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Anghelescu NE, Balogh L, Balogh M, Kigyossy N, Georgescu MI, Petra SA, Toma F, Peticila AG. Gymnadenia winkeliana-A New Orchid Species to Romanian Flora. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1363. [PMID: 38794434 PMCID: PMC11125076 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel species, Gymnadenia winkeliana, has been identified in the Bucegi Natural Park ROSCI0013, located in the Southern Carpathians of Central Romania. Two moderately sized populations of Gymnadenia winkeliana, totalling 120-140 individuals, were discovered inhabiting the alpine grasslands of the park, situated 2.000 m above sea level. To describe this newly found population as comprehensively as possible, 44 vegetative and floral organs/organ parts were directly studied and measured from living plants. Special attention was focused on the characteristics that proved to have taxonomic significance, particularly those involving distinctive details in the morphology of the leaves, perianth, labellum and gynostemium. A total of 223 characteristics were analysed encompassing the morphology of every organ of the plant, cytology and breeding system. Furthermore, comprehensive taxonomic treatment and description, accompanied by colour photographs illustrating the holotype, are provided. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest (USAMVB Herbarium barcode: 40102, NEA); Gymnadenia winkeliana, a (micro)endemic species, is characterized as a putative allogamous, facultatively apomict that significantly differs from other Gymnadenia R.Br. species found in Romania. Notably, it distinguishes itself through its smaller habitus (reaching heights of up to 8-10 cm), its two-coloured, rounded/hemispherical inflorescence displaying a gradient of pink hues in an acropetal fashion (ranging from whitish-pink at the base to vivid-pink at the topmost flowers), and its limited distribution in high-altitude areas, encompassing approximately 8-10 km2 in the central area of the Bucegi Natural Park. This species has been under observation since 2005, with observed population numbers showing a significant increase over time, from ca. 50-55 (counted at the time of its discovery) to 120-140 individuals (counted in June 2023). Additionally, comprehensive information regarding the habitat, ecology, phenology and IUCN conservation assessments of Gymnadenia winkeliana are provided, including maps illustrating its distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E. Anghelescu
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lori Balogh
- Association “Comori de pe Valea Prahovei”, 106100 Sinaia, Romania
| | - Mihaela Balogh
- Association “Comori de pe Valea Prahovei”, 106100 Sinaia, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela I. Georgescu
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina A. Petra
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Toma
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian G. Peticila
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Zhao DK, Mou ZM, Ruan YL. Orchids acquire fungal carbon for seed germination: pathways and players. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00029-3. [PMID: 38423891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To germinate in nature, orchid seeds strictly rely on seed germination-promoting orchid mycorrhizal fungi (sgOMFs) for provision of carbon nutrients. The underlying delivery pathway, however, remains elusive. We develop here a plausible model for sugar transport from sgOMFs to orchid embryonic cells to fuel germination. Orchids exploit sgOMFs to induce the formation of pelotons, elaborate intracellular hyphal coils in orchid embryos. The colonized orchid cells then obtain carbon nutrients by uptake from living hyphae and peloton lysis, primarily as glucose derived from fungal trehalose hydrolyzed by orchid-specific trehalases. The uptake of massive fungally derived glucose is likely to be mediated by two classes of membrane proteins, namely, sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) and H+-hexose symporters. The proposed model serves as a launch pad for further research to better understand and improve orchid seed germination and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Zong-Min Mou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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3
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Doll NM, Nowack MK. Endosperm cell death: roles and regulation in angiosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024:erae052. [PMID: 38364847 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Double fertilization in angiosperms results in the formation of a second zygote, the fertilized endosperm. Unlike its embryo sibling, the endosperm is a transient structure that eventually undergoes developmentally controlled programmed cell death (PCD) at specific time points of seed development or germination. The nature of endosperm PCD exhibits a considerable diversity, both across different angiosperm taxa and within distinct endosperm tissues. In endosperm-less species, PCD might cause central cell degeneration as a mechanism preventing the formation of a fertilized endosperm. In most other angiosperms, embryo growth necessitates the elimination of surrounding endosperm cells. Nevertheless, complete elimination of the endosperm is rare, and in most cases, specific endosperm tissues persist. In mature seeds, these persisting cells may be dead, such as the starchy endosperm in cereals, or remain alive to die only during germination, like the cereal aleurone or the endosperm of castor beans. In this review, we explore the current knowledge surrounding the cellular, molecular, and genetic aspects of endosperm PCD, and the influence environmental stresses have on PCD processes. Overall, this review provides an exhaustive overview of endosperm PCD processes in angiosperms, shedding light on its diverse mechanisms and its significance in seed development and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Doll
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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Guo B, Chen H, Yin Y, Wang W, Zeng S. Tissue Culture via Protocorm-like Bodies in an Orchids Hybrids Paphiopedilum SCBG Huihuang90. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:197. [PMID: 38256752 PMCID: PMC10820522 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study successfully established an efficient in vitro propagation system for Paphiopedilum SCBG Huihuang90 via protocorm-like body (PLB) formation from seed-derived calluses, PLB proliferation and differentiation, root induction and greenhouse acclimatization. Furthermore, 1/2 Murashige and Skoog (MS) + 0.025 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was suitable for the proliferation of PLBs, and 1/2MS + 10% coconut water (CW, v/v) + 0.5 g/L activated carbon (AC) was suitable for PLB differentiation. PLBs at different developmental stages required different kinds of sugars. This study provided a reference for research on the propagation techniques of other Paphiopedilum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyi Guo
- Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Landscape Plant Germplasm Resource Nursery, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510540, China; (B.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Landscape Plant Germplasm Resource Nursery, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510540, China; (B.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Yuying Yin
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Landscape Plant Germplasm Resource Nursery, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510540, China; (B.G.); (H.C.)
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
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Shi L, Zhao Z, Yang L, Ding G, Xing X. Bioactive steroids from seed germination supporting fungus ( Ceratobasidium GS2) of the terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. Mycology 2024; 14:371-380. [PMID: 38187881 PMCID: PMC10769133 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2254893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Almost all orchids rely on mycorrhizal fungus to support their seed germination. To date, the effect of active components in mycorrhizal fungus on orchid seed germination largely remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of active components found in mycorrhizal fungus on orchid seed germination. Specifically, we focused on a terrestrial orchid Gymnadenia conopsea and its host-specific seed germination supporting fungus Ceratobasidium GS2. In total, several steroids (1-7) were isolated from this fungus. Notably, compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 exhibited significant enhancements in protocorm volume. Moreover, compounds 1-6 demonstrated strong promotion of protocorm differentiation. These findings suggest that steroids may play a crucial role in the symbiotic germination of G. conopsea seeds. Future studies should continue to explore the specific mechanisms through which these steroids exert their effects, contributing to our understanding of orchid biology and mycorrhizal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Luna Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Miura C, Furui Y, Yamamoto T, Kanno Y, Honjo M, Yamaguchi K, Suetsugu K, Yagame T, Seo M, Shigenobu S, Yamato M, Kaminaka H. Autoactivation of mycorrhizal symbiosis signaling through gibberellin deactivation in orchid seed germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:546-563. [PMID: 37776523 PMCID: PMC10756758 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Orchids parasitically depend on external nutrients from mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination. Previous findings suggest that orchids utilize a genetic system of mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, in which the plant hormone gibberellin (GA) negatively affects fungal colonization and development, to establish parasitic symbiosis. Although GA generally promotes seed germination in photosynthetic plants, previous studies have reported low sensitivity of GA in seed germination of mycoheterotrophic orchids where mycorrhizal symbiosis occurs concurrently. To elucidate the connecting mechanisms of orchid seed germination and mycorrhizal symbiosis at the molecular level, we investigated the effect of GA on a hyacinth orchid (Bletilla striata) seed germination and mycorrhizal symbiosis using asymbiotic and symbiotic germination methods. Additionally, we compared the transcriptome profiles between asymbiotically and symbiotically germinated seeds. Exogenous GA negatively affected seed germination and fungal colonization, and endogenous bioactive GA was actively converted to the inactive form during seed germination. Transcriptome analysis showed that B. striata shared many of the induced genes between asymbiotically and symbiotically germinated seeds, including GA metabolism- and signaling-related genes and AM-specific marker homologs. Our study suggests that orchids have evolved in a manner that they do not use bioactive GA as a positive regulator of seed germination and instead autoactivate the mycorrhizal symbiosis pathway through GA inactivation to accept the fungal partner immediately during seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Miura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuki Furui
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaya Honjo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | | | - Mitsunori Seo
- Dormancy and Adaptation Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Nakagami-gun 903-0213, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahide Yamato
- Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Unused Bioresource Utilization Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
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7
