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Ibrahim AA, Adler W, Gaßner H, Rothhammer V, Kluge F, Eskofier BM. Association between cognition and gait in multiple sclerosis: A smartphone-based longitudinal analysis. Int J Med Inform 2023; 177:105145. [PMID: 37473657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait and cognition impairments are common problems among People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS). Previous studies have investigated cross-sectional associations between gait and cognition. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the longitudinal association between these factors in PwMS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore this longitudinal relationship using smartphone-based data from the Floodlight study. METHODS Using the publicly available Floodlight dataset, which contains smartphone-based longitudinal data, we used a linear mixed model to investigate the longitudinal relationship between cognition, measured by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and gait, measured by the 2 Minute Walking test (2 MW) step count and Five-U-Turn Test (FUTT) turning speed. Four mixed models were fitted to explore the association between: 1) SDMT and mean step count; 2) SDMT and variability of step count; 3) SDMT and mean FUTT turning speed; and 4) SDMT and variability of FUTT turningt speed. RESULTS After controlling for age, sex, weight, and height, there were significant correlations between SDMT and the variability of 2 MW step count, the mean of FUTT turning speed. No significant correlation was observed between SDMT and the 2 MW mean step count. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings support the evidence that gait and cognition are associated in PwMS. This may support clinicians to adjust treatment and intervention programs that address both gait and cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzhraa A Ibrahim
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany; Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Assiut University, Egypt.
| | - Werner Adler
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Heiko Gaßner
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany; Fraunhofer Institut for Integrated Circuits, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Felix Kluge
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bjoern M Eskofier
- Machine Learning and Data Analytics Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
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Levitch CF, Holland AA, Bledsoe J, Kim SY, Barnett M, Ramjan S, Sands SA. Comparison of neuropsychological functioning in pediatric posterior fossa tumor survivors: Medulloblastoma, low-grade astrocytoma, and healthy controls. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29491. [PMID: 34842359 PMCID: PMC10409501 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychological comparison of medulloblastoma (MB) and cerebellar low-grade astrocytoma (LGA) survivors to controls can clarify treatment-related neurocognitive late effects. While both brain tumor groups undergo surgery to the posterior fossa, children with MB additionally receive craniospinal irradiation with boost and chemotherapy. This study provides an updated comparison of neuropsychological functioning in these two groups and examines effects of demographic risk factors upon outcomes. PROCEDURE Forty-two children (16 MB, nine LGA, and 17 controls) completed measures of intellectual functioning, verbal learning/memory, visual-motor integration, and fine-motor functioning. The effects of age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, gender, fatigue, and social status on neuropsychological functioning were examined. RESULTS MB survivors demonstrated the worst neurocognitive late effects, but they were less severe and extensive than in prior studies. LGA survivors' mean scores were below normative expectations in working memory, processing speed, and fine-motor functioning. In this overall sample, processing speed difficulties were independent of fine-motor functioning and fatigue. Higher parental education was associated with better intellectual functioning, working memory, delayed recall, and visual-motor integration. Neuropsychological function was not associated with gender, age at diagnosis, or time since diagnosis. CONCLUSION The results support that contemporary treatment approaches with craniospinal irradiation plus boost and chemotherapy confer the greatest risk for late effects, while surgical resection is associated with subtle but important neurocognitive difficulties. Ultimately, this study furthers our understanding of factors impacting neuropsychological function in pediatric MB and LGA survivors and contributes to empirical support for close monitoring and targeted interventions into survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara F. Levitch
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alice Ann Holland
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, Texas
- Children’s Medical Center Dallas, Department of Psychiatry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jesse Bledsoe
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marie Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sameera Ramjan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen A. Sands
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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3
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Chirino-Pérez A, Marrufo-Meléndez OR, Muñoz-López JI, Hernandez-Castillo CR, Ramirez-Garcia G, Díaz R, Nuñez-Orozco L, Fernandez-Ruiz J. Mapping the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Cerebellar Strokes. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:208-218. [PMID: 34109552 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS) has been consistently described in patients with acute/subacute cerebellar injuries. However, studies with chronic patients have had controversial findings that have not been explored with new cerebellar-target tests, such as the CCAS scale (CCAS-S). The objective of this research is to prove and contrast the usefulness of the CCAS-S and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test to evaluate cognitive/affective impairments in patients with chronic acquired cerebellar lesions, and to map the cerebellar areas whose lesions correlated with dysfunctions in these tests. CCAS-S and MoCA were administrated to 22 patients with isolated chronic cerebellar strokes and a matched comparison group. The neural bases underpinning both tests were explored with multivariate lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) methods. MoCA and CCAS-S had an adequate test performance with efficient discrimination between patients and healthy volunteers. However, only impairments determined by the CCAS-S resulted in significant regional localization within the cerebellum. Specifically, patients with chronic cerebellar lesions in right-lateralized posterolateral regions manifested cognitive impairments inherent to CCAS. These findings concurred with the anterior-sensorimotor/posterior-cognitive dichotomy in the human cerebellum and revealed clinically intra- and cross-lobular significant regions (portions of right lobule VI, VII, Crus I-II) for verbal tasks that overlap with the "language" functional boundaries in the cerebellum. Our findings prove the usefulness of MoCA and CCAS-S to reveal cognitive impairments in patients with chronic acquired cerebellar lesions. This study extends the understanding of long-term CCAS and introduces multivariate LSM methods to identify clinically intra- and cross-lobular significant regions underpinning chronic CCAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Chirino-Pérez
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Physiology Department, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Oscar René Marrufo-Meléndez
- Neuroimaging Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - José Ignacio Muñoz-López
- Neuroimaging Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", 14269, Mexico city, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriel Ramirez-Garcia
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Physiology Department, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Rosalinda Díaz
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Physiology Department, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Lilia Nuñez-Orozco
- Neurology Service, National Medical Center 20 de Noviembre, Institute of Social Security and Services for State Workers, 03229, Mexico city, Mexico
| | - Juan Fernandez-Ruiz
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Physiology Department, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico city, Mexico. .,School of Psychology, Universidad Veracruzana, 91097, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Toniolo S, Serra L, Olivito G, Marra C, Bozzali M, Cercignani M. Patterns of Cerebellar Gray Matter Atrophy Across Alzheimer's Disease Progression. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:430. [PMID: 30515080 PMCID: PMC6255820 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in cognitive function has been broadly investigated in the last decades from an anatomical, clinical, and functional point of view and new evidence points toward a significant contribution of the posterior lobes of the cerebellum in cognition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present work we used SUIT-VBM (spatially unbiased infratentorial template, voxel-based morphometry) to perform an analysis of the pattern of cerebellar gray matter (GM) atrophy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and AD dementia patients compared to healthy subjects (HS), in order to follow the changes of non-motor features of cerebellar degeneration throughout disease progression. This template has been validated to guarantee a significant improvement in voxel-to-voxel alignment of the individual fissures and the deep cerebellar nuclei compared to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) whole-brain template. Our analysis shows a progression of cerebellar GM volume changes throughout a continuous spectrum from early to late clinical stages of AD. In particular vermis and paravermian areas of the anterior (I-V) and posterior (VI) lobes are involved since the a-MCI stage, with a later involvement of the hemispheric part of the posterior lobes (VI lobule) and Crus I in AD dementia patients only. These findings support the role of the cerebellum in higher-level functions, and whilst confirming previous data on the involvement of Crus I in AD dementia, provide new evidence of an involvement of the vermis in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Toniolo
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Serra
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Marra
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Apps R, Hawkes R, Aoki S, Bengtsson F, Brown AM, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Isope P, Jörntell H, Lackey EP, Lawrenson C, Lumb B, Schonewille M, Sillitoe RV, Spaeth L, Sugihara I, Valera A, Voogd J, Wylie DR, Ruigrok TJH. Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper [corrected]. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:654-682. [PMID: 29876802 PMCID: PMC6132822 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sho Aoki
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bengtsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bridget Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ludovic Spaeth
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Valera
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan Voogd
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas R. Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Tom J. H. Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Serati M, Delvecchio G, Orsenigo G, Perlini C, Barillari M, Ruggeri M, Altamura AC, Bellani M, Brambilla P. Potential Gender-Related Aging Processes Occur Earlier and Faster in the Vermis of Patients with Bipolar Disorder: An MRI Study. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 75:32-38. [PMID: 28803247 DOI: 10.1159/000477967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decades, there has been increasing interest in investigating the role of the vermis in bipolar disorder (BD), especially because of its involvement in cognitive processes. The main aims of this study were to explore the integrity of the vermis and elucidate the role of demographic and clinical variables on vermis volumes in BD patients, stratified according to gender. METHODS T1-weighted images were obtained for 38 BD patients and 38 healthy controls using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. Images were analyzed with a PC workstation with BRAINS2 software on a Linux system. Anatomical regions were traced manually from a blinded operator, with respect to subject identity and other clinical variables. RESULTS The direct comparison between the 2 groups showed no significant gray matter differences in vermis volumes. Interestingly, vermis volumes were significantly inversely associated with chronological age and age of BD onset, particularly in male subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of the impact of aging on the vermis in BD, potentially related to earlier and faster gender-related neurodegenerative phenomena occurring during the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serati
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Zhang F, Li J, Na S, Wu J, Yang Z, Xie X, Wan Y, Li K, Yue J. The Involvement of PPARs in the Selective Regulation of Brain CYP2D by Growth Hormone. Neuroscience 2018; 379:115-125. [PMID: 29555426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain CYP2D is responsible for the synthesis of endogenous neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. This study is to investigate the effects of cerebral CYP2D on mouse behavior and the mechanism whereby growth hormone regulates brain CYP2D. The inhibition of cerebellar CYP2D significantly affected the spatial learning and exploratory behavior of mice. CYP2D expression was lower in the brain in GHR-/- mice than that in WT mice; however, hepatic CYP2D levels were similar. Brain PPARα expression in male GHR-/- mice were markedly higher than those in WT mice, while brain PPARγ levels were decreased or unchanged in different regions. However, both hepatic PPARα and PPARγ in male GHR-/- mice were markedly higher than those in WT mice. Pulsatile GH decreased the PPARα mRNA level and increased the mRNA levels of CYP2D6 and PPARγ in SH-SY5Y cells. A luciferase assay showed that PPARγ activated the CYP2D6 gene promoter while PPARα inhibited its function. Pulsatile GH decreased the binding of PPARα to the CYP2D6 promoter by 40% and promoted the binding of PPARγ to the CYP2D6 promoter by approximately 60%. The male GH secretory pattern altered PPAR expression and the binding of PPARs to the CYP2D promoter, leading to the elevation of brain CYP2D in a tissue-specific manner. Growth hormone may alter the learning and memory functions in patients receiving GH replacement therapy via brain CYP2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shufang Na
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheqiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xianfei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ke Li
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan 430060, China.
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8
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Hsieh KL, Sun R, Sosnoff JJ. Cognition is associated with gait variability in individuals with multiple sclerosis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1503-1508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent M Vacca
- Vincent M. Vacca, Jr., is a clinical nurse educator in the Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit at Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
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10
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Pibiri V, Gerosa C, Vinci L, Faa G, Ambu R. Immunoreactivity pattern of calretinin in the developing human cerebellar cortex. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:228-234. [PMID: 28174028 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of the calcium-binding protein calretinin during human cerebellar development has been investigated in this study. Human cerebellum samples, obtained from 7 fetuses and newborns ranging from 11 to 38 weeks of gestation, were 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed and paraffin-embedded. 3μm-tick sections were immunostained with an anti-calretinin antibody. Our study evidenced a different immunoreactivity for calretinin in Purkinje cells and in several cerebellar interneurons at different intrauterine developmental stages. Whereas at 11 weeks of gestation calretinin immunoreactivity was not detected in the developing cerebellum, from the 18th to the 24th week, calretinin expression was found in Purkinje cells migrating from the ventricular neuroepithelium and in migrating cerebellar interneurons. From the 30th to the 38th week, calretinin was expressed by most of Purkinje cells and by migrating cerebellar interneurons. Furthermore, granule cells in the internal granular layer were also immunoreactive for calretinin. Our data show that calretinin, other than for developing Purkinje cells, is a useful marker also for migrating cerebellar interneurons and for some neuronal elements related to the granular layer. Moreover, given the critical role of calcium in a great variety of neuronal processes in the central nervous system, our findings suggest that calretinin may play a pivotal role in the regulation of neuronal excitability during intrauterine cerebellar development.
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