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Joubert E, Gauff RPM, de Vogüé B, Chavanon F, Ravel C, Bouchoucha M. Artificial fish nurseries can restore certain nursery characteristics in marine urban habitats. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 190:106108. [PMID: 37506652 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Port areas are subjected to multiple anthropic pressures that directly impact residing marine communities and deprive them of most of their essential ecological functions. Several global projects aim to rehabilitate certain ecosystem functions in port areas, such as a fish nursery function, by installing artificial fish nurseries (AFN). In theory, AFNs increase fish biodiversity and juvenile fish abundance in port areas, but studies on this subject remain scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to examine whether the use of such AFNs could restore part of the nursery function of natural habitats by increasing fish and juvenile abundance, and by decreasing predation intensity compared to bare docks. Two years of monitoring on AFNs showed they hosted 2.1 times more fish than on control docks and up to 2.4 more fish juveniles. Fish community structures were influenced by both treatment (AFN and Control) and year of monitoring. In general, AFNs hosted a greater taxonomic diversity of fish than controls. The predation intensity around these structures was significantly lower in the AFNs than in controls. Part of the definition of a fish nursery was thus verified, indicating that AFNs might be an effective restoration tool. However, we also noted that total fish abundance and Young of the Year (YOY) abundance decreased in controls, possibly due to a concentration effect. Further detailed monitoring is necessary to distinguish between these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Joubert
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France.
| | - Robin P M Gauff
- Chioggia Hydrobiological Station "Umberto D'Ancona", Department of Biology, University of Padova, Chioggia, Italy
| | - Benoist de Vogüé
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Fabienne Chavanon
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Marc Bouchoucha
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507 La Seyne Sur Mer, France
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Gauff RPM, Joubert E, Curd A, Carlier A, Chavanon F, Ravel C, Bouchoucha M. The elephant in the room: Introduced species also profit from refuge creation by artificial fish habitats. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 185:105859. [PMID: 36680811 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, ecological rehabilitation is envisioned to mitigate and revert impacts of ocean sprawl on coastal marine biodiversity. While in the past studies have demonstrated the positive effects of artificial fish habitats in port areas on fish abundance and diversity, benthic colonization of these structures has not yet been taken into consideration. This could be problematic as they may provide suitable habitat for Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) and hence facilitate their spreading. The present study aimed to examine communities developing on artificial fish habitats and to observe if the number of NIS was higher than in surrounding equivalent habitats. The structures were colonized by communities that were significantly different compared to those surrounding the control habitat, and they were home to a greater number of NIS. As NIS can cause severe ecological and economical damages, our results imply that in conjunction with the ecosystem services provided by artificial fish habitats, an ecosystem disservice in the form of facilitated NIS colonization may be present. These effects have not been shown before and need to be considered to effectively decide in which situations artificial structures may be used for fish rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P M Gauff
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratory of Coastal Benthic Ecology, F-29280, Plouzané, France; Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507, La Seyne Sur Mer, France.
| | - Etienne Joubert
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507, La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Amelia Curd
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratory of Coastal Benthic Ecology, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Antoine Carlier
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratory of Coastal Benthic Ecology, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Fabienne Chavanon
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507, La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507, La Seyne Sur Mer, France
| | - Marc Bouchoucha
- Ifremer, Lab Environm Ressources Provence Azur Corse, CS 20330, F-83507, La Seyne Sur Mer, France
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Dron J, Wafo E, Boissery P, Dhermain F, Bouchoucha M, Chamaret P, Lafitte D. Trends of banned pesticides and PCBs in different tissues of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded in the Northwestern Mediterranean reflect changing contamination patterns. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113198. [PMID: 34875476 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although banned for years, organochlorine pesticides and PCBs continue to affect aquatic life, dolphins being particularly exposed. The concentrations of 31 PCB congeners, and 15 banned pesticides or metabolites were measured in 5 tissues of 68 striped dolphins stranded in the Northwestern Mediterranean coast in 2010-16. The results were compared to historical data (1988-2009) and, even though there is a slow decreasing trend, the levels in the 2010-2016 samples were still elevated based on common cetacean toxicological thresholds. A transition period in 2007-08, probably caused by a morbillivirus epizootic amplified the stranding, espacially of highly contaminated specimens. From 2010, higher proportions in parent compounds towards metabolites were observed yet again. These changing patterns were likely reflect the exposure of dolphins to the remobilization of pollutants from contaminated soils and sediments, with a prominent role of rivers. This should lead to an even slower decline of these contaminants that could last for decades, requiring new efforts to reduce their dispersal to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Dron
- Institut Écocitoyen pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Emmanuel Wafo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Boissery
- Agence de l'Eau, Rhône Méditerranée Corse, Agence de Marseille, France
| | - Frank Dhermain
- Miraceti - Connaissance et Conservation des Cétacés, Martigues, France
| | - Marc Bouchoucha
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence-Azur-Corse, IFREMER, La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Philippe Chamaret
- Institut Écocitoyen pour la Connaissance des Pollutions, Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Daniel Lafitte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Yu X, Gutang Q, Chen X, Sanganyado E, Li P, Liu W. Ecological risk of chlorinated organic pollutants in a semi-enclosed bay impacted by aquaculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147000. [PMID: 33865145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semi-enclosed bays are used for critical economic activities such as ports, aquaculture, and human settlement due to their topography and ocean connectivity. However, the role of these geomorphological characteristics on the accumulation of chlorinated organic pollutants in semi-enclosed bays is poorly understood. We investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and potential ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Shantou Bay, a semi-enclosed bay. The ∑PCB concentration was 258-1297 ng g-1 and 59.6-651 ng g-1 in the dry season and wet season, respectively. Sediments collected downstream and upstream the aquaculture farms had significantly lower DDT concentrations than those collected close to the aquaculture discharge points. The ratio of DDT and its metabolites indicated that there was possible fresh input of DDTs into Shantou Bay. However, no significant spatial trend was observed in the PCB profiles. The concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in Shantou Bay were above the China Marine Sediment Quality Class I suggesting remediation was essential to ensure the aquatic systems could be safely used for fisheries, swimming, or as marine protected areas. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk of DDTs was high as it exceeded the effects thresholds at all sites. Seasonal variations in human activities, resuspension of historical contaminants due to physical oceanographic, climatic and hydrological factors, and contaminant trapping probably contributed to the changes in organic pollutant distribution in the semi-enclosed bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Qilin Gutang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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Misson B, Garnier C, Poulain AJ. Limited influence of marine sediment lyophilization on prokaryotic community structure assessed via amplicon sequencing: an example from environmentally contrasted sediment layers in Toulon harbor (France). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11075. [PMID: 33868808 PMCID: PMC8035903 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediment lyophilization is a common process that allows for long-term conservation and sharing of marine sediments for multiple downstream analyses. Although it is often used for geochemical studies, the effects of lyophilization on prokaryotic taxonomic diversity assessment remained to be assessed. Here, we tested the effect of lyophilization on microbial diversity assessment using three sediment layers corresponding to various sediment ages and chemical contamination levels sampled from a marine Mediterranean harbor. Duplicate DNA samples were extracted from wet frozen or lyophilized sediments, and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants were analyzed. We detected changes in community structure over depth linked to both dominant and less abundant taxa whether sediments were lyophilized or not. Data from both wet frozen and lyophilized sediments led us to conclude that historical chemical contamination of the sediment of Toulon Bay did not appear to be the main environmental variable shaping prokaryotic community structure on the vertical dimension, but that sediment diagenesis was. We conclude that sediment lyophilization is compatible with marine biogeochemical and ecotoxicological studies but that caution should be used when discussing small variations among samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Toulon, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Toulon, France
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Coclet C, Garnier C, D’Onofrio S, Durrieu G, Pasero E, Le Poupon C, Omanović D, Mullot JU, Misson B, Briand JF. Trace Metal Contamination Impacts Predicted Functions More Than Structure of Marine Prokaryotic Biofilm Communities in an Anthropized Coastal Area. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:589948. [PMID: 33679628 PMCID: PMC7933014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.589948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace metal (TM) contamination in marine coastal areas is a worldwide threat for aquatic communities. However, little is known about the influence of a multi-chemical contamination on both marine biofilm communities' structure and functioning. To determine how TM contamination potentially impacted microbial biofilms' structure and their functions, polycarbonate (PC) plates were immerged in both surface and bottom of the seawater column, at five sites, along strong TM contamination gradients, in Toulon Bay. The PC plates were incubated during 4 weeks to enable colonization by biofilm-forming microorganisms on artificial surfaces. Biofilms from the PC plates, as well as surrounding seawaters, were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing to describe prokaryotic community diversity, structure and functions, and to determine the relationships between bacterioplankton and biofilm communities. Our results showed that prokaryotic biofilm structure was not significantly affected by the measured environmental variables, while the functional profiles of biofilms were significantly impacted by Cu, Mn, Zn, and salinity. Biofilms from the contaminated sites were dominated by tolerant taxa to contaminants and specialized hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Functions related to major xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, such as methane metabolism, degradation of aromatic compounds, and benzoate degradation, as well as functions involved in quorum sensing signaling, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix, and biofilm formation were significantly over-represented in the contaminated site relative to the uncontaminated one. Taken together, our results suggest that biofilms may be able to survive to strong multi-chemical contamination because of the presence of tolerant taxa in biofilms, as well as the functional responses of biofilm communities. Moreover, biofilm communities exhibited significant variations of structure and functional profiles along the seawater column, potentially explained by the contribution of taxa from surrounding sediments. Finally, we found that both structure and functions were significantly distinct between the biofilm and bacterioplankton, highlighting major differences between the both lifestyles, and the divergence of their responses facing to a multi-chemical contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Coclet
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Toulon, France
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Sébastien D’Onofrio
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Gaël Durrieu
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Emilie Pasero
- Microbia Environnement Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Christophe Le Poupon
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruðer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, UM110, La Garde, France
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Layglon N, Misson B, Durieu G, Coclet C, D'Onofrio S, Dang DH, François D, Mullot JU, Mounier S, Lenoble V, Omanović D, Garnier C. Long-term monitoring emphasizes impacts of the dredging on dissolved Cu and Pb contamination along with ultraplankton distribution and structure in Toulon Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea, France). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111196. [PMID: 32510358 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A long-term monitoring during dredging and non-dredging periods was performed. Total and dissolved Cu and Pb concentrations, DGT-labile Pb, ultraphytoplankton abundance and structure were monitored at four sites: dredging site, dumping site (inside/outside of a geotextile bag) and reference site. During the reference period (non-dredging), an increasing contamination in Pb, Cu and a progressive shift from Synechococcus to photosynthetic picoeukaryotes dominance was observed from reference to dumping site. Pb concentrations were significantly higher during dredging period, pointing out sediment resuspension as Pb major source of contamination. Unlike Pb, Cu concentrations were not statistically different during the two periods. Dredging period did not impact on ultraphytoplankton abundance and structure but influence heterotrophic prokaryotes abundance. Sediment resuspension is therefore a major driver of chemical and biological qualities in Toulon Bay. Furthermore, although the geotextile bag reduces particulate transport of the dredged sediment, the transport in the dissolved phase remains a major problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Layglon
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France.
| | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France
| | - Gaël Durieu
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France
| | - Clément Coclet
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France; MAPIEM, EA4323, Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Sébastien D'Onofrio
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France
| | - Duc Huy Dang
- School of the Environment, Chemistry Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - David François
- LASEM-Toulon, Base Navale De Toulon, BP 61, 83800 Toulon, France
| | | | - Stéphane Mounier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France
| | - Véronique Lenoble
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, France
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Bouchoucha M, Brach-Papa C, Gonzalez JL, Lenfant P, Darnaude AM. Growth, condition and metal concentration in juveniles of two Diplodus species in ports. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:31-42. [PMID: 29421103 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High abundances of juvenile fish in certain ports suggest they might provide alternative nursery habitats for several species. To further investigate this possibility, post-settlement growth, metal uptake and body condition were estimated in 127 juveniles of two seabream species, collected in 2014-15, inside and outside the highly polluted ports of the Bay of Toulon. This showed that differences in local pollution levels (here in Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn) are not consistently mirrored within fish flesh. Muscle metal concentrations, below sanitary thresholds for both species, were higher in ports for Cu, Pb and V only. Otherwise, fish muscle composition principally differed by species or by year. Juvenile growth and condition were equivalent at all sites. Higher prey abundance in certain ports might therefore compensate the deleterious effects of pollution, resulting in similar sizes and body conditions for departing juvenile fish than in nearby natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bouchoucha
- Lab. Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, Centre Ifremer de Méditerranée ZP de Brégaillon, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France; UMR MARBEC 9190 CNRS-UM-IRD-Ifremer, CC093, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - C Brach-Papa
- Lab. Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse, Centre Ifremer de Méditerranée ZP de Brégaillon, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
| | - J-L Gonzalez
- Lab. Biogéochimie des Contaminants Métalliques, Centre Ifremer de Méditerranée ZP de Brégaillon, CS 20330, 83507 La Seyne-sur-Mer, France
| | - P Lenfant
- Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France; CNRS, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - A M Darnaude
- UMR MARBEC 9190 CNRS-UM-IRD-Ifremer, CC093, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Guigue C, Tedetti M, Dang DH, Mullot JU, Garnier C, Goutx M. Remobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic matter in seawater during sediment resuspension experiments from a polluted coastal environment: Insights from Toulon Bay (France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:627-638. [PMID: 28689151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic matter contents were measured in seawater during resuspension experiments using sediments collected from Toulon Bay (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, France). The studied sediments were very highly contaminated in PAHs, especially in 4-ring compounds emitted from combustion processes. The sediments used for resuspension experiments were collected at 0-2 cm (diagenetically new organic matter, OM) and 30-32 cm depths (diagenetically transformed OM). They were both mostly composed of fine particles (<63 μm), enriched in organic carbon (8.2 and 6.3%, respectively) and in PAHs (concentration of Σ34 PAHs: 38.2 and 35.7 × 103 ng g-1, respectively). The resuspension of these sediments led to an increase in concentrations of dissolved Σ34 PAHs, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved humic- and tryptophan-like fluorophores in seawater up to 10-, 1.3-, 4.4- and 5.7-fold, respectively. The remobilization in seawater was higher for 4-6 ring PAHs, especially benzo(g,h,i)perylene, whose concentration exceeded the threshold values of the European Water Framework Directive. This noted the potential harmful effects of sediment resuspension on marine biota. From these sediment resuspension experiments, we determined OC-normalized partition coefficients of PAHs between sediment and water (Koc) and found that during such events, the transfer of PAHs from sediment particles to seawater was lower than that predicted from octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) (i.e., measured Koc > Koc predicted from Kow). The results confirmed the sequestration role of sedimentary OC quality and grain size on PAHs; the OM diagenetic state seemed to impact the partition process but in a relatively minor way. Furthermore, differences were observed between 2-4 ring and 5-6 ring PAHs, with the latter displaying a relatively higher mobility towards seawater. These differences may be explained by the distribution of these two PAH pools within different OM moieties, such as humic substances and black carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Duc Huy Dang
- Laboratoire PROTEE, EA 3819, Université de Toulon, BP 20132, 83957 La Garde, France
| | | | - Cédric Garnier
- Laboratoire PROTEE, EA 3819, Université de Toulon, BP 20132, 83957 La Garde, France; Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UMR7294, 83041 Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Madeleine Goutx
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
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