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Zhou R, Zhao G, Zheng S, Xie S, Lu C, Liu S, Wang Z, Niu J. Comprehensive Functional Analysis of the bZIP Family in Bletilla striata Reveals That BsbZIP13 Could Respond to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15202. [PMID: 37894883 PMCID: PMC10607107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest families involved in plant physiological processes such as biotic and abiotic responses, growth, and development, etc. In this study, 66 members of the bZIP family were identified in Bletilla striata, which were divided into 10 groups based on their phylogenetic relationships with AtbZIPs. A structural analysis of BsbZIPs revealed significant intron-exon differences among BsbZIPs. A total of 63 bZIP genes were distributed across 16 chromosomes in B. striata. The tissue-specific and germination stage expression patterns of BsbZIPs were based on RNA-seq. Stress-responsive expression analysis revealed that partial BsbZIPs were highly expressed under low temperatures, wounding, oxidative stress, and GA treatments. Furthermore, subcellular localization studies indicated that BsbZIP13 was localized in the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays suggested that BsbZIP13 could interact with multiple BsSnRK2s. The results of this study provide insightful data regarding bZIP TF as one of the stress response regulators in B. striata, while providing a theoretical basis for transgenic and functional studies of the bZIP gene family in B. striata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Siting Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Siyuan Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Chan Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Xi’an 710119, China; (R.Z.); (G.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.X.); (C.L.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
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8
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Zeng D, Si C, Zhang M, Duan J, He C. ERF5 enhances protocorm-like body regeneration via enhancement of STM expression in Dendrobium orchid. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2071-2085. [PMID: 37212722 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Orchid plants develop protocorms upon germination and produce protocorm-like structures called protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) from protocorms and somatic cells via tissue culture. Protocorm-like bodies have broad technical application potential in the orchid industry and their regeneration is a distinct developmental process in the plant kingdom. However, little is known about this unparalleled developmental program. In this study, we identified a PLB-abundant gene, ethylene response factor (ERF), and a transcription factor named DoERF5, and determined its important role in PLB regeneration in Dendrobium orchid. Overexpression of DoERF5 in Dendrobium greatly enhanced the PLB regeneration from PLB and stem explants, and upregulated the expression of WOUND-INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION (DoWIND) homologs and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (DoSTM), as well as the genes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis (DoIPT) and the cytokinin response factors (DoARRs). However, silencing DoERF5 reduced the regeneration rate of PLBs, and downregulated the expression of DoWIND homologs, DoSTM and DoARRs. We demonstrated that DoERF5 is directly bound to the DoSTM promoter and regulates its expression. In addition, overexpression of DoSTM in Dendrobium orchid resulted in favorable regeneration of PLBs. Our results clarify that DoERF5 regulates the regeneration of PLB by enhancing DoSTM expression. Our findings provide new insights into how DoERF5 mediates PLB regeneration and offers technical potential in improving clonal propagation, preservation, and the bioengineering of orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Can Si
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mingze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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9
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Xu ZX, Zhu XM, Yin H, Li B, Chen XJ, Fan XL, Li NQ, Selosse MA, Gao JY, Han JJ. Symbiosis between Dendrobium catenatum protocorms and Serendipita indica involves the plant hypoxia response pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2554-2568. [PMID: 36988071 PMCID: PMC10315314 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizae are ubiquitous symbioses established between fungi and plant roots. Orchids, in particular, require compatible mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and protocorm development. Unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which have wide host ranges, orchid mycorrhizal fungi are often highly specific to their host orchids. However, the molecular mechanism of orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis is largely unknown compared to that of arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis. Here, we report that an endophytic Sebacinales fungus, Serendipita indica, promotes seed germination and the development of protocorms into plantlets in several epiphytic Epidendroideae orchid species (6 species in 2 genera), including Dendrobium catenatum, a critically endangered orchid with high medicinal value. Although plant-pathogen interaction and high meristematic activity can induce the hypoxic response in plants, it has been unclear whether interactions with beneficial fungi, especially mycorrhizal ones, also involve the hypoxic response. By studying the symbiotic relationship between D. catenatum and S. indica, we determined that hypoxia-responsive genes, such as those encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), are highly induced in symbiotic D. catenatum protocorms. In situ hybridization assay indicated that the ADH gene is predominantly expressed in the basal mycorrhizal region of symbiotic protocorms. Additionally, the ADH inhibitors puerarin and 4-methylpyrazole both decreased S. indica colonization in D. catenatum protocorms. Thus, our study reveals that S. indica is widely compatible with orchids and that ADH and its related hypoxia-responsive pathway are involved in establishing successful symbiotic relationships in germinating orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin-Meng Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huachun Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xu-Li Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Neng-Qi Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Jiang-Yun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jia-Jia Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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10
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Kambara K, Fujino K, Shimura H. Construction of a de novo assembly pipeline using multiple transcriptome data sets from Cypripedium macranthos (Orchidaceae). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286804. [PMID: 37279244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Orchidaceae comprises the most species of any monocotyledonous family and has interesting characteristics such as seed germination induced by mycorrhizal fungi and flower morphology that co-adapted with pollinators. In orchid species, genomes have been decoded for only a few horticultural species, and there is little genetic information available. Generally, for species lacking sequenced genomes, gene sequences are predicted by de novo assembly of transcriptome data. Here, we devised a de novo assembly pipeline for transcriptome data from the wild orchid Cypripedium (lady slipper orchid) in Japan by mixing multiple data sets and integrating assemblies to create a more complete and less redundant contig set. Among the assemblies generated by combining various assemblers, Trinity and IDBA-Tran yielded good assembly with higher mapping rates and percentages of BLAST hit contigs and complete BUSCO. Using this contig set as a reference, we analyzed differential gene expression between protocorms grown aseptically or with mycorrhizal fungi to detect gene expressions required for mycorrhizal interaction. A pipeline proposed in this study can construct a highly reliable contig set with little redundancy even when multiple transcriptome data are mixed, and can provide a reference that is adaptable to DEG analysis and other downstream analysis in RNA-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Kambara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo, Japan
| | - Kaien Fujino
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hanako Shimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Šoch J, Šonka J, Ponert J. Acid scarification as a potent treatment for an in vitro germination of mature endozoochorous Vanilla planifolia seeds. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:9. [PMID: 37067667 PMCID: PMC10110789 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vanilla planifolia is the most widely cultivated species of vanilla with high economic importance. However, seed germination under artificial conditions is difficult and yields low germination percentages. The seeds are adapted to endozoochorous dispersal, and we therefore tried to simulate the conditions in the digestive tract by acid scarification of seeds. RESULTS Immature seeds lacking dormancy, used as a control, showed the highest germination percentage. Among the treatments tested for mature seeds, the hydrochloric acid treatments were significantly the best in breaking dormancy and inducing germination, irrespective of the acid concentration and the presence of pepsin. Conventional treatment with a hypochlorite solution induced much lower germination percentage. Sulphuric acid at concentration 50% was too strong and caused damage to the seeds. Important factor is also high cultivation temperature 30 °C as there was nearly no germination at 25 °C. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol significantly improves the efficiency of generative propagation of vanilla and allows for significantly higher germination percentages than previously described. The strongly positive effect of hydrochloric acid may be related to the adaptation of seeds to endozoochorous dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šoch
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Šonka
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Prague Botanical Garden, Trojská 800/196, 171 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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12
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Mehbub H, Akter A, Akter MA, Mandal MSH, Hoque MA, Tuleja M, Mehraj H. Tissue Culture in Ornamentals: Cultivation Factors, Propagation Techniques, and Its Application. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11233208. [PMID: 36501247 PMCID: PMC9736077 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ornamentals come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors to suit a wide range of climates, landscapes, and gardening needs. Compared to demand, a shortage of plant materials and diversity force the search for solutions for their constant acquisition and improvement to increase their commercial value, respectively. In vitro cultures are a suitable solution to meet expectations using callus culture, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture, and the organogenesis of protocorm-like bodies; many of these techniques are commercially practiced. Factors such as culture media, explants, carbohydrates, plant growth regulators, and light are associated with the success of in vitro propagation. Techniques, especially embryo rescue and somatic hybridization, are widely used to improve ornamentals. The development of synthetic seed allows season-independent seed production and preservation in the long term. Despite the advantages of propagation and the improvement of ornamentals, many barriers still need to be resolved. In contrast to propagation and crop developmental studies, there is also a high scope for molecular studies, especially epigenetic changes caused by plant tissue culture of ornamentals. In this review, we have accumulated and discussed an overall update on cultivation factors, propagation techniques in ornamental plant tissue culture, in vitro plant improvement techniques, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Mehbub
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8556, Japan
| | - Ayasha Akter
- Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Arjina Akter
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | | | - Md. Ashraful Hoque
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Monika Tuleja
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Hasan Mehraj
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Li MM, Su QL, Zu JR, Xie L, Wei Q, Guo HR, Chen J, Zeng RZ, Zhang ZS. Triploid cultivars of Cymbidium act as a bridge in the formation of polyploid plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1029915. [PMID: 36684754 PMCID: PMC9853991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1029915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Triploid is considered a reproductive barrier and also a bridge in the formation of polyploids. However, few reports are available in Cymbidium. In this study, diploid 'Xiaofeng', sexual triploid 'Yuchan' and 'Huanghe' of Cymbidium were used to evaluate hybridization compatibility of the triploids. Results showed that the sexual triploids were fertile whether they were used as male or female parents. 'Yuchan' produced male gametes of 1x, 1x~2x, 2x, 2x~3x, and 3x at frequencies of 8.89%, 77.78%, 6.67%, 3.33%, and 3.33%, respectively; while 'Huanghe' produced 3.33% 1x, 80.00% 1x~2x, 8.89% 2x, 5.56% 2x~3x, and 2.22% 3x male gametes. The cross of 'Xiaofeng' with 'Yuchan' produced progenies with a wide range of ploidy levels, including one diploid, 34 2×~3× aneuploids, 12 triploids, and one tetraploid, indicating that male gametes produced by sexual triploid were fertile and could be transmitted and fused with egg cells. On the other hand, 10 progenies obtained from the cross of 'Yuchan' × 'Xiaofeng' were all aneuploids. The cross of 'Yuchan' with 'Huanghe' produced 40 progenies including three 2×~3× aneuploids, nine 3×~4× aneuploids, 21 tetraploids, six 4×~5× aneuploids, and one pentaploid, suggesting that 2x gametes, instead of the unreduced ones played a more important role in the formation of tetraploids. The survival rates of the hybrids were all above 80.00%, with the tetraploids at 96.67%. Cytological analysis revealed that during meiosis of sexual polyploids, two chromosome sets of the 2n gamete were inclined to enter into the same daughter cell, resulting in the production of 2x gametes. Our results indicate that the triploid cymbidiums are not reproductive barrier but serve as a bridge in the formation of polyploid plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Lian Su
- Guangzhou Flower Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Rui Zu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He-Rong Guo
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Environmental Horticulture Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Rui-Zhen Zeng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Perner H, Zhou R, Perner W, Jiang H, Lee YI. Cypripedium subtropicum embryo development and cytokinin requirements for asymbiotic germination. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:28. [PMID: 36178517 PMCID: PMC9525480 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cypripedium subtropicum is a unique, endangered lady's slipper orchid with evergreen leaves on non-dormant shoots that is native to southwestern China. This study documents the major developmental events in C. subtropicum seed development from fertilization to seed maturity, determines the optimum period for seed collection, and examines the cytokinin requirements for asymbiotic germination and protocorm survival. RESULTS Structural studies revealed that embryo development proceeded after successful fertilization at 60 days after pollination (DAP). At 105 DAP, a globular embryo with the shrinking inner seed coat was observed, and seeds collected at this time point exhibited optimal germination. After 120 DAP, most seeds had a mature embryo within the capsule, and within the cells of the embryo proper, numerous proteins/lipid bodies were present as the main storage products. In addition, the inner seed coat had compressed into a thin layer that tightly enclosed the embryo, while the outer seed coat had progressively elongated, resulting in a hair-like appearance of the mature seed. Histochemical staining using Nile red and toluidine blue O (TBO) indicated that the lignified inner and outer seed coats may lead to coat-imposed dormancy. Seeds collected at this stage germinated poorly. Analyses of cytokinin preferences and optimal concentrations for germination and protocorm survival showed that both 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino) purine (2iP) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) enhanced germination compared with the control, although higher concentrations of BA (4 and 8 μM) suppressed germination. The protocorm survival rate improved with increasing 2iP concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a reproducible procedure for culturing immature seeds of C. subtropicum based on a defined time schedule of seed development. In addition, the cytokinin 2iP was shown to improve germination and protocorm survival. This study provides a scientific basis for seedling establishment through asymbiotic seed culture for further reintroduction efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Perner
- Hengduan Mountains Biotechnology Ltd, Chengdu, 6100225, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Hengduan Mountains Biotechnology Ltd, Chengdu, 6100225, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenqing Perner
- Hengduan Mountains Biotechnology Ltd, Chengdu, 6100225, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of Rare, Public Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Endangered & Endemic Forest Plants, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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15
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Wu T, Zhao X, Yang S, Yang J, Zhu J, Kou Y, Yu X, Ge H, Jia R. Induction of 2n pollen with colchicine during microsporogenesis in Phalaenopsis. BREEDING SCIENCE 2022; 72:275-284. [PMID: 36699823 PMCID: PMC9868330 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.21100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The induction of 2n pollen is an important technique for breeding polyploid plants. Here, we observed meiosis in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of six Phalaenopsis cultivars and attempted to induce 2n pollen. The meiotic stage was related to flower bud length. During meiosis, Phalaenopsis cultivars with flower widths of approximately 20-40 mm and 50-60 mm had bud lengths of approximately 3-8 mm and 5-13 mm, respectively. The duration of meiosis ranged from 4.2 to 14 d. This was the first study to characterize meiosis of the PMCs of Phalaenopsis. The natural generation frequency of 2n pollen varied from 0.68% to 1.78%. Meiotic stage and colchicine concentration significantly affected the induction of 2n pollen. The most effective treatment for obtaining 2n pollen was 0.05% colchicine in the leptotene to zygotene stage for 3 d, which achieved a 2n pollen frequency of 10.04%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaping Kou
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Ge
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruidong Jia
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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16
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Jolman D, Batalla MI, Hungerford A, Norwood P, Tait N, Wallace LE. The challenges of growing orchids from seeds for conservation: An assessment of asymbiotic techniques. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11496. [PMID: 36258786 PMCID: PMC9575117 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lewis Knudson first successfully germinated orchid seeds asymbiotically on artificial medium in 1922. While many orchid species have since been grown asymbiotically, the tremendous variation in how species respond to artificial medium and growth conditions ex situ has also become apparent in the past century. In this study, we reviewed published journal articles on asymbiotic orchid seed germination to provide a summary of techniques used and to evaluate if these differ between terrestrial and epiphytic species, to identify areas where additional research is needed, and to evaluate whether asymbiotic germination could be used more often in ex situ conservation. We found articles reporting successful asymbiotic germination of 270 species and 20 cultivars across Orchidaceae. Researchers often used different techniques with epiphytic versus terrestrial species, but species-specific responses to growth media and conditions were common, indicating that individualized protocols will be necessary for most species. The widespread success in generating seedlings on artificial media suggests that asymbiotic techniques should be another tool for the conservation of rare orchid species. Further advances are needed in understanding how to introduce mycorrhizae to axenically grown orchids and to maximize the viability of seedlings reintroduced into natural habitats to fully utilize these methods for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devani Jolman
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Martín I. Batalla
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Alexis Hungerford
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Pryce Norwood
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Noah Tait
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
| | - Lisa E. Wallace
- Department of Biological SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolkVirginia23529USA
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17
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Liu S, Lu C, Jiang G, Zhou R, Chang Y, Wang S, Wang D, Niu J, Wang Z. Comprehensive functional analysis of the PYL-PP2C-SnRK2s family in Bletilla striata reveals that BsPP2C22 and BsPP2C38 interact with BsPYLs and BsSnRK2s in response to multiple abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963069. [PMID: 36035678 PMCID: PMC9404246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the core regulation network for the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway, the PYL-PP2C-SnRK2s family commonly exists in many species. For this study, a total of 9 BsPYLs, 66 BsPP2Cs, and 7 BsSnRK2s genes were identified based on the genomic databases of Bletilla striata, which were classified into 3, 10, and 3 subgroups, respectively. Basic bioinformatics analysis completed, including the physicochemical properties of proteins, gene structures, protein motifs and conserved domains. Multiple cis-acting elements related to stress responses and plant growth were found in promoter regions. Further, 73 genes were localized on 16 pseudochromosomes and 29 pairs of paralogous genes were found via intraspecific collinearity analysis. Furthermore, tissue-specific expression was found in different tissues and germination stages. There were two BsPYLs, 10 BsPP2Cs, and four BsSnRK2 genes that exhibited a difference in response to multiple abiotic stresses. Moreover, subcellular localization analysis revealed six important proteins BsPP2C22, BsPP2C38, BsPP2C64, BsPYL2, BsPYL8, and BsSnRK2.4 which were localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Finally, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays suggested that BsPP2C22 and BsPP2C38 could interact with multiple BsPYLs and BsSnRK2s proteins. This study systematically reported on the identification and characterization of the PYL-PP2C-SnRK2s family in B. striata, which provided a conceptual basis for deep insights into the functionality of ABA core signal pathways in Orchidaceae.
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18
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Moreno-Camarena M, Ortega-Larrocea MP. Mesoamerican Cypripedium: Mycorrhizal Contributions to Promote Their Conservation as Critically Endangered Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1554. [PMID: 35736705 PMCID: PMC9227847 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the valuable orchid genus Cypripedium, the section Irapeana consists of a distinctive group of Mesoamerican species that is formed by Cypripedium dickinsonianum Hágsater, C. irapeanum Lex., and C. molle Lindl. All lady slipper orchids exhibit different distributions and abundances. Data analysis that used herbarium accessions and field investigations indicated that the habitats of these three species have been dramatically reduced. Prospecting for suitable habitats based on climatic, vegetation, and soil parameters allows us to predict potential distributions. Conservation strategies, such as ex situ propagation by asymbiotic and symbiotic approaches, have indicated that the culture media used are a determining factor for seedling development. Mycorrhizal isolates play a main role in the compatibility and further development of germinated seeds. The fungi isolated from adult plants belong to two different families, which makes it possible that widely distributed C. irapeanum populations will be fungal-specific as well as restricted for C. molle. Root mycorrhization patterns occur high on the secondary roots. In contrast with other species of the genus, in situ germination can occur over a short period of two months, but we have documented periods as long as ten years. Cypripedium is a highly problematic genus for ex situ conservation because the germination requirements and cultures are poorly documented, and there is great urgency for in situ conservation to develop strategies for identifying hotspot habitats and actualize the protection status to avoid extinction of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Moreno-Camarena
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - María Pilar Ortega-Larrocea
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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19
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Shimura H, Kim H, Matsuzawa A, Akino S, Masuta C. Coat protein of partitiviruses isolated from mycorrhizal fungi functions as an RNA silencing suppressor in plants and fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7855. [PMID: 35551196 PMCID: PMC9098641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchid seeds depend on colonization by orchid mycorrhizal (OM) fungi for their germination; therefore, the orchids and OM fungi have long maintained a close relationship (e.g., formation of the hyphal mass structure, peloton) during their evolution. In the present study, we isolated new partitiviruses from OM fungi; partitivirus were separately found in different subcultures from the same fungi. Partitiviruses have been believed to lack an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS), which is generally associated with viral pathogenicity, because most partitiviruses isolated so far are latent in both plants and fungi. However, we found that the coat protein (CP) of our partitiviruses indeed had RSS activity, which differed among the virus isolates from OM fungi; one CP showed RSS activity in both plants and fungi, while another CP showed no activity. The family Partitiviridae include viruses isolated from plants and fungi, and it has been suggested that these viruses may occasionally be transmitted between plant and fungal hosts. Given that there are several reports showing that viruses can adapt to nonhost using strong RSS, we here discussed the idea that partitiviruses may be better able to migrate between the orchid and fungus probably through the pelotons formed in the orchid cells, if host RNA silencing is suppressed by partitivirus RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Shimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Hangil Kim
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akihiko Matsuzawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Seishi Akino
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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20
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Low Concentration of Anti-Auxin and Anti-Fungal Agent Accelerates the PLB Regeneration of Dendrobium okinawense under Green LED. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081082. [PMID: 35448811 PMCID: PMC9028245 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dendrobium okinawense is an endangered epiphytic orchid, and there has been no scientific report so far on its propagation. Protocorm is a mass of cells, and protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) are lookalike protocorms produced by vegetative explants in vitro. Regeneration of PLBs is a widely used technique for orchid micropropagation. We used different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for the PLB regeneration of D. okinawense. The number of PLBs and fresh weight were increased by 81.1% and 80.8%, respectively, under green LED over the white fluorescent (WF) light. We added different concentrations of PCIB (p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, an anti-auxin) and HMI (3-Hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole, an anti-fungal agent) in culture media. The number of PLBs was increased in media having 0.01 mg/L of PCIB (35.9%) compared to control (no PCIB), whereas 19.3% increased in media having 0.01 mL/L of HMI compared to control (no HMI). Green LED in combination with 0.01 mg/L of PCIB significantly increased the number of PLBs (69.0%) compared to the WF–without PCIB combination. In LEDs-PCIB and LED-HMI combinations, HMI did not show better PLBs regeneration compared with PCIB. The results suggested that a combination of low concentrations of PCIB and green LED have the potential to accelerate PLB regeneration of D. okinawense.
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Jiang Y, Hu X, Yuan Y, Guo X, Chase MW, Ge S, Li J, Fu J, Li K, Hao M, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Jiang W, Jin X. The Gastrodia menghaiensis (Orchidaceae) genome provides new insights of orchid mycorrhizal interactions. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:179. [PMID: 35392808 PMCID: PMC8988336 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03573-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To illustrate the molecular mechanism of mycoheterotrophic interactions between orchids and fungi, we assembled chromosome-level reference genome of Gastrodia menghaiensis (Orchidaceae) and analyzed the genomes of two species of Gastrodia. RESULTS Our analyses indicated that the genomes of Gastrodia are globally diminished in comparison to autotrophic orchids, even compared to Cuscuta (a plant parasite). Genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization were found in genomes of Gastrodia, and many of the genes involved biological interaction between Gatrodia and symbiotic microbionts are more numerous than in photosynthetic orchids. The highly expressed genes for fatty acid and ammonium root transporters suggest that fungi receive material from orchids, although most raw materials flow from the fungi. Many nuclear genes (e.g. biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid L-tryptophan) supporting plastid functions are expanded compared to photosynthetic orchids, an indication of the importance of plastids even in totally mycoheterotrophic species. CONCLUSION Gastrodia menghaiensis has the smallest proteome thus far among angiosperms. Many of the genes involved biological interaction between Gatrodia and symbiotic microbionts are more numerous than in photosynthetic orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaodi Hu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xuelian Guo
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Mark W Chase
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, Surrey, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Song Ge
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jianwu Li
- Xishuanbanan Tropical Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinlong Fu
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kui Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Hao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuannian Jiao
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Haidian, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Pradhan N, Fan X, Martini F, Chen H, Liu H, Gao J, Goodale UM. Seed viability testing for research and conservation of epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:3. [PMID: 35142915 PMCID: PMC8831675 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed viability testing is essential in plant conservation and research. Seed viability testing determines the success of ex-situ conservation efforts, such as seed banking but commonly testing protocols of orchids lack consistency and accuracy, therefore, there is a need to select an appropriate and reliable viability test, especially when conducting comparative studies. Here, we evaluated the suitability of three seed viability tests, Evans blue test (EB), Fluorescein diacetate test (FDA) and Tetrazolium test (TTC), with and without sterilization, on seeds of 20 orchid species, which included five epiphytes and fifteen terrestrials, using both fresh seeds and seeds stored at - 18 ºC for 6 to 8 years. RESULTS We found that sterilization and lifeform of seeds affected seed viability across all tests but the storage time was not an influential factor. Sterilization negatively affected seed viability under EB and FDA test conditions but increased the detection of viable seeds in the TTC test in both epiphytic and terrestrial species. The EB test, when administered without sterilization provided the highest viability results. Being non-enzymatic unlike TTC and FDA tests, as expected, the EB test was the most reliable with similar results between sterilized and not sterilized seeds for most epiphytic and terrestrial species as well as when compared between groups. CONCLUSIONS The lifeform of the species and seed sterilization prior to testing are important influential factors in orchid seed viability testing. Since EB test was found to be reliable we recommend the EB test for seed viability assessment in orchids rather than the less reliable but commonly used TTC test, or the FDA test, which require more expensive and sophisticated instrumentation. Since storage time was not an influential factor in orchid seed viability testing, the recommendations of this study can be used for both fresh as well as long-term stored orchid seeds. This is helpful for research and especially for conservation measures such as seed banking. However, due to the species specificity of the bio-physiology of orchids, we call for comprehensive viability test assessment in the hyper diverse orchid family to be extended to a greater number of species to facilitate efficient conservation and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Pradhan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 281196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Xuli Fan
- Lab of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Chenggong Campus, Yunnan University, University Town, Chenggong New District, Kunming, Yunnan 650504 People’s Republic of China
| | - Francesco Martini
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- Present Address: Faculty of Forest and Wood Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huayang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, Florida, 33199 USA
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Lab of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Chenggong Campus, Yunnan University, University Town, Chenggong New District, Kunming, Yunnan 650504 People’s Republic of China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 People’s Republic of China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 281196 Gland, Switzerland
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Ferreira WDM, Oliveira AMD, Viana JC, Suzuki RM, Oliveira JRGD. Asymbiotic germination, initial development in vitro and acclimatization of Cyrtopodium paludicolum Hoehne, a Brazilian Savanna orchid species. RODRIGUÉSIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202273043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Cyrtopodium paludicolum is a terrestrial orchid species, native to Brazil, whose natural propagation is jeopardized by the intensive collection from the wild and is threatened by agricultural expansion in Cerrado areas. In light of that, this investigation aimed at studying the in vitro germination and early development of C. paludicolum as influenced by culture medium, sucrose and growth regulators as well as its micropropagation by using dark-grown stem segments. A protocol for its acclimatization is also detailed. The effects of Murashige & Skoog (MS), Knudson C (KC) and Vacin & Went (VW) media on the in vitro germination and initial development were tested. The influence of different concentrations of BA, NAA, and of sucrose on plant multiplication and growth were evaluated. The possibility of using etiolated stem segments for micropropagation was also assessed. Acclimatization was accomplished in two phases by using three different substrates. The results showed that VW was the best medium for germination whereas for seedling formation KC was the most advantageous since they were healthy and vigorous. Sucrose at 2% favored the greatest seedling growth and development. Shoot and root proliferation and development were best promoted in the presence of 2.28/2.28 and 0.57/0.57 µM BA/NAA, respectively. The use of etiolated stem segments for micropropagation was effective. Successful acclimatization was accomplished by initially growing plants in community pots containing a 3:1 (v/v) mix of Bioplant and dried Sphagnum moss followed by their transfer to individual pots containing a 2:1 (v/v) mix of Bioplant and Ouro Negro substrates.
