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Shao Y, Han S, Hou Z, Yang C, Zhao Y. Tumor-associated macrophages within the immunological milieu: An emerging focal point for therapeutic intervention. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36839. [PMID: 39281573 PMCID: PMC11401039 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages play an important role in the tumor immune microenvironment, and regulating the function of tumor-associated macrophages has important therapeutic potential in tumor therapy. Mature macrophages could migrate to the tumor microenvironment, influencing multiple factors such as tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune suppression, and drug resistance. As a major component of the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophages crosstalk with other immune cells. Currently, tumor-associated macrophages have garnered considerable attention in tumor therapy, broadening the spectrum of drug selection to some extent, thereby aiding in mitigating the prevailing clinical drug resistance dilemma. This article summarizes the recent advances in tumor-associated macrophages concerning immunology, drug targeting mechanisms for tumor-associated macrophages treatment, new developments, and existing challenges, offering insights for future therapeutic approaches. In addition, this paper summarized the impact of tumor-associated macrophages on current clinical therapies, discussed the advantages and disadvantages of targeted tumor-associated macrophages therapy compared with existing tumor therapies, and predicted and discussed the future role of targeted tumor-associated macrophages therapy and the issues that need to be focused on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchi Shao
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Song Han
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenxin Hou
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Liu X, Wu F, Pan W, Liu G, Zhang H, Yan D, Zheng S, Ma Z, Ren X. Tumor-associated exosomes in cancer progression and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e709. [PMID: 39247621 PMCID: PMC11380050 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. Tumor-associated exosomes (TAEs) are extracellular vesicles that play a significant role in cancer progression by mediating intercellular communication and contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. These vesicles carry a cargo of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules that can be transferred to recipient cells, modifying their behavior and promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and drug resistance. Several potential therapeutic targets within the TAEs cargo have been identified, including oncogenic proteins, miRNAs, tumor-associated antigens, immune checkpoint proteins, drug resistance proteins, and tissue factor. In this review, we will systematically summarize the biogenesis, composition, and function of TAEs in cancer progression and highlight potential therapeutic targets. Considering the complexity of exosome-mediated signaling and the pleiotropic effects of exosome cargoes has challenge in developing effective therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of TAEs in cancer and to develop effective therapies that target them. In particular, the development of strategies to block TAEs release, target TAEs cargo, inhibit TAEs uptake, and modulate TAEs content could provide novel approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer School of Life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai China
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Fan Wu
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer School of Life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Pan
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer School of Life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Dawei Yan
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Saijing Zheng
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Zhongliang Ma
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer School of Life Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
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Guo W, Liu W, Wang J, Fan X. Extracellular vesicles and macrophages in tumor microenvironment: Impact on cervical cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35063. [PMID: 39165926 PMCID: PMC11334669 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a serious threat to women's health. Extracellular vesicles exist in most body fluids for communication between organisms, having different effects on the occurrence, development, angiogenesis, and metastasis of cervical cancer, and are expected to become new targets for treatment. Macrophages are natural immune systems closely linked to the development of cervical cancer. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have confirmed the role of extracellular vesicles and macrophages in the gynecologic tumor environment. This article reviews the mechanism of action and application prospects of extracellular vesicles and macrophages in the cervical cancer microenvironment. In addition, the relationship between extracellular vesicles and macrophages from different sources is described, which provides ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Wenqiong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Junqing Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xinran Fan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
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Yuan Z, Yi G, Ma R, Wang Z, Hu J, Zhao W, Hu Y. Aldehyde oxidase 1 promotes gallbladder carcinogenesis through ROS-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Signal 2024; 116:111042. [PMID: 38199597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) is associated with various pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Specifically, AOX1 has been demonstrated to have a close relationship with the progression of certain cancers. However, the expression, function, and mechanisms of action of AOX1 in gallbladder cancer (GBC) remain unclear. METHODS Utilizing immunohistochemistry, the study quantified the prevalence of AOX1 within tissues of gallbladder carcinoma and those of the surrounding non-cancerous regions. In vitro assays using gallbladder carcinoma cell lines with modulated AOX1 expression levels were performed to assess the protein's role in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, flow cytometry techniques were harnessed to determine the influence of AOX1 on the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells. Additionally, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway markersin cells with varied AOX1 expression, detected through Western blot analyses. An in vivo xenograft model involving athymic mice was implemented to explore the influence of AOX1 on gallbladder tumor growth, with Western blot analysis applied to measure EMT marker expression in the resulting tumours. RESULTS Elevated AOX1 protein levels have been observed in gallbladder carcinoma tissues, with such upregulation linked to a negative prognostic outlook for patients. In vitro analyses demonstrate that enhanced AOX1 expression facilitates gallbladder carcinoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while AOX1 suppression yields an inhibitory effect on these cellular behaviors. Western blot results reveal an inverse relationship between AOX1 and E-cadherin levels, yet was positively correlation with N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail within both gallbladder cancer cells and in vivo xenograft tumours. Further mechanistic investigation indicates that AOX1 elevation augments reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and initiates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in these cells. The application of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and/or KY1797K attenuates the proliferative, migratory, and invasive enhancements imparted by AOX1 overexpression and reinforces these effects when AOX1 is silenced-achieved through ROS mitigation and the obstruction of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In vivo studies corroborate these findings, showing AOX1 overexpression to amplify xenograft tumor growth and mesenchymal marker expression, whereas AOX1 interference did the opposite. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that AOX1 functions as a carcinogenic factor in gallbladder carcinoma, enhancing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and the EMT. These effects are driven by the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore,AOX1 presents potential as a valuable prognostic and diagnostic marker as well as a target for therapeutic intervention in the gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Yuan
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Genfa Yi
- Department of Medical Imaging,The First Afiliated Hospital of kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Run Ma
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jihong Hu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Li L, Lin M, Luo J, Sun H, Zhang Z, Lin D, Chen L, Feng S, Lin X, Zhou R, Song J. Loss of keratin 23 enhances growth inhibitory effect of melatonin in gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:22. [PMID: 38099343 PMCID: PMC10784722 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2023.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of keratin 23 (KRT23) on the anticancer activity of melatonin (MLT) against gastric cancer (GC) cells, microarray analysis was applied to screen differentially expressed genes in AGS GC cells following MLT treatment. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of KRT23 in GC cells and normal gastric epithelial cell line GES‑1. KRT23 knockout was achieved by CRISPR/Cas9. Assays of cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle, electric cell‑substrate impedance sensing and western blotting were conducted to reveal the biological functions of KRT23‑knockout cells without or with MLT treatment. Genes downregulated by MLT were enriched in purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, genetic information processing and cell cycle pathway. Expression levels of KRT23 were downregulated by MLT treatment. Expression levels of KRT23 in AGS and SNU‑216 GC cell lines were significantly higher compared with normal gastric epithelial cell line GES‑1. KRT23 knockout led to reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, arrest of the cell cycle and inhibition of GC cell proliferation. Moreover, KRT23 knockout further enhanced the inhibitory activity of MLT on the tumor cell proliferation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38/ERK. KRT23 knockout contributes to the antitumor effects of MLT in GC via suppressing p38/ERK phosphorylation. In the future, KRT23 might be a potential prognostic biomarker and a novel molecular target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Meifang Lin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Huaqin Sun
- Center of Translational Hematology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Dacen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Lushan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Sisi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Xiuping Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Ruixiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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