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Demico PJ, Oliveira IN, Proença-Hirata VS, Dias SR, Ghirotti HA, Silva EO, Giometti IC, Pacagnelli FL, Torres-Bonilla KA, Hyslop S, Galizio NC, de Morais-Zani K, Pucca MB, Rocha AM, Maciel JB, Sartim MA, Monteiro WM, Floriano RS. Comparative Analysis of the Enzymatic, Coagulant, and Neuromuscular Activities of Two Variants of Crotalus durissus ruruima Venom and Antivenom Efficacy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2025; 18:54. [PMID: 39861117 PMCID: PMC11768973 DOI: 10.3390/ph18010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background: We compared the enzymatic, coagulant, and neuromuscular activities of two variants (yellow-CDRy and white-CDRw) of Crotalus durissus ruruima venom with a sample of C. d. terrificus (CDT) venom and examined their neutralization by antivenom against CDT venom. Methods: The venoms were screened for enzymatic and coagulant activities using standard assays, and electrophoretic profiles were compared by SDS-PAGE. Neutralization was assessed by preincubating venoms with crotalic antivenom and assaying the residual activity. Results: SDS-PAGE showed that the venoms had similar electrophoretic profiles, with the main bands being phospholipase A2 (PLA2), serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), and phosphodiesterase. CDRy venom had the highest proteolytic and LAAO activities, CDRw venom had greater PLA2 and esterolytic activities at the highest quantity tested, and CDT had greater PLA2 activity than CDRy. CDRw and CDT venoms had similar proteolytic and LAAO activities, and CDRy and CDT venoms had comparable esterolytic activity. None of the venoms altered the prothrombin time (PT), but all of them decreased the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT); this activity was neutralized by antivenom. The minimum coagulant dose potency was CDRw >> CDRy > CDT. All venoms had thrombin-like activity that was attenuated by antivenom. CDRy and CDRw venoms showed α-fibrinogenolytic activity. All venoms partially cleaved the β-chain. CDRy and CDT venoms caused neuromuscular facilitation (enhanced muscle contractions) followed by complete blockade, whereas CDRw venom caused only blockade. Antivenom neutralized the neuromuscular activity to varying degrees. Conclusions: These findings indicate that while CDR and CDT venoms share similarities, they also differ in some enzymatic and biological activities and in neutralization by antivenom. Some of these differences could influence the clinical manifestations of envenomation by C. d. ruruima and their neutralization by the currently used therapeutic antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana J. Demico
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Isabele N. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Vitória S. Proença-Hirata
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Samuel R. Dias
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Hugo A. Ghirotti
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Elisangela O. Silva
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Inês C. Giometti
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Francis L. Pacagnelli
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
| | - Kristian A. Torres-Bonilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil; (K.A.T.-B.); (S.H.)
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil; (K.A.T.-B.); (S.H.)
| | - Nathália C. Galizio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil; (N.C.G.); (K.d.M.-Z.)
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil; (N.C.G.); (K.d.M.-Z.)
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Anderson M. Rocha
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (J.B.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Jéssica B. Maciel
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (J.B.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (J.B.M.); (M.A.S.)
- Department of Research and Development, Nilton Lins Foundation, Manaus 69058-030, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, State University of Amazonas (UEA), Manaus 69850-000, AM, Brazil; (A.M.R.); (J.B.M.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Rafael S. Floriano
- Laboratory of Toxinology and Cardiovascular Research, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente 19050-680, SP, Brazil; (P.J.D.); (I.N.O.); (V.S.P.-H.); (S.R.D.); (H.A.G.); (E.O.S.); (I.C.G.); (F.L.P.)
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Noonin C, Kapincharanon C, Sueksakit K, Kanlaya R, Thongboonkerd V. Application of tandem fast protein liquid chromatography to purify intact native monomeric/aggregated Tamm-Horsfall protein from human urine and systematic comparisons with diatomaceous earth adsorption and salt precipitation: yield, purity and time-consumption. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3359-3367. [PMID: 34296239 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) is a high-abundance urinary protein. Although its functions have been studied for years, several aspects of these remain unclear. To achieve more knowledge on THP functions, an effective isolation/purification method providing a high yield and high purity is required. This is the first report that applied tandem fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) (by combining Mono Q anion-exchange with Superdex 200 size-exclusion columns in a tandem manner) to isolate intact THP from human urine. Its efficiency was then systematically compared with that of two conventional methods, diatomaceous earth (DE) adsorption and salt precipitation. The first ever systematic comparisons among the three methods revealed that, while Mono Q-Superdex 200 tandem FPLC offered the lowest %yield and was most time-consuming, it provided substantially high %purity and could selectively purify the monomeric and aggregated forms of urinary THP. On the other hand, DE adsorption provided the highest %yield and %purity, whereas salt precipitation offered the lowest %purity. In summary, the tandem FPLC system is most useful for selective purification of the monomeric and aggregated forms of urinary THP for further functional study, whereas DE adsorption remains the method of choice for general purification of THP from human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadanat Noonin
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Hashmi SU, Alvi A, Munir I, Perveen M, Fazal A, Jackson TNW, Ali SA. Functional venomics of the Big-4 snakes of Pakistan. Toxicon 2020; 179:60-71. [PMID: 32173354 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In South Asia, the "Big-4" venomous snakes Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus, Daboia russelii, and Echis carinatus are so-called because they are the most medically important snakes in the region. Antivenom is the only effective treatment option for snakebite envenoming but antivenom is not produced domestically in Pakistan making the country reliant on polyvalent products imported from India and Saudi Arabia. The present study investigated the toxin composition and activity of the venoms of Pakistani specimens by means of proteomic and physio/pharmacological experiments. To evaluate the composition of venoms, 1D/2D-PAGE of crude venoms and RP-HPLC followed by SDS-PAGE were performed. Enzymatic, hemolytic, coagulant and platelet aggregating activities of crude venoms were assayed and were concordant with expectations based on the abundance of protein species in each. Neutralization assays were performed using Bharat polyvalent antivenom (BPAV), a product raised against venoms from Big-4 specimens from southern India. BPAV exhibited cross-reactivity against the Pakistani venoms, however, neutralization of clinically relevant activities was variable and rarely complete. Cumulatively, the presented data not only highlight geographical variations present in the venoms of the Big-4 snakes of South Asia, but also demonstrate the neutralization potential of Indian polyvalent against the venom of Pakistani specimens. Given the partial neutralization observed, it is clear that whilst BPAV is a life-saving product in Pakistan, in future it is hoped that a region-specific product might be manufactured domestically, using venoms of local snakes in the immunising mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda U Hashmi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Areej Alvi
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Perveen
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amaila Fazal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Syed A Ali
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Fatal Rattlesnake Envenomation in Northernmost Brazilian Amazon: A Case Report and Literature Overview. REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/reports3020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomations are classified as Category A Neglected Tropical Diseases by the World Health Organization. In Brazil, 405 snake species are distributed among 11 families, with the genera Bothrops and Crotalus being the most studied and main responsible for severe and lethal envenomations. In the country, Crotalus genus (i.e., rattlesnakes) is represented by Crotalus durissus species, showing seven different subspecies distributed along the country, including Crotalus durissus ruruima, which inhabits Roraima, the Brazilian nothermost state from Amazon forest. Here, we report a fatal case of a severe envenomation following a rattlesnake bite. The patient presented classic crotalic neurological signs and symptoms such as ptosis, drooling of saliva, sluggishness, macroscopic hematuria, and oliguria, which evolved to acute kidney failure (AKF) and hemodynamic instability. Although the patient was treated with the specific antivenom therapy, the severe envenomation resulted in three cardiac arrests and death of the victim in less than 38 h. This study discusses the causes of the patient death, the features of rattlesnake venom-induced AKF, and shows evidences that the Brazilian crotalic antivenom should be improved to treat rattlesnake envenomations caused by C. d. ruruima venom in Roraima state.
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