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Schvambach MI, Santos CMRD, Souza PFD, Cabral NN, Suzuki RM, Pescador R. Anatomical and histochemical characterization of seeds of Cattleya intermedia subjected to different storage conditions. RODRIGUÉSIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202273111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Studies involving morphological and anatomical changes resulting from seed storage are rare, but relevant to ensure information related to the quality of seeds and seedlings originated from these seeds. The objectives of this work as to carry out the anatomical and histochemical characterization of seeds from the Cattleya intermedia orchid, verifying the occurrence of possible alterations coming from different temperatures and storage periods. The treatments consisted of temperatures of: 25 (± 2 °C) (room), -20 °C (freezer), -80 °C (ultra freezer) and - 196 °C (cryopreservation); and storage periods: two, four and six months. For the anatomical and histochemical analyses, scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy were performed. The following stains were employed: toluidine blue (TBO), Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB), Sudan IV and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The dehydration observed in the seeds was considered the main damage resulting from storage. Changes in the internal structures of the seeds were also noted, such as degeneration, mainly in seeds kept at room temperature 25 (± 2 °C), which caused a reduction in the main components of reserves. The -80 °C (ultra freezer) temperature during the two and four months period was efficient in the conservation seed of the tissues and cells, confirming the possibility of using this condition for better conservation of the seeds of this species.
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Ahmad S, Chen J, Chen G, Huang J, Hao Y, Shi X, Liu Y, Tu S, Zhou Y, Zhao K, Lan S, Liu Z, Peng D. Transcriptional Proposition for Uniquely Developed Protocorm Flowering in Three Orchid Species: Resources for Innovative Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942591. [PMID: 35837448 PMCID: PMC9275812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During orchid seed culture, seeds germinate as protocorms, and protocorms normally develop into plant with leaves and roots. Orchids require many years of vegetative development for flowering. However, under a certain combination of growth cultures, we observed that protocorms can directly flower without leaves and roots. Therefore, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis to identify the different transcriptional regulators of two types of protocorms of Cymbidium ensifolium, Cymbidium sinense, and Cymbidium goeringii. Zinc finger, MYB, AP2, and bHLH were the most abundant transcription factor (TF) families in the transcriptome. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify hub genes related to leaf and flower development. The key hubs included SPL6, SVP, SEP2, KNOX1, AP2, OFP1, COL12, MYB13, MYB36, MYB59, bHLH086, and ARF7. The hub genes were further validated through statistical tools to propose the roles of key TFs. Therefore, this study initiates to answer that why there is no leaf initiation and root development and how can protocorm bypass the vegetative phase to flower? The outcomes can direct future research on short-span flowering in orchids through protocorms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagheer Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinliao Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Hao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Shi
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Song Tu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongjian Liu,
| | - Donghui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Donghui Peng,
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Guo B, Zeng S, Yin Y, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Fang L. Characterization of phytohormone and transcriptome profiles during protocorm-like bodies development of Paphiopedilum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:806. [PMID: 34749655 PMCID: PMC8576892 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paphiopedilum, commonly known as slipper orchid, is an important genus of orchid family with prominent horticultural value. Compared with conventional methods such as tillers and in vitro shoots multiplication, induction and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) is an effective micropropagation method in Paphiopedilum. The PLB initiation efficiency varies among species, hybrids and varieties, which leads to only a few Paphiopedilum species can be large-scale propagated through PLBs. So far, little is known about the mechanisms behind the initiation and maintenance of PLB in Paphiopedilum. RESULTS A protocol to induce PLB development from seed-derived protocorms of Paphiopedilum SCBG Huihuang90 (P. SCBG Prince × P. SCBG Miracle) was established. The morphological characterization of four key PLB developmental stages showed that significant polarity and cell size gradients were observed within each PLB. The endogenous hormone level was evaluated. The increase in the levels of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) accompanying the PLBs differentiation, suggesting auxin and JA levels were correlated with PLB development. Gibberellic acid (GA) decreased to a very low level, indicated that GA inactivation may be necessary for shoot apical meristem (SAM) development. Comparative transcriptomic profiles of four different developmental stages of P. SCBG Huihuang90 PLBs explore key genes involved in PLB development. The numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three pairwise comparisons (A vs B, B vs C, C vs D) were 1455, 349, and 3529, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were implicated in secondary metabolite metabolism and photosynthesis. DEGs related to hormone metabolism and signaling, somatic embryogenesis, shoot development and photosynthesis were discussed in detail. CONCLUSION This study is the first report on PLB development in Paphiopedilum using transcriptome sequencing, which provides useful information to understand the mechanisms of PLB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Yuying Yin
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Lin Fang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
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Fang L, Kong X, Wen Y, Li J, Yin Y, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Zeng S. Characterization of embryo and protocorm development of Paphiopedilum spicerianum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:1024-1034. [PMID: 34598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum spicerianum (P. spicerianum) is a rare orchid species with high ornamental value. Asymbiotic germination is the most efficient propagation method for conservation and commercial purposes because clonal propagation is very difficult and the separation of native species of Paphiopedilum through aseptic seeding is uncommon owing to their conservatism. However, a high protocorm developmental arresting rate during the asymbiotic germination is the major obstacle for seedling establishment. The fundamental understanding of embryo and protocorm developmental mechanisms will guide the development of an effective propagation method. The morphological and physiological characterization of the key developmental process of embryos and protocorms shows that the mature seeds of P. spicerianum consist of a spherical embryo without an endosperm. Seed coats become heavily lignified once the embryo is mature. Embryo cell size is relatively uniform, and significant structure polarity and cell size gradients occur at the early protocorm stage. The high level of auxin and cytokinin accumulation at the early stage of embryo development and protocorm stage may help to facilitate cell division. The transcriptome profiles of protocorms at three different developmental stages were compared to explore the regulatory mechanism of protocorm development. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were implicated in secondary metabolite metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and photosynthesis. The temporal expression patterns of candidate genes related to embryo and shoot development were analyzed to reveal their roles in protocorm development: in the early stage of protocorm development, embryonic development related genes such as SERKs and BBM1 were active, while in the late stage of protocorm, shoot apical meristem related genes such as WOX8, CLAVATA2, CUC2, and SCR were active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Xinping Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yingting Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuying Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Suetsugu K, Okada H. Symbiotic germination and development of fully mycoheterotrophic plants convergently targeting similar Glomeraceae taxa. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6328-6343. [PMID: 34545683 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants producing dust seeds often meet their carbon demands by exploiting fungi at the seedling stage. This germination strategy (i.e. mycoheterotrophic germination) has been investigated among orchidaceous and ericaceous plants exploiting Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Although several other angiosperm lineages have evolved fully mycoheterotrophic relationships with Glomeromycota, the fungal identities involved in mycoheterotrophic germination remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted in situ seed baiting and high-throughput DNA barcoding to identify mycobionts associated with seedlings of Burmannia championii (Burmanniaceae: Dioscoreales) and Sciaphila megastyla (Triuridaceae: Pandanales), which have independently evolved full mycoheterotrophy. Subsequently, we revealed that both seedlings and adults in B. championii and S. megastyla predominantly associate with Glomeraceae. However, mycorrhizal communities are somewhat distinct between seedling and adult stages, particularly in S. megastyla. Notably, the dissimilarity of mycorrhizal communities between S. megastyla adult samples and S. megastyla seedling samples is significantly higher than that between B. championi adult samples and S. megastyla adult samples, based on some indices. This pattern is possibly due to both mycorrhizal shifts during ontogenetic development and convergent recruitment of cheating-susceptible fungi. The extensive fungal overlap in two unrelated mycoheterotrophic plants indicates that both species convergently exploit specific AM fungal phylotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehito Okada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
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Nabieva AY. Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Orchis militaris, an endangered orchid in Siberia. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:122. [PMID: 34410556 PMCID: PMC8377116 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Terrestrial orchids belonging to the Orchis genus are difficult to propagate and are under great pressure in their natural habitats. Studies regarding the influence of photoperiod and temperature regimes on Orchis militaris germination and morphological changes during immature seed development in vitro are scarce. Our aim was to identify photoperiod, temperature, and different nutrient media requirements for optimization of O. militaris seed germination and vigorous seedling production. Results Post-germination morphological changes were recorded with O. militaris seeds collected from 32-day-old fruits, where the percentage of O. militaris seeds without embryo was 38.4%. The highest rate of O. militaris seed germination (82.6%) was obtained on Malmgren modified terrestrial orchid medium (mM), enriched by 5% coconut water, 5% birch sap, and 0.1% AC. Nine percent of seedlings were able to reach the advanced seedling stage (stage 6) after 12 months of maintenance on this medium. In all 3 modified media (Harvais, Knudson С and Malmgren), regeneration was via the production of protocorms and seedlings without callus formation. It was proved that more abundantly vigorous protocorms were formed on the modified Harvais 2 under continuous darkness, while the subculture in Knudson C medium with AC addition could be necessary to stimulate their further development. The regeneration success of the species for in vitro conditions was increased by following its natural seasonal cycle. Conclusion This study demonstrated an efficient micropropagation system for O. militaris using immature seeds and thus widely opened the perspectives for its conservation in nature. The favorable conditions of seed germination periods for in vitro culture, identified as the definite shift of temperatures and photoperiod regimes intrinsic to the species in nature, could improve seedling survival of this medicinally important orchid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Yurievna Nabieva
- Department of Biotechnology, Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS, Zolotodolinskya str. 101, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Zhao DK, Selosse MA, Wu L, Luo Y, Shao SC, Ruan YL. Orchid Reintroduction Based on Seed Germination-Promoting Mycorrhizal Fungi Derived From Protocorms or Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:701152. [PMID: 34276753 PMCID: PMC8278863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.701152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are among the most endangered in the plant kingdom. Lack of endosperm in their seeds renders orchids to depend on nutrients provided by orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) for seed germination and seedling formation in the wild. OMF that parasitize in germination seeds is an essential element for orchid seedling formation, which can also help orchid reintroduction. Considering the limitations of the previous orchid reintroduction technology based on seed germination-promoting OMF (sgOMF) sourced from orchid roots, an innovative approach is proposed here in which orchid seeds are directly co-sown with sgOMF carrying ecological specificity from protocorms/seedlings. Based on this principle, an integrative and practical procedure concerning related ecological factors is further raised for re-constructing long-term and self-sustained orchid populations. We believe that this new approach will benefit the reintroduction of endangered orchids in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ke Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Limin Wu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yan Luo
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Shao
- Gardening and Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Chapagain DJ, Meilby H, Baniya CB, Budha‐Magar S, Ghimire SK. Illegal harvesting and livestock grazing threaten the endangered orchid Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó in Nepalese Himalaya. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6672-6687. [PMID: 34141249 PMCID: PMC8207444 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Harvesting of orchids for medicine and salep production is a traditional practice, and increasing market demand is spurring illegal harvest. Ethno-ecological studies in combination with the effect of anthropogenic disturbance are lacking for orchids. We compared population density and structure, and tuber biomass of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó for three years in two sites: Manang, where harvesting of medicinal plants was locally regulated (protected), and Darchula, where harvesting was locally unregulated (unprotected). Six populations were studied along an elevation gradient by establishing 144 temporary plots (3 × 3 m2) from 3,400 to 4,600 m elevations. Mean density of D. hatagirea was significantly higher in the locally protected (1.31 ± 0.17 plants/m2) than in the unprotected (0.72 ± 0.06 plants/m2) site. The protected site showed stable population density with high reproductive fitness and tuber biomass over the three-year period. A significant negative effect (p < .1) of relative radiation index (RRI) on the density of the adult vegetative stage and a positive effect of herb cover on juvenile and adult vegetative stages were found using mixed zero-inflated Poisson (mixed ZIP) models. The densities of different life stages were highly sensitive to harvesting and livestock grazing. Significant interactions between site and harvesting and grazing indicated particularly strong negative effects of these disturbances on densities of juvenile and adult reproductive stages in the unprotected site. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants (n = 186) in the villages and at the ecological survey sites. Our interview results showed that at the protected site people are aware of the conservation status and maintain sustainable populations, whereas the opposite was the case at the unprotected site where the populations are threatened. Sustainability of D. hatagirea populations, therefore, largely depends on controlling illegal and premature harvesting and unregulated livestock grazing, thus indicating the need for permanent monitoring of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Jyoti Chapagain
- Central Department of BotanyTribhuvan UniversityKirtipurNepal
- Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Henrik Meilby
- Department of Food and Resource Economics (IFRO)University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Development and characterization of flower and capsule in Borneo jewel orchid Macodes limii J.J. Wood and A.L. Lamb (Orchidaceae: Asparagales). JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Süngü Şeker Ş, Akbulut MK, Şenel G. Seed morphometry and ultrastructure studies on some Turkish orchids (Orchidaceae). Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2409-2420. [PMID: 33908120 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Orchid seeds have great morphological variations that imply the phylogenetic relationship of the species depending on the biodiversity of the family or act as an adaptation to seed dispersal mechanisms depending on the life form. This study aims to both describe and analyse the qualitative and quantitative traits of 12 Turkish orchids representing epidendroids and orchidoids in detail to investigate which properties are diagnostic among these taxa and also reveal if seed properties are differentiated in relationship to the ecological preferences of the studied species. Both qualitative and quantitative features were determined, and measurements were obtained using light and scanning electron microscopy. We applied the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis to the qualitative and quantitative traits. Furthermore, we analyzed the same orchid seed in correlation with ecological traits such as habitats and the elevation preferences of species. This study confirmed the usefulness of both data sets for effectively assessing the variation of orchid seeds. Although the seed characters such as the cell shape differences in the chalazal or medial region, seed sizes, cell numbers on the longitudinal axis, and periclinal wall ornamentation are taxonomically conserved, some other characteristics such as seed shape, the absence of periclinal wall ornamentation, and larger embryo size imply ecological adaptation or developmental achievement for germination. This study confirms the diagnostic value of both qualitative and quantitative seed features, which are effective in explaining the orchid seed variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şenay Süngü Şeker
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Akbulut
- Department of Garden Plants, Lapseki Vocational School, Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Gülcan Şenel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Gholami S, Vafaee Y, Nazari F, Ghorbani A. Exploring genetic variations in threatened medicinal orchids using start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and marker-association with seed morphometric traits. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:769-785. [PMID: 33967461 PMCID: PMC8055808 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to study the genetic diversity and population structure of eight Iranian terrestrial orchid species, including Anacamptis coriophora (L.) R. M. Bateman, Pridgeon and M. W. Chase, Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, Himantoglossum affine (Boiss.) Schltr., Orchis collina Banks and Solander, Orchis mascula (L.) L., Orchis simia Lam., Ophrys schulzei Bornm. and Fleischm., and Ophrys straussii H. Fleischm. and Bornm. using start target codon markers (SCoT) and finding markers associated with seed morphometric traits. A total of 254 reproducible SCoT fragments were generated, of which 248 fragments were polymorphic (average polymorphism of 96.18%). The SCoT markers showed a narrow range of polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.397 for S9 primer to 0.499 for S11 and S20 primers. Based on the population analysis results, the Orchis simia accessions collected from Paveh region (Os.P) represented the lowest observed number of alleles (Na) (1.13) and effective number of alleles (Ne) (1.09). At the same time, the highest Na (1.29) and Ne (1.18) values were obtained in O. schulzei collected from Javanrood (Oyst.JA). Shannon's information index (I) was ranged from 0.03 for D. umbrosa accessions collected from Marivan (Du.M population) to 0.263 for Ha.Ja population (H. affine accessions collected from Javanrood). The UPGMA dendrogram obtained with the Jaccard similarity coefficient (r = 0.97295) divided 97 studied terrestrial orchid accessions into eight groups mainly based on species type and geographical origin. Based on the Bayesian statistical index, the highest probability of the data was achieved when accessions were divided into eight groups (K = 8). Multiple association analysis (MRA) revealed significant associations between some of SCoT bands with seed morphometric traits. Our findings can be useful for germplasm characterization, conservation, and improvement of Iranian terrestrial orchid species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00978-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Gholami
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yavar Vafaee
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development Research Institute, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Farzad Nazari
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abdolbaset Ghorbani
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Tikendra L, Potshangbam AM, Dey A, Devi TR, Sahoo MR, Nongdam P. RAPD, ISSR, and SCoT markers based genetic stability assessment of micropropagated Dendrobium fimbriatum Lindl. var. oculatum Hk. f.- an important endangered orchid. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:341-357. [PMID: 33707873 PMCID: PMC7907394 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium fimbriatum is an ornamental and medicinal orchid listed in the Red data book of IUCN. Phytohormones' effect on the in vitro regeneration of the orchid was studied using Mitra medium supplemented with different growth regulators. KN produced effective shoot formation when present alone or in combination with IBA or NAA. The shooting was gradually increased when KN concentration was increased from 0.8 to 4.8 mg L-1, but the opposite response was observed with BAP at higher concentration (4.8 mg L-1). IBA either in combination with BAP or KN promoted effective root development and multiplication. Micropropagated orchids grown in the basal medium devoid of any phytohormone showed 100% monomorphism, while low genetic polymorphism of 1.52% (RAPD-Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA), 1.19% (ISSR-Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) and 3.97% (SCoT-Start Codon Targeted) was exhibited among the regenerants propagated in the hormone enriched medium. UPGMA (Unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages) dendrograms showed the grouping of mother plant (MP) with the in vitro regenerants. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) further confirmed the clustering patterns as determined by the cluster analysis. The study reported for the first time the successful in vitro propagation of Dendrobium fimbriatum and their genetic stability assessment using molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leimapokpam Tikendra
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur 795003 India
| | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073 India
| | - Tongbram Roshini Devi
- Division of Horticulture, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Lamphelpat, Manipur 795004 India
| | - Manas Ranjan Sahoo
- Division of Horticulture, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Lamphelpat, Manipur 795004 India
| | - Potshangbam Nongdam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur 795003 India
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Orchid B sister gene PeMADS28 displays conserved function in ovule integument development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1205. [PMID: 33441740 PMCID: PMC7806631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovules and egg cells are well developed to be fertilized at anthesis in many flowering plants. However, ovule development is triggered by pollination in most orchids. In this study, we characterized the function of a Bsister gene, named PeMADS28, isolated from Phalaenopsis equestris, the genome-sequenced orchid. Spatial and temporal expression analysis showed PeMADS28 predominantly expressed in ovules between 32 and 48 days after pollination, which synchronizes with integument development. Subcellular localization and protein–protein interaction analyses revealed that PeMADS28 could form a homodimer as well as heterodimers with D-class and E-class MADS-box proteins. In addition, ectopic expression of PeMADS28 in Arabidopsis thaliana induced small curled rosette leaves, short silique length and few seeds, similar to that with overexpression of other species’ Bsister genes in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, complementation test revealed that PeMADS28 could rescue the phenotype of the ABS/TT16 mutant. Together, these results indicate the conserved function of BsisterPeMADS28 associated with ovule integument development in orchid.
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Jiang Y, Tian M, Wang C, Zhang Y. Transcriptome sequencing and differential gene expression analysis reveal the mechanisms involved in seed germination and protocorm development of Calanthe tsoongiana. Gene 2021; 772:145355. [PMID: 33340562 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calanthe tsoongiana is a rare orchid species native to China. Asymbiotic seed germination is of great importance in the ex situ conservation of this species. Based on morphological characteristics and anatomical structures, the C. tsoongiana developmental process from seeds to seedlings was divided into four stages (SA, PB, PC and PD), and subsequently, changes in endogenous hormone contents and gene expression were assessed using RNA-seq analysis. K-means analysis divided the DEGs into eight clusters. The gene expression decreased markedly between the imbibed seed and globular protocorm stages, with this being the most notably enriched cluster. During the seed germination period, DEGs were dominated by ATP metabolic processes, respiration and photosynthesis. A small change in gene expression was found in the globular protocorm versus the finger-like protocorm stages. During the last developmental stage, DEGs were significantly enriched in lignin catabolic processes and plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis. DEG homologs, such as TSA1, DAO, NCED1, STM, and CUC2, were related to phytohormones and the morphogenesis of shoots, leaves and roots. Particularly, interactions between CUC2 and STM as well as AS1 and STM were likely involved in protocorm formation and development. Furthermore, TSA1 and DAO were distinctly validated and implicated in the synthesis and metabolism of auxin, which has a pivotal role in plant development. Our study is the first to combine morphological and transcriptome analysis to examine the process of protocorm formation and development. The results provide a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of seed germination and protocorm development of C. tsoongiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Jiang
- Research Institution of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Tian
- Research Institution of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Caixia Wang
- Research Institution of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Institution of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
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Fungal Endophytes from Orchidaceae: Diversity and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Xu X, Fang L, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Zeng S. Abscisic Acid Inhibits Asymbiotic Germination of Immature Seeds of Paphiopedilum armeniacum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9561. [PMID: 33334056 PMCID: PMC7768472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paphiopedilum armeniacum is a rare orchid native to China with high ornamental value. The germination of P. armeniacum seeds is difficult, especially for the mature seeds, which is the major limitation for their large-scale reproduction. This study explored the reasons for seed germination inhibition from the aspects of the important plant endogenous hormone-abscisic acid (ABA). The major endogenous hormone contents of seeds were determined at different developmental stages. The ABA content was 5.8 ng/g in 73 days after pollination (DAP) for the immature seeds, peaked at 14.6 ng/g in 129 DAP seeds, and dropped to 2.6 ng/g in the late mature stage of the 150 DAP seeds. The reduction of ABA content in the mature seed suggests a possible contribution to the increased expression of CYP707A, an ABA catabolism gene. The germination rate of the immature seeds was reduced to 9% from 69% when 5 μg/mL ABA was added to the Hyponex N026 germination medium. The result showed that ABA can inhibit the germination of P. armeniacum immature seeds. However, for the heavily lignified mature seeds, reduction in endogenous ABA level does not result in an increase in the germination rate. Lignin accumulation in the seed coat imposes the physical dormancy for P. armeniacum. In summary, the germination of P. armeniacum is regulated by both ABA and lignin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Koene FM, Amano É, Smidt EDC, Ribas LLF. Asymbiotic germination and morphological studies of seeds of Atlantic Rainforest micro-orchids (Pleurothallidinae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243297. [PMID: 33315920 PMCID: PMC7735581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological and morphometric characters of seeds belonging to 11 species of the subtribe Pleurothallidinae using light and scanning electron microscopy were studied to understand the in vitro germination process. Qualitative data (color, shape, ornamentation) and quantitative ones were also evaluated in seeds and embryos (length, width, volume and air space percentage between the integument and the embryo). The viability of the seeds was evaluated by in vitro germination in woody plant medium (WPM), and by analysis of the developmental stages of protocorms until seedling formation (two to 24 weeks). Morphometric data showed variations within the genus Acianthera and between species of different genera. The best germination and protocorm formation responses occurred with Acianthera prolifera (92%) and Acianthera ochreata (86%), with the formation of seedlings after 12 and 16 weeks of sowing, respectively. The seeds and embryos of A. prolifera and A. ochreata were larger (length, width, and volume) with a structural polarity that may have facilitated their germination comparing to others studied species. Other characteristics of A. prolifera seeds that may have contributed to these results include the presence of a thin testa without ornamentation and a suspensor. The protocorms of Anathalis obovata, Dryadella liliputiana, and Octomeria gracillis developed slowly in the WPM, not reaching the seedling stage in 24 weeks of cultivation. This morphological and morphometric study contributes to the understanding of asymbiotic germination of some micro-orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Marx Koene
- Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Érika Amano
- Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Eric de Camargo Smidt
- Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lopes Fortes Ribas
- Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Pujasatria GC, Miura C, Kaminaka H. In Vitro Symbiotic Germination: A Revitalized Heuristic Approach for Orchid Species Conservation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1742. [PMID: 33317200 PMCID: PMC7763479 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As one of the largest families of flowering plants, Orchidaceae is well-known for its high diversity and complex life cycles. Interestingly, such exquisite plants originate from minute seeds, going through challenges to germinate and establish in nature. Alternatively, orchid utilization as an economically important plant gradually decreases its natural population, therefore, driving the need for conservation. As with any conservation attempts, broad knowledge is required, including the species' interaction with other organisms. All orchids establish mycorrhizal symbiosis with certain lineages of fungi to germinate naturally. Since the whole in situ study is considerably complex, in vitro symbiotic germination study is a promising alternative. It serves as a tool for extensive studies at morphophysiological and molecular levels. In addition, it provides insights before reintroduction into its natural habitat. Here we reviewed how mycorrhiza contributes to orchid lifecycles, methods to conduct in vitro study, and how it can be utilized for conservation needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galih Chersy Pujasatria
- Department of Agricultural Science, Graduate School of Sustainable Science, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Chihiro Miura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
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Wraith J, Norman P, Pickering C. Orchid conservation and research: An analysis of gaps and priorities for globally Red Listed species. AMBIO 2020; 49:1601-1611. [PMID: 31960279 PMCID: PMC7413930 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01306-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are among the most threatened taxa globally due to increasing anthropogenic threats, inherent rarity and specific conservation needs. But what are the global research and conservation priorities for this charismatic group of plants? Using information for 595 orchids on the IUCN Red List, we reviewed past research and identified key research and conservation priorities. These included understanding threats, monitoring orchid populations and habitats, species management in ex situ conservation, genome resource banks and artificial propagation, land and habitat protection and education and awareness through communication. Based on the available data, we recommend future orchid conservation and research should focus on the current gaps in knowledge and practice including monitoring population trends and distributions, ecology, threats, protection and management of species and their habitats and increasing education and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Wraith
- Griffith School of Environment, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Patrick Norman
- Griffith School of Environment, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Catherine Pickering
- Griffith School of Environment, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast, QLD 4222 Australia
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Phillips RD, Reiter N, Peakall R. Orchid conservation: from theory to practice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:345-362. [PMID: 32407498 PMCID: PMC7424752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. SCOPE We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. CONCLUSIONS Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Fang L, Xu X, Li J, Zheng F, Li M, Yan J, Li Y, Zhang X, Li L, Ma G, Zhang A, Lv F, Wu K, Zeng S. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the non-methylated lignin synthesis in Paphiopedilum armeniacum seed. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:524. [PMID: 32727352 PMCID: PMC7391499 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Paphiopedilum is an important genus of the orchid family Orchidaceae and has high horticultural value. The wild populations are under threat of extinction because of overcollection and habitat destruction. Mature seeds of most Paphiopedilum species are difficult to germinate, which severely restricts their germplasm conservation and commercial production. The factors inhibiting germination are largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, large amounts of non-methylated lignin accumulated during seed maturation of Paphiopedilum armeniacum (P. armeniacum), which negatively correlates with the germination rate. The transcriptome profiles of P. armeniacum seed at different development stages were compared to explore the molecular clues for non-methylated lignin synthesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that a large number of genes associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism during seed maturation were differentially expressed. Several key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway displayed different expression patterns during the lignification process. PAL, 4CL, HCT, and CSE upregulation was associated with C and H lignin accumulation. The expression of CCoAOMT, F5H, and COMT were maintained at a low level or down-regulated to inhibit the conversion to the typical G and S lignin. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed the altered expression levels of these genes in seeds and vegetative tissues. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrated the plasticity of natural lignin polymer assembly in seed and provided a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of seed-specific lignification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Independent Researcher, Guangzhou, 510555, China
| | - Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fubing Lv
- Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China. .,Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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An Overview of Orchid Protocorm-Like Bodies: Mass Propagation, Biotechnology, Molecular Aspects, and Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030985. [PMID: 32024235 PMCID: PMC7037051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The process through induction, proliferation and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) is one of the most advantageous methods for mass propagation of orchids which applied to the world floricultural market. In addition, this method has been used as a tool to identify genes of interest associated with the production of PLBs, and also in breeding techniques that use biotechnology to produce new cultivars, such as to obtain transgenic plants. Most of the molecular studies developed have used model plants as species of Phalaenopsis, and interestingly, despite similarities to somatic embryogenesis, some molecular differences do not yet allow to characterize that PLB induction is in fact a type of somatic embryogenesis. Despite the importance of species for conservation and collection purposes, the flower market is supported by hybrid cultivars, usually polyploid, which makes more detailed molecular evaluations difficult. Studies on the effect of plant growth regulators on induction, proliferation, and regeneration of PLBs are the most numerous. However, studies of other factors and new technologies affecting PLB production such as the use of temporary immersion bioreactors and the use of lighting-emitting diodes have emerged as new tools for advancing the technique with increasing PLB production efficiency. In addition, recent studies on Phalaenopsis equestris genome sequencing have enabled more detailed molecular studies and the molecular characterization of plantlets obtained from this technique currently allow the technique to be evaluated in a more comprehensive way regarding its real applications and main limitations aiming at mass propagation, such as somaclonal variation.
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Chen JC, Tong CG, Lin HY, Fang SC. Phalaenopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1-Induced Somatic Embryonic Structures Are Morphologically Distinct From Protocorm-Like Bodies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1594. [PMID: 31850050 PMCID: PMC6896055 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is commonly used for clonal propagation of a wide variety of plant species. Induction of protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs), which are capable of developing into individual plants, is a routine tissue culture-based practice for micropropagation of orchid plants. Even though PLBs are often regarded as somatic embryos, our recent study provides molecular evidence to argue that PLBs are not derived from somatic embryogenesis. Here, we report and characterize the somatic embryonic tissues induced by Phalaenopsis aphrodite LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (PaLEC1) in Phalaenopsis equestris. We found that PaLEC1-induced somatic tissues are morphologically different from PLBs, supporting our molecular study that PLBs are not of somatic embryonic origin. The embryonic identity of PaLEC1-induced embryonic tissues was confirmed by expression of the embryonic-specific transcription factors FUSCA3 (FUS3) and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and seed storage proteins 7S GLOBULIN and OLEOSIN. Moreover, PaLEC1-GFP protein was found to be associated with the Pa7S-1 and PaFUS3 promoters containing the CCAAT element, supporting that PaLEC1 directly regulates embryo-specific processes to activate the somatic embryonic program in P. equestris. Despite diverse embryonic structures, PaLEC1-GFP-induced embryonic structures are pluripotent and capable of generating new shoots. Our study resolves the long-term debate on the developmental identity of PLB and suggests that somatic embryogenesis may be a useful approach to clonally propagate orchid seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Gong Tong
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jiang J, Zhang K, Cheng S, Nie Q, Zhou SX, Chen Q, Zhou J, Zhen X, Li XT, Zhen TW, Xu M, Hsiang T, Sun Z, Zhou Y. Fusarium oxysporum KB-3 from Bletilla striata: an orchid mycorrhizal fungus. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:531-540. [PMID: 31270609 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Orchid mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the seed germination and vegetative growth of orchids. The orchid Bletilla striata has great medical value in China because its tuber is rich in mannan. Some endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots of B. striata. The isolate KB-3 was selected for experiments because it could promote the germination of B. striata seeds. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis, the isolate KB-3 was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Co-cultivation experiments of KB-3 with B. striata and Dendrobium candidum were performed to demonstrate orchid mycorrhizal structures. Microscopic examination showed that KB-3 established colonization and produced coiled hyphal structures known as pelotons within the cortical cells of both orchid roots. The results confirm that F. oxysporum KB-3 can behave as an orchid mycorrhizal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Allmas alle 5, 75651, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sheng Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Qianwen Nie
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Shen-Xian Zhou
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Zhen
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xue Ting Li
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Tong Wen Zhen
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengxiang Sun
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
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Optimization of in vitro asymbiotic seed germination protocol for Serapias vomeracea. THE EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2019-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Serapias vomeracea is an economically important orchid species which is over-collected from nature, because of its glucomannan-rich tubers. Thus, optimization of in vitro culture methodology in this species is required to meet industrial needs and to secure its populations in nature. This study aimed to optimize the surface sterilization protocol for S. vomeracea seeds and to select the optimal seed germination medium by comparing the commonly used media in in vitro orchid culture. During seed surface sterilization, ethyl alcohol (EtOH) pre-treatment prior to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) treatment increased the disinfection success and viable seed yield when examined using the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) seed viability test. Also, low-g force centrifugation as an additional step in the surface sterilization method separated the seeds without embryo from the viable seeds and thereby decreased potential counting errors after incubation. Comparison of media showed that solid Knudson C (KN) medium induced the highest number of germinated seeds. However, seed germination success of Lindemann (LN) and Vacin & Went (VW) media was found to be higher when the media was used in liquid form. Half-strength liquid VW was the only medium that induced higher germination success than the other full-strength media. The highest number of ungerminated seeds was found when using KN medium whereas liquid VW medium gave the lowest number. In general, protocorm formation was triggered when the media were used in liquid form. However, rhizoid elongation was suppressed in liquid media. These findings suggest that this optimized seed surface sterilization method offers a simple and effective alternative to classical methods. Additionally, solid KN medium may be considered as a cost-effective and reliable alternative to other commonly-used complex media in S. vomeracea cultures.
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Li YY, Meng ZX, Zhang Y, Guo SX, Lee YI. Embryology of Anoectochilus roxburghii: seed and embryo development. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:6. [PMID: 31011847 PMCID: PMC6476894 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anoectochilus roxburghii is known for its medicinal properties, culinary interests, and ornamental applications in Asian countries. Recent studies focus mainly on its phytochemical properties and little is known about its reproductive biology, especially seed and embryo development. This study documents the major developmental events in seed and embryo development of A. roxburghii upon pollination. RESULTS Morphological and histological studies revealed that upon pollination embryo and seed development is completed in 40 days. Ovular primordia are at the megaspore mother cell stage at the time of anthesis. Embryo development proceeds after a successful fertilization. A. roxburghii has a single cell suspensor. It elongates but not extended beyond the seed coat. A distinct cell gradient is present within the embryo proper with smaller cells located towards the chalazal end of the seed. Proteins and lipids are the major storage products within the embryo proper cells. At the stage of early globular embryo, the inner seed coat has degenerated and thus a carapace is absent at maturity. A limited deposition of lignin is detected in the mature seed coat. CONCLUSIONS The seed of A. roxburghii matures rapidly. At maturity, the embryo proper has a well-differentiated apical zone with little constraints impose by the seed coat. These characters indicate adaptations to fast germination that may ensure a successful colonization in the shaded forest understory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xia Meng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Biology Department, National Museum of Natural Science, No 1, Kuan-Chien Rd, Taichung, 40453, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Figura T, Tylová E, Šoch J, Selosse MA, Ponert J. In vitro axenic germination and cultivation of mixotrophic Pyroloideae (Ericaceae) and their post-germination ontogenetic development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:625-639. [PMID: 30403767 PMCID: PMC6417480 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pyroloids, forest sub-shrubs of the Ericaceae family, are an important model for their mixotrophic nutrition, which mixes carbon from photosynthesis and from their mycorrhizal fungi. They have medical uses but are difficult to cultivate ex situ; in particular, their dust seeds contain undifferentiated, few-celled embryos, whose germination is normally fully supported by fungal partners. Their germination and early ontogenesis thus remain elusive. METHODS An optimized in vitro cultivation system of five representatives from the subfamily Pyroloideae was developed to study the strength of seed dormancy and the effect of different media and conditions (including light, gibberellins and soluble saccharides) on germination. The obtained plants were analysed for morphological, anatomical and histochemical development. KEY RESULTS Thanks to this novel cultivation method, which breaks dormancy and achieved up to 100 % germination, leafy shoots were obtained in vitro for representatives of all pyroloid genera (Moneses, Orthilia, Pyrola and Chimaphila). In all cases, the first post-germination stage is an undifferentiated structure, from which a root meristem later emerges, well before formation of an adventive shoot. CONCLUSIONS This cultivation method can be used for further research or for ex situ conservation of pyroloid species. After strong seed dormancy is broken, the tiny globular embryo of pyroloids germinates into an intermediary zone, which is functionally convergent with the protocorm of other plants with dust seeds such as orchids. Like the orchid protocorm, this intermediary zone produces a single meristem: however, unlike orchids, which produce a shoot meristem, pyroloids first generate a root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Figura
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Edita Tylová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šoch
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Paris, France
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Ponert
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Prague Botanical Garden, Trojská, Prague, Czech Republic
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