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Conger SA, Toth LP, Cretsinger C, Raustorp A, Mitáš J, Inoue S, Bassett DR. Time Trends in Physical Activity Using Wearable Devices: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Studies from 1995 to 2017. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:288-298. [PMID: 34559725 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conflicting evidence exists on whether physical activity (PA) levels of humans have changed over the last quarter-century. The main objective of this study was to determine if there is evidence of time trends in PA, from cross-sectional studies that assessed PA at different time points using wearable devices (e.g., pedometers and accelerometers). A secondary objective was to quantify the rate of change in PA. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted of English-language studies indexed in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science (1960-2020) using search terms (time OR temporal OR secular) AND trends AND (steps per day OR pedometer OR accelerometer OR MVPA). Subsequently, a meta-analytic approach was used to aggregate data from multiple studies and to examine specific factors (i.e., sex, age-group, sex and age-group, and PA metric). RESULTS Based on 16 peer-reviewed scientific studies conducted between 1995 and 2017, levels of ambulatory PA are trending downward in developed countries. Significant declines were seen in both males and females (P < 0.001) as well as in children (P = 0.020), adolescents (P < 0.001), and adults (P = 0.004). The average study duration was 9.4 yr (accelerometer studies, 5.3 yr; pedometer studies, 10.8 yr). For studies that assessed steps, the average change in PA was -1118 steps per day over the course of the study (P < 0.001), and adolescents had the greatest change in PA at -2278 steps per day (P < 0.001). Adolescents also had the steepest rate of change over time, expressed in steps per day per decade. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from studies conducted in eight developed nations over a 22-yr period indicates that PA levels have declined overall, especially in adolescents. This study emphasizes the need for continued research tracking time trends in PA using wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Conger
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID
| | - Lindsay P Toth
- Department of Clinical and Applied Movement Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Channie Cretsinger
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Anders Raustorp
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SWEDEN
| | - Josef Mitáš
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZECH REPUBLIC
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - David R Bassett
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Steene-Johannessen J, Anderssen SA, Kolle E, Hansen BH, Bratteteig M, Dalhaug EM, Andersen LB, Nystad W, Ekelund U, Dalene KE. Temporal trends in physical activity levels across more than a decade - a national physical activity surveillance system among Norwegian children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:55. [PMID: 33902618 PMCID: PMC8074468 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a scarcity of device measured data on temporal changes in physical activity (PA) in large population-based samples. The purpose of this study is to describe gender and age-group specific temporal trends in device measured PA between 2005, 2011 and 2018 by comparing three nationally representative samples of children and adolescents. METHODS Norwegian children and adolescents (6, 9 and 15-year-olds) were invited to participate in 2005 (only 9- and 15-year-olds), 2011 and 2018 through cluster sampling (schools primary sampling units). A combined sample of 9500 individuals participated. Physical activity was assessed by hip worn accelerometers, with PA indices including overall PA (counts per minute), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), and PA guideline adherence (achieving on average ≥ 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous PA). Random-effects linear regressions and logistic regressions adjusted for school-level clusters were used to analyse temporal trends. FINDINGS In total, 8186 of the participating children and adolescents provided valid PA data. Proportions of sufficiently active 6-year-olds were almost identical in 2011 and 2018; boys 95% (95% CI: 92, 97) and 94% (95%CI: 92, 96) and girls 86% (95% CI: 83, 90) and 86% (95% CI: 82, 90). Proportions of sufficiently active 15-year-olds in 2005 and 2018 were 52% (95% CI: 46, 59) and 55% (95% CI: 48, 62) in boys, and 48% (95% CI: 42, 55) and 44% (95% CI: 37, 51) in girls, respectively, resulting from small differences in min/day of MVPA. Among 9-year-old boys and girls, proportions of sufficiently active declined between 2005 and 2018, from 90% (95% CI: 87, 93) to 84% (95% CI: 80, 87)) and 74% (95% CI: 69, 79) to 68% (95% CI: 64, 72), respectively. This resulted from 9.7 min/day less MVPA in boys (95% CI: - 14.8, - 4.7; p < 0.001) and 3.2 min/day less MVPA (95% CI: - 7.0, 0.7; p = 0.106) in girls. CONCLUSIONS PA levels have been fairly stable between 2005, 2011 and 2018 in Norwegian youth. However, the declining PA level among 9-year-old boys and the low proportion of 15-year-olds sufficiently active is concerning. To evaluate the effect of, and plan for new, PA promoting strategies, it is important to ensure more frequent, systematic, device-based monitoring of population-levels of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jostein Steene-Johannessen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sigmund Alfred Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørge Herman Hansen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Bratteteig
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emilie Mass Dalhaug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Eirik Dalene
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, PO Box 4014, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
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Sasayama K, Adachi M. Secular changes in total steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among fourth-grade students in Japan in 2003/2004 and 2016/2017. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:416-421. [PMID: 31838962 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1705053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
No study has investigated secular changes in both total steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among Japanese children. This study examined the secular changes of total steps and MVPA among fourth-grade students in Japan in 2003/2004 and 2016/2017. It was performed at a school in Okayama Prefecture in Japan. A total of 452 participants (226 boys and 226 girls; mean age, 9.6 ± 0.5 years) participated in the study. We measured total steps and MVPA of the participants by using the same methods in 2003/2004 and 2016/2017. An uniaxial accelerometer was used to measure total steps and MVPA. On weekdays and weekends, the total steps and MVPA were lowered by approximately 1,000-3,000 steps/day and 10 min/day, respectively, in boys and by 1,000 steps/day and 5 min/day, respectively, in girls in 2016/2017 in comparison to 2003/2004. In both boys and girls, the percentage of children meeting 60 minutes/day of MVPA decreased in 2016/2017(weekdays: boys 21.8%, girls 6.0%; weekends: boys 3.8%, girls 4.1%) compared with 2003/2004 (weekdays: boys 48.2%, girls 11.6%; weekends: boys 7.8%, girls 7.6%). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that total steps and MVPA of fourth-grade students in Japan were lower in 2016/2017 than in 2003/2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Sasayama
- Faculty of Education, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minoru Adachi
- Graduate School of Education, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Westerterp KR. Changes in physical activity over the lifespan: impact on body composition and sarcopenic obesity. Obes Rev 2018; 19 Suppl 1:8-13. [PMID: 30511504 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and body composition show a typical pattern over the lifecycle. Fat-free mass and physical performance generally peak in early adulthood. Here, evidence for a relation between physical activity changes over the life span and the development of sarcopenic obesity is presented. Activity-induced energy expenditure increases with body size and physical activity during growth. The physical activity level, calculated by expressing total energy expenditure as a multiple of resting energy expenditure, gradually increases from early age to adulthood to decrease again in old age. Habitual physical activity has a significant effect on growth of fat-free mass during adolescence and thus on peak fat-free mass and physical performance in early adulthood. Older subjects have a lower fat-free mass and lower physical activity levels but there is no association, suggesting physical activity does not protect against loss of lean body mass at higher age. Prevention of sarcopenic obesity starts with a physically active lifestyle to develop a healthy peak fat-free mass and subsequent prevention of excess fat gain. The change from a physically active to a more sedentary routine in later life requires restriction of energy intake to maintain energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Westerterp
- NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tanaka C, Tanaka M, Tanaka S. Objectively evaluated physical activity and sedentary time in primary school children by gender, grade and types of physical education lessons. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:948. [PMID: 30068319 PMCID: PMC6090761 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the typical school day, physical education (PE) gives children an opportunity for physical activity (PA) and reduces their sedentary time, but little is known about objectively evaluated PA and sedentary time during PE lessons and the differences across genders and grades. There is also a lack of research comparing PA and sedentary time among the different types of PE lessons. The primary aim of this study was to examine primary school students’ moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) levels and sedentary time during PE and whether there are gender or grade differences in a cross-sectional study. The secondary aim was to determine which types of PE lessons are best for increasing PA and reducing sedentary time. Methods Objectively evaluated MVPA and sedentary time during PE lessons in Japan with a triaxial accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA-350IT, Omron Healthcare) in girls (n = 221) and boys (n = 181). Minutes of sedentary time were categorized into metabolic equivalents (METs): categories ranged from sedentary time (METs ≤1.5) to MVPA (METs ≥3.0). Time tables and PE lesson types were evaluated using logs maintained by the class teachers. Results Time spent in MVPA and sedentary time were 27.3 and 24.3%, respectively. After adjustments for grade, relative body weight and school, boys spent significantly more time in MVPA compared with girls, but with an estimated mean difference of approximately 1 min. After adjustment for gender, relative body weight and school, the younger grades (1st and 2nd) spent significantly more time in MVPA and significantly less time in sedentary time compared with other grades. Moreover, after adjustments for gender, grade, relative body weight and school, the time spent in MVPA during gymnastic and track and field lessons was significantly lower than that during ball game lessons. Sedentary time during gymnastic lessons was significantly longer than in track and field and ball game lessons. Conclusions Children did not engage in much MVPA and also spent time in sedentary time during PE, but there are no gender differences. The children were most active during ball game lessons. Therefore, it is important to increase MVPA and reduce sedentary time during PE in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tanaka
- Division of Integrated Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0294, Japan.
| | - Maki Tanaka
- Department of Child Education, Kyoto Seibo College, 1 Taya-cho, Fukakusa Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, 612-0878, Japan
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
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Validity of a triaxial accelerometer and simplified physical activity record in older adults aged 64-96 years: a doubly labeled water study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2133-2146. [PMID: 30019086 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to examine the validity of a triaxial accelerometer (ACCTRI) and a simplified physical activity record (sPAR) in estimating total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) in older adults with the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. METHODS A total of 44 Japanese elderly individuals (64-96 years), of which 28 were community-dwelling healthy adults with or without sporting habits (S or NS group) and 16 were care home residents with frailty (F group), were included in the study. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, TEE was obtained by the DLW method, and PAL was calculated as TEE/BMR. Daily step count was monitored by a pedometer (Lifecorder). The 24-h average metabolic equivalent was assessed by ACCTRI and sPAR. RESULTS The TEEDLW in men was 2704 ± 353, 2308 ± 442, and 1795 ± 338 kcal d-1, and that in women was 2260 ± 208, 1922 ± 285, and 1421 ± 274 kcal d-1 for the S, NS, and F groups, respectively. ACCTRI and sPAR systematically underestimated actual TEE (- 14.2 ± 11.6 and - 15.3 ± 12.3% for ACCTRI and sPAR, respectively). After diet-induced thermogenesis was taken into account for ACCTRI and sPAR, TEEDLW was significantly correlated with TEEACCTRI (R2 = 0.714) and TEEsPAR (R2 = 0.668). PALDLW was also significantly correlated with PALACCTRI (R2 = 0.438) and PALsPAR (R2 = 0.402). CONCLUSIONS Age, living conditions, frailty, and sporting habits contribute to TEE and PAL in the elderly population. ACCTRI and sPAR underestimated TEE and PAL, and adequate corrections are required. The corrected ACCTRI and sPAR are both useful tools to estimate TEE and PAL.
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Park JH, Ishikawa-Takata K, Lee SJ, Kim EK, Lim KW, Kim HR, Lee IS, Tanaka S. Association between daily step counts and physical activity level among Korean elementary schoolchildren. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:51-55. [PMID: 27757388 PMCID: PMC5067418 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.09.20.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of the current study was to investigate steps per day (steps/d) and physical activity level (PAL) in Korean elementary school children having normal weight (normal-weight). We also clarified whether a gender difference exited between steps/d and PAL. [Methods] Children aged 9 to 12 y were recruited from two elementary schools located in different urban districts in Korea. The present study included 33 Korean children, of which 18 were normal-weight boys and 15 were normal-weight girls. During the same 1 week study period under free-living conditions the total energy expenditure (TEE) and step counts were estimated using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method and an accelerometer, respectively. We calculated PAL as the TEE/ resting metabolic rate. [Results] The range of PAL was 1.25 – 1.93 with a mean value of 1.57. None of the variables of energy expenditure was significantly different by sex. However, steps/d were significantly higher in boys than in girls. When adjusting regression analysis by gender, steps/ d were positively associated with PAL among all subjects (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). Furthermore, steps/d were positively associated with PAL in boys (r = 0.68, P < 0.01), but not in girls (r = 0.27, P = 0.34). [Conclusion] Our results suggest that locomotive activity may be the main contributor to the individual PAL differences for elementary school boys, while non-locomotive activity may be the main contributor for elementary school girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-hoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata
- Department of Nutritional Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo Japan
| | - Sang-jik Lee
- Division of Physical Education, Uiduk University, Gyeongju Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-kyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-won Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-ryul Kim
- Division of Physical Education, Uiduk University, Gyeongju Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sook Lee
- Division of Physical Education, Uiduk University, Gyeongju Republic of Korea
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo Japan
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