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de Melo PS, Gianlorenco AC, Marduy A, Kim CK, Choi H, Song JJ, Fregni F. A Mechanistic Analysis of the Neural Modulation of the Inflammatory System Through Vagus Nerve Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00065-5. [PMID: 38795094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the antiinflammatory effects of various VNS methods while exploring multiple antiinflammatory pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included clinical trials that used electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and assessed inflammatory markers up to October 2022. We excluded studies lacking control groups, those with combined interventions, or abstracts without full text. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. For each inflammatory marker, a random-effects meta-analysis using the inverse variance method was performed. Methods used include transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS), transcutaneous cervical VNS (tcVNS), invasive cervical VNS (iVNS), and electroacupuncture VNS (eaVNS). Main reported outcomes included tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-10. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration Tool (RoB 2.0). RESULTS This review included 15 studies, involving 597 patients. No statistically significant general VNS effect was observed on TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß. However, CRP, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly modulated by VNS across all methods. Subgroup analysis revealed specific stimulation techniques producing significant results, such as taVNS effects in IL-1ß and IL-10, and iVNS in IL-6, whereas tcVNS and eaVNS did not convey significant pooled results individually. Cumulative exposure to VNS, higher risk of bias, study design, and pulse width were identified as effect size predictors in our meta-regression models. CONCLUSIONS Pooling all VNS techniques indicated the ability of VNS to modulate inflammatory markers such as CRP, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Individually, methods such as taVNS were effective in modulating IL-1ß and IL-10, whereas iVNS modulated IL-6. However, different VNS techniques should be separately analyzed in larger, homogeneous, and powerful studies to achieve a clearer and more consistent understanding of the effect of each VNS method on the inflammatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo S de Melo
- Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna C Gianlorenco
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Anna Marduy
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Medicine, União Metropolitana de Ensino e Cultura (UNIME), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Chi K Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Choi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Neurive Co, Ltd, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Neurive Co, Ltd, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Abdel-Salam OME, Mózsik G. Capsaicin, The Vanilloid Receptor TRPV1 Agonist in Neuroprotection: Mechanisms Involved and Significance. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3296-3315. [PMID: 37493882 PMCID: PMC10514110 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Hot peppers, also called chilli, chilli pepper, or paprika of the plant genus Capsicum (family Solanaceae), are one of the most used vegetables and spices worldwide. Capsaicin (8-methyl N-vanillyl-6-noneamide) is the main pungent principle of hot green and red peppers. By acting on the capsaicin receptor or transient receptor potential cation channel vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1), capsaicin selectively stimulates and in high doses defunctionalizes capsaicin-sensitive chemonociceptors with C and Aδ afferent fibers. This channel, which is involved in a wide range of neuronal processes, is expressed in peripheral and central branches of capsaicin-sensitive nociceptive neurons, sensory ganglia, the spinal cord, and different brain regions in neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, astrocytes, and pericytes. Several experimental and clinical studies provided evidence that capsaicin protected against ischaemic or excitotoxic cerebral neuronal injury and may lower the risk of cerebral stroke. By preventing neuronal death, memory impairment and inhibiting the amyloidogenic process, capsaicin may also be beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Capsaicin given in systemic inflammation/sepsis exerted beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects while defunctionalization of capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents has been demonstrated to increase brain oxidative stress. Capsaicin may act in the periphery via the vagal sensory fibers expressing TRPV1 receptors to reduce immune oxidative and inflammatory signalling to the brain. Capsaicin given in small doses has also been reported to inhibit the experimentally-induced epileptic seizures. The aim of this review is to provide a concise account on the most recent findings related to this topic. We attempted to delineate such mechanisms by which capsaicin exerts its neuronal protective effects. We also aimed to provide the reader with the current knowledge on the mechanism of action of capsaicin on sensory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M E Abdel-Salam
- Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gyula Mózsik
- First Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Centre, University of Pécs, H-9724, Pecs, Hungary
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3
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Seitz T, Bergmayr F, Kitzberger R, Holbik J, Grieb A, Hind J, Lucny F, Tyercha A, Neuhold S, Krenn C, Wenisch C, Zoufaly A, Kaniusas E, Széles JC. Randomized controlled study to evaluate the safety and clinical impact of percutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in patients with severe COVID-19. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1223347. [PMID: 37614753 PMCID: PMC10442574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1223347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A severe course of COVID-19 is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome or even multi-organ failure along a derailed sympatho-vagal balance. Methods: In this prospective, randomized study, we evaluate the hypothesis that percutaneous minimally invasive auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) is a safe procedure and might reduce the rate of clinical complications in patients with severe course of COVID-19. In our study, patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to the intensive care unit with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, however without invasive ventilation yet, were included and following randomization assigned to a group receiving aVNS four times per 24 h for 3 h and a group receiving standard of care (SOC). Results: A total of 12 patients were included (six in the aVNS and six in the SOC group). No side effects in aVNS were reported, especially no significant pain at device placement or during stimulation at the stimulation site or significant headache or bleeding after or during device placement or lasting skin irritation. There was no significant difference in the aVNS and SOC groups between the length of stay in the intensive care unit and at the hospital, bradycardia, delirium, or 90-day mortality. In the SOC group, five of six patients required invasive mechanical ventilation during their stay at hospital and 60% of them venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, compared to three of six patients and 0% in the aVNS group (p = 0.545 and p = 0.061). Discussion: Vagus nerve stimulation in patients with severe COVID-19 is a safe and feasible method. Our data showed a trend to a reduction of progression to the need of invasive ventilation and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation which encourages further research with larger patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Seitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Bergmayr
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Wound Surgery and Special Pain Therapy, Health Service Center of Vienna Privat Clinics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kitzberger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Holbik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Grieb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Hind
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Lucny
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tyercha
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Wound Surgery and Special Pain Therapy, Health Service Center of Vienna Privat Clinics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Neuhold
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Krenn
- Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wenisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Zoufaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugenijus Kaniusas
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Biomedical Electronics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - József Constantin Széles
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Center for Wound Surgery and Special Pain Therapy, Health Service Center of Vienna Privat Clinics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Zeng M, Peng M, Liang J, Sun H. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03512-7. [PMID: 37498481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has proved that alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to neurological disorders including stroke. Structural and functional disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is observed after stroke. In this context, there is pioneering evidence supporting that gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of stroke by regulating the BBB function. However, only a few experimental studies have been performed on stroke models to observe the BBB by altering the structure of gut microbiota, which warrant further exploration. Therefore, in order to provide a novel mechanism for stroke and highlight new insights into BBB modification as a stroke intervention, this review summarizes existing evidence of the relationship between gut microbiota and BBB integrity and discusses the mechanisms of gut microbiota on BBB dysfunction and its role in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Zeng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Meichang Peng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Centre for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Alvarez MR, Alarcon JM, Roman CA, Lazaro D, Bobrowski-Khoury N, Baena-Caldas GP, Esber GR. Can a basic solution activate the inflammatory reflex? A review of potential mechanisms, opportunities, and challenges. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106525. [PMID: 36441036 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the inflammatory reflex (IR) is a promising strategy to treat systemic inflammatory disorders. However, this strategy is hindered by the cost and side effects of traditional IR activators. Recently, oral intake of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been suggested to activate the IR, providing a safe and inexpensive alternative. Critically, the mechanisms whereby NaHCO3 might achieve this effect and more broadly the pathways underlying the IR remain poorly understood. Here, we argue that the recognition of NaHCO3 as a potential IR activator presents exciting clinical and research opportunities. To aid this quest, we provide an integrative review of our current knowledge of the neural and cellular pathways mediating the IR and discuss the status of physiological models of IR activation. From this vantage point, we derive testable hypotheses on potential mechanisms whereby NaHCO3 might stimulate the IR and compare NaHCO3 with classic IR activators. Elucidation of these mechanisms will help determine the therapeutic value of NaHCO3 as an IR activator and provide new insights into the IR circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Rodriguez Alvarez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Juan Marcos Alarcon
- Department of Pathology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Christopher A Roman
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Deana Lazaro
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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6
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Fruekilde SK, Bailey CJ, Lambertsen KL, Clausen BH, Carlsen J, Xu NL, Drasbek KR, Gutiérrez-Jiménez E. Disturbed microcirculation and hyperaemic response in a murine model of systemic inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:2303-2317. [PMID: 35999817 PMCID: PMC9670001 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation affects cognitive functions and increases the risk of dementia. This phenomenon is thought to be mediated in part by cytokines that promote neuronal survival, but the continuous exposure to which may lead to neurodegeneration. The effects of systemic inflammation on cerebral blood vessels, and their provision of adequate oxygen to support critical brain parenchymal cell functions, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neurovascular coupling is profoundly disturbed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced systemic inflammation in awake mice. In the 24 hours following LPS injection, the hyperaemic response of pial vessels to functional activation was attenuated and delayed. Concurrently, under steady-state conditions, the capillary network displayed a significant increase in the number of capillaries with blocked blood flow, as well as increased duration of 'capillary stalls'-a phenomenon previously reported in animal models of stroke and Alzheimer's disease pathology. We speculate that vascular changes and impaired oxygen availability may affect brain functions following acute systemic inflammation and contribute to the long-term risk of neurodegenerative changes associated with chronic, systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Kirk Fruekilde
- Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, 1006Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Christopher J Bailey
- Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, 1006Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 6174University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, 6174University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, 6174University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark.,BRIDGE - Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, 6174University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jasper Carlsen
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine (MMF), Department of Clinical Medicine, 1006Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ning-Long Xu
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kim Ryun Drasbek
- Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, 1006Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Eugenio Gutiérrez-Jiménez
- Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, 1006Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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7
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Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100696. [PMID: 35858588 PMCID: PMC9381415 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex, a neural circuit through which the CNS can modulate peripheral immune responses. Signals communicated via the vagus and splenic nerves use acetylcholine, produced by Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ T cells, to downregulate the inflammatory actions of macrophages expressing α7 nicotinic receptors. Pre-clinical studies using transgenic animals, cholinergic agonists, vagotomy, and vagus nerve stimulation have demonstrated this pathway's role and therapeutic potential in numerous inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize what is understood about the inflammatory reflex. We also demonstrate how pre-clinical findings are being translated into promising clinical trials, and we draw particular attention to innovative bioelectronic methods of harnessing the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Kelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Seamas C Donnelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Bourhy L, Mazeraud A, Bozza FA, Turc G, Lledo PM, Sharshar T. Neuro-Inflammatory Response and Brain-Peripheral Crosstalk in Sepsis and Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834649. [PMID: 35464410 PMCID: PMC9022190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, ischemic stroke is still a leading cause of death and disability. There is renewed attention on peripheral inflammatory signaling as a way of modulating the post-ischemic neuro-inflammatory process. The immune-brain crosstalk has long been the focus for understanding the mechanisms of sickness behavior, which is an adaptive autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral response to a peripheral inflammation. It is mediated by humoral and neural pathways that mainly involve the circumventricular organs and vagal nerve, respectively. In this review we address the question of how sepsis and stroke can dysregulate this adaptive response, notably by impairing the central integration of peripheral signaling, but also by efferent control of the immune response. We highlight the potential role of gut–brain and brain–spleen signaling in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France.,Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guillaume Turc
- Department of Neurology, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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9
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Hovens IB, van Leeuwen BL, Falcao-Salles J, de Haan JJ, Schoemaker RG. Enteral enriched nutrition to prevent cognitive dysfunction after surgery; a study in rats. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100305. [PMID: 34589797 PMCID: PMC8474614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays an important role in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), particularly in elderly patients. Enteral enriched nutrition was shown to inhibit the response on inflammatory stimuli. Aim of the present study was to explore the therapeutic potential of enteral enriched nutrition in our rat model for POCD. The anticipated mechanism of action was examined in young rats, while responses in the target group of elderly patients were evaluated in old rats. Methods Male 3 and 23 months old Wistar rats received a bolus of enteral fat/protein-enriched nutrition 2 h and 30 min before surgery. The inflammatory response was evaluated by systemic inflammation markers and brain microglia activity. Additionally, in old rats, the role of the gut-brain axis was studied by microbiome analyses of faecal samples. Days 9–14 after surgery, rats were subjected to cognitive testing. Day 16, rats were sacrificed and brains were collected for immunohistochemistry. Results In young rats, enriched nutrition improved long-term spatial learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze, reduced plasma IL1-β and VEGF levels, but left microglia activity and neurogenesis unaffected. In contrast, in old rats, enriched nutrition improved short-term memory in the novel object- and novel location recognition tests, but impaired development of long-term memory in the Morris Water Maze. Systemic inflammation was not affected, but microglia activity seemed even increased. Gut integrity and microbiome were not affected. Conclusion Enteral enriched nutrition before surgery in young rats indeed reduced systemic inflammation and improved cognitive performance after surgery, whereas old rats showed a mixed favorable/unfavorable cognitive response, without effect on systemic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory effects of enriched nutrition were not reflected in decreased microglia activity. Neither was an important role for the gut-brain axis observed. Since the relatively straight forward effects of enriched nutrition in young rats could not be shown in old rats, as indicated by a mixed beneficial/detrimental cognitive outcome in the latter, caution is advised by translating effects seen in younger patients to older ones. Enriched nutrition reduced inflammation after surgery in young rats. Enriched nutrition improved postoperative cognitive outcome in young rats. Enteral enriched nutrition did not inhibit neuroinflammation. Effects in young rats do not predict effects in old rats. Enteral enriched nutrition caