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Whittington KB, Prislovsky A, Beaty J, Albritton L, Radic M, Rosloniec EF. CD8 + T Cells Expressing an HLA-DR1 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Target Autoimmune CD4 + T Cells in an Antigen-Specific Manner and Inhibit the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:16-26. [PMID: 34819392 PMCID: PMC8702470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ag-specific immunotherapy is a long-term goal for the treatment of autoimmune diseases; however developing a means of therapeutically targeting autoimmune T cells in an Ag-specific manner has been difficult. Through the engineering of an HLA-DR1 chimeric Ag receptor (CAR), we have produced CD8+ CAR T cells that target CD4+ T cells in an Ag-specific manner and tested their ability to inhibit the development of autoimmune arthritis in a mouse model. The DR1 CAR molecule was engineered to contain CD3ζ activation and CD28 signaling domains and a covalently linked autoantigenic peptide from type II collagen (CII; DR1-CII) to provide specificity for targeting the autoimmune T cells. Stimulation of the DR1-CII CAR T cells by an anti-DR Ab induced cytokine production, indicating that the DR1-CAR functions as a chimeric molecule. In vitro CTL assays using cloned CD4+ T cells as target cells demonstrated that the DR1-CII CAR T cells efficiently recognize and kill CD4+ T cells that are specific for the CII autoantigen. The CTL function was highly specific, as no killing was observed using DR1-restricted CD4+ T cells that recognize other Ags. When B6.DR1 mice, in which autoimmune arthritis had been induced, were treated with the DR1-CII CAR T cells, the CII-specific autoimmune CD4+ T cell response was significantly decreased, autoantibody production was suppressed, and the incidence and severity of the autoimmune arthritis was diminished. These data demonstrate that HLA-DR CAR T cells have the potential to provide a highly specific therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Beaty
- Department of Medicine, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| | - Lorraine Albritton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| | - Edward F. Rosloniec
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis TN 38104,Department of Medicine, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
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2
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Zheng Y, Nandakumar KS, Cheng K. Optimization of CAR-T Cell-Based Therapies Using Small-Molecule-Based Safety Switches. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9577-9591. [PMID: 34191515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy has demonstrated antileukemia efficacy. However, this therapeutic approach is hampered by severe cytokine release syndrome, which is a major impediment to its widespread application in the clinic. The safety of this approach can be improved by engineering a rapid and reversible "off" or "on" safety switch for CAR-T cells. Cutting-edge investigations combining the advantages of genetic engineering and chemical technology have led to the invention of small-molecule-based safety switches for CAR-T cells. Small molecules such as FITC, folate, rimiducid, rapamycin, proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) compounds, and dasatinib are being investigated to design such safety switches. Optimized CAR-T cells may have enhanced therapeutic efficiency with fewer adverse effects. Herein we summarize and classify current novel small-molecule-based safety switches for CAR-T cells that aim to provide pharmacological control over the activities and toxicities associated with CAR-T cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Ambrose C, Su L, Wu L, Dufort FJ, Sanford T, Birt A, Hackel BJ, Hombach A, Abken H, Lobb RR, Rennert PD. Anti-CD19 CAR T cells potently redirected to kill solid tumor cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247701. [PMID: 33735268 PMCID: PMC7971483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful CAR T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors requires exemplary CAR T cell expansion, persistence and fitness, and the ability to target tumor antigens safely. Here we address this constellation of critical attributes for successful cellular therapy by using integrated technologies that simplify development and derisk clinical translation. We have developed a CAR-CD19 T cell that secretes a CD19-anti-Her2 bridging protein. This cell therapy strategy exploits the ability of CD19-targeting CAR T cells to interact with CD19 on normal B cells to drive expansion, persistence and fitness. The secreted bridging protein potently binds to Her2-positive tumor cells, mediating CAR-CD19 T cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Because of its short half-life, the secreted bridging protein will selectively accumulate at the site of highest antigen expression, ie. at the tumor. Bridging proteins that bind to multiple different tumor antigens have been created. Therefore, antigen-bridging CAR-CD19 T cells incorporate critical attributes for successful solid tumor cell therapy. This platform can be exploited to attack tumor antigens on any cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lentivirus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihe Su
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Lan Wu
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Fay J. Dufort
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Sanford
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Birt
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Roy R. Lobb
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Rennert
- Aleta Biotherapeutics, Natick, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Warda W, Da Rocha MN, Trad R, Haderbache R, Salma Y, Bouquet L, Roussel X, Nicod C, Deschamps M, Ferrand C. Overcoming target epitope masking resistance that can occur on low-antigen-expresser AML blasts after IL-1RAP chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy using the inducible caspase 9 suicide gene safety switch. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1365-1375. [PMID: 33414517 PMCID: PMC8636256 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor CAR) T cell immunotherapies are an undeniable and unequivocal success, knowledge obtained from the monitoring of the first clinical trials targeting the CD19 antigen in B malignancies, either refractory/relapsed acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) or lymphomas, contributed to the identification of tumor cell escape in about 30–50% of B-ALL. Resistance occurred due to loss of surface expression of the antigen (rCD19−) or to the early disappearance or inactivation of CAR T cells (rCD19+). In a recently reported clinical case, rCD19− relapse resulted from masking of the antigen by the CAR at the surface of B-ALL leukemia cells following the unexpected viral transduction of a leukemic cell present in the cytapheresis sample. The objective of this work was to reproduce this epitope-masking resistance model, in the context of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), based on our immunotherapeutic CAR T cell model targeting the accessory protein of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1RAP) expressed by leukemic stem cells. As AML primary blasts express different levels of IL-1RAP, we modeled transduction of different AML tumor cell lines screened for density of antigenic sites with our lentiviral vectors carrying a third-generation IL-1RAP CAR, an iCASP9 suicide gene, and a truncated CD19 surface gene. We demonstrated that primary AML blasts can be easily transduced (74.55 ± 21.29%, n = 4) and that CAR T cytotoxicity to IL-1RAP is inversely correlated with epitope masking in relation to the number of antigenic sites expressed on the surface of IL-1RAP+ lines. Importantly, we showed that, in vitro, a 24-h exposure of IL-1RAP+/CAR+ leukemia lines to Rimiducid eliminated >85% of the cells. We confirmed that the expression of IL-1RAP CAR by an IL-1RAP+ leukemic cell, by decreasing the membrane availability of the targeted antigen, can induce resistance while a high epitope density maintains sensitivity to CAR T cells. Moreover, the presence of the iCASP9/Rimiducid suicide system safety switch makes this immunotherapy approach safe for application in a future phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Warda
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Mathieu Neto Da Rocha
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Rim Trad
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Rafik Haderbache
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Yahya Salma
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), AZM Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Lebanese University, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Lucie Bouquet
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier Roussel
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.,Hematology Department, Hôpital Jean Minjoz, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Clémentine Nicod
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Marina Deschamps
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Ferrand
- INSERM UMR1098 Right, EFS BFC, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.
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5
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Andrea AE, Chiron A, Bessoles S, Hacein-Bey-Abina S. Engineering Next-Generation CAR-T Cells for Better Toxicity Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8620. [PMID: 33207607 PMCID: PMC7696189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoadoptive therapy with genetically modified T lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with hematologic cancers. Although clinical outcomes in B-cell malignancies are impressive, researchers are seeking to enhance the activity, persistence, and also safety of CAR-T cell therapy-notably with a view to mitigating potentially serious or even life-threatening adverse events like on-target/off-tumor toxicity and (in particular) cytokine release syndrome. A variety of safety strategies have been developed by replacing or adding various components (such as OFF- and ON-switch CARs) or by combining multi-antigen-targeting OR-, AND- and NOT-gate CAR-T cells. This research has laid the foundations for a whole new generation of therapeutic CAR-T cells. Here, we review the most promising CAR-T cell safety strategies and the corresponding preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut 1100, Lebanon;
| | - Andrada Chiron
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Stéphanie Bessoles
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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6
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Yu B, Jiang T, Liu D. BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:125. [PMID: 32943087 PMCID: PMC7499842 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a novel treatment target for multiple myeloma (MM) due to its highly selective expression in malignant plasma cells (PCs). Multiple BCMA-targeted therapeutics, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTE), have achieved remarkable clinical response in patients with relapsed and refractory MM. Belantamab mafodotin-blmf (GSK2857916), a BCMA-targeted ADC, has just been approved for highly refractory MM. In this article, we summarized the molecular and physiological properties of BCMA as well as BCMA-targeted immunotherapeutic agents in different stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Medicine, Lincoln Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Tianbo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY USA
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