Phthalimide analogs as probable 15-lipoxygenase-1 inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies

An Efficient Synthesis of 1-(1,3-Dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-aryl Urea Analogs as Anticancer and Antioxidant Agents: An Insight into Experimental and In Silico Studies

The present investigation reports the efficient multistep synthesis of 1-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-aryl urea analogs (7a-f) in good yields. All the 1-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-aryl urea analogs (7a-f) were characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Five among the six compounds were tested against 56 cancer cell lines at 10 µM as per the standard protocol. 1-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)urea (7c) exhibited moderate but significant anticancer activity against EKVX, CAKI-1, UACC-62, MCF7, LOX IMVI, and ACHN with percentage growth inhibitions (PGIs) of 75.46, 78.52, 80.81, 83.48, 84.52, and 89.61, respectively. Compound 7c was found to exhibit better anticancer activity than thalidomide against non-small cell lung, CNS, melanoma, renal, prostate, and breast cancer cell lines. It was also found to exhibit superior anticancer activity against melanoma cancer compared to imatinib. Among the tested compounds, the 4-bromosubstitution (7c) on the phenyl ring demonstrated good anticancer activity. Docking scores ranging from -6.363 to -7.565 kcal/mol were observed in the docking studies against the molecular target EGFR. The ligand 7c displayed an efficient binding against the EGFR with a docking score of -7.558 kcal/mol and displayed an H-bond interaction with Lys745 and the carbonyl functional group. Compound 7c demonstrated a moderate inhibition of EGFR with an IC50 of 42.91 ± 0.80 nM, in comparison to erlotinib (IC50 = 26.85 ± 0.72 nM), the standard drug. The antioxidant potential was also calculated for the compounds (7a-f), which exhibited good to low activity. 1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)urea (7f) and 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)urea (7d) demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 15.99 ± 0.10 and 16.05 ± 0.15 µM, respectively. The 2- and 4-methoxysubstitutions on the N-phenyl ring showed good antioxidant activity among the series of compounds (7a-f). An in silico ADMET prediction studies showed the compounds' adherence to Lipinski's rule of five: they were free from toxicities, including mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, and immunotoxicity, but not for hepatotoxicity. The toxicity prediction demonstrated LD50 values between 1000 and 5000 mg/Kg, putting the compounds either in class IV or class V toxicity classes. Our findings might create opportunities for more advancements in cancer therapeutics.

Thiadiazole derivatives as anticancer agents

In spite of substantial progress made toward understanding cancer pathogenesis, this disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel, more effective anticancer therapeutics. Thiadiazole ring is a versatile scaffold widely studied in medicinal chemistry. Mesoionic character of this ring allows thiadiazole-containing compounds to cross cellular membrane and interact strongly with biological targets. Consequently, these compounds exert a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review presents the current state of knowledge on thiadiazole derivatives that demonstrate in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy across the cancer models with an emphasis on targets of action. The influence of the substituent on the compounds' activity is depicted. Furthermore, the results from clinical trials assessing thiadiazole-containing drugs in cancer patients are summarized.

Assessment of pharmacological activity and bioavailability of the new derivative 1,3,4-thiadiazole

Introduction: Acexazolamide is a new derivative of 1,3,4-thiadiazole and acexamic acid.

Materials and methods: In animal experiments, acute toxicity, pharmacological activity and bioavailability of acexazolamide were evaluated. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed on the model of formalin edema of paw and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. Assessment of analgesic activity was carried out in a hot plate test in mice, chemical pain stimulation of the peritoneum and inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats. The antipyretic activity of acexazolamide was evaluated in a model of yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats. The anti-burn activity of acexazolamide was evaluated in a thermal skin burn model in rats. Bioavailability of acexazolamide with intragastric administration was determined in rabbits. The content of acetaxazolamide in blood plasma was determined by HPLC-MS/MS method.

Results and discussion: DL50 of acexazolamide after intragastric administration to mice was 860.99 (95% CIs, 462.2 to 1259.8) mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity of acexazolamide (21.5 mg/kg) with formalin-induced paw edema and fetal granuloma in rats was higher than that of ketoprofen (23.0 mg/kg). ED50 value for analgesic activity with acetic acid induced cortex was 24.99 (95% CIs: 15.31–34.68) mg/kg. With thermal stimulation of the paw in mice, the ED50 value was 25.56 (95% CIs: 15.13 to 35.98) mg/kg. ED50 value for antipyretic activity was 31.85 (95% CIs: 19.22–44.47) mg/kg. Acexazolamide (21.5 mg/kg) had a stimulating effect on the regeneration of damaged tissues in case of thermal skin burns. Bioavailability of acexazolamide (1 mg/kg) with intragastric administration was 37%.

Conclusion: Acexazolamide has the properties of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.