiralis infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS TsSPc has a functional domain of serine proteinase, and its tertiary structure consists of three amino acid residues (His88, Asp139 and Ser229) forming a pocket like functional domain. Recombinant TsSPc (rTsSPc) was expressed and purified. The rTsSPc has good immunogenicity. On Western blot analysis, rTsSPc was recognized by infection serum and anti-rTsSPc serum, natural TsSPc in crude and ES antigens was identified by anti-rTsSPc serum. The results of qPCR, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) showed that TsSPc was expressed at diverse stage worms, and mainly localized at cuticle, stichosome and intrauterine embryos of this nematode. The rTsSPc had enzymatic activity of native serine protease, which hydrolyzed the substrate BAEE, casein and collagen I. After site directed mutation of enzymatic active sites of TsSPc, its antigenicity did not change but the enzyme activity was fully lost. rTsSPc specifically bound to intestinal epithelium cells (IECs) and the binding sites were mainly localized in cell membrane and cytoplasm. rTsSPc accelerated larval invasion of IECs, whereas anti-rTsSPc antibodies and TsSPc-specific dsRNA obviously hindered larval invasion. CONCLUSIONS TsSPc was a surface and secretory proteinase of the parasite, participated in larval invasion of gut epithelium, and may be considered as a candidate vaccine target molecule against Trichinella intrusion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Min Min Weng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhao Yu Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Shao M, Cui N, Tang Y, Chen F, Cui Y, Dang G, Liu S. A candidate subunit vaccine induces protective immunity against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:72. [PMID: 37210376 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00675-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes paratuberculosis (PTB), which is a granulomatous enteritis in ruminants that threatens the dairy industry's healthy development and public health safety worldwide. Because the commercial inactivated vaccines are not completely protective and interfere with bovine tuberculosis diagnostics, we tested four fusion proteins, namely 66NC, 66CN, 90NC, and 90CN, which were constructed with MAP3527, Ag85B, and Hsp70 of MAP in different tandem combinations. Notably, 66NC, which encodes a 66 kDa fusion protein that combines in linear order MAP3527N40-232, Ag85B41-330, and MAP3527C231-361, induced a powerful and specific IFN-γ response. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with the 66NC fusion protein formulated in Montanide ISA 61 VG adjuvant generated robust Th1, Th2, and Th17 type immune responses and strong antibody responses. The 66NC vaccine protected C57BL/6 mice against virulent MAP K-10 infection. This resulted in a reduction of bacterial load and improvement of pathological damage in the liver and intestine, in addition to a reduction of body weight loss; significantly better protection than the reported 74 F vaccine was also induced. Furthermore, vaccine efficacy correlated with the levels of IFN-γ-, TNF-α-, and IL-17A-secreting antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as with serum IFN-γ and TNF-α levels after vaccination. These results demonstrate that recombinant protein 66NC is an efficient candidate for further development into a protective vaccine in terms of inducing specific protection against MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Ning Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Yangyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Fanruo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Yingying Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Siguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Street, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
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9
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Li H, Chenglin G, Yae Z, Wanyu Z, Rong C. Identification and genetic characterisatin of cathepsin L in Demodex. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 89:329-344. [PMID: 37058174 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to difficulties in obtaining functional gene sequences, molecular pathogenic mechanisms in Demodex have been understudied. In this study, overlap extension PCR was used to obtain the sequences of cathepsin L (CatL), a pathogenicity-related gene, to provide a foundation for subsequent functional research. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis mites were obtained from the face skin of Chinese individuals, and Demodex canis mites were isolated from the skin lesions of a dog. RNA was extracted and used to synthesise double-stranded cDNA. PCR amplification, cloning, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis of CatL were performed. CatL gene sequences of 1005, 1008, and 1008 bp were successfully amplified for D. brevis, D. folliculorum, and D. canis, respectively. These sequences showed 99.9 or 100% identity with templates previously obtained by RNA-seq. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree showed that D. folliculorum clustered with D. canis first, then with D. brevis, and finally with other Acariformes mite species. The three Demodex species had nine similar motifs to those of Sarcoptes scabies, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Dermatophagoides farinae, and motifs 10-13 were valuable for identification. CatL proteins of Demodex species were predicted to be approximately 38 kDa, be located in lysosomes, have a signal peptide but no transmembrane region, and have two functional domains, I29 and Pept_C1. However, interspecific differences were observed in secondary and tertiary protein structures. In conclusion, we successfully obtained CatL sequences of three Demodex species by overlap extension PCR, which creates conditions for further pathogenic mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guan Chenglin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhao Yae
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhang Wanyu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chai Rong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
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10
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Chen QG, Zhang YM, Chen C, Wang S, Li ZF, Hou ZF, Liu DD, Tao JP, Xu JJ. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics analyses of a chicken-original virulent and its attenuated Histomonas meleagridis strain in China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1106807. [PMID: 37008342 PMCID: PMC10063853 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHistomonas meleagridis can cause histomonosis in poultry. Due to the prohibition of effective drugs, the prevention and treatment of the disease requires new strategies. Questions about its pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors remain puzzling.MethodsTo address these issues, a tandem mass tag (TMT) comparative proteomic analysis of a virulent strain and its attenuated strain of Chinese chicken-origin was performed.ResultsA total of 3,494 proteins were identified in the experiment, of which 745 proteins were differentially expressed (fold change ≥1.2 or ≤0.83 and p < 0.05), with 192 up-regulated proteins and 553 down-regulated proteins in the virulent strain relative to the attenuated strain.DiscussionSurface protein BspA like, digestive cysteine proteinase, actin, and GH family 25 lysozyme were noted among the proteins up regulated in virulent strains, and these several proteins may be directly related to the pathogenic capacity of the histomonad. Ferredoxin, 60S ribosomal protein L6, 40S ribosomal protein S3, and NADP-dependent malic enzyme which associated with biosynthesis and metabolism were also noted, which have the potential to be new drug targets. The up-regulation of alpha-amylase, ras-like protein 1, ras-like protein 2, and involucrin in attenuated strains helps to understand how it is adapted to the long-term in vitro culture environment. The above results provide some candidate protein-coding genes for further functional verification, which will help to understand the molecular mechanism of pathogenicity and attenuation of H. meleagridis more comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Guang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zai-Fan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Feng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Jun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Jun Xu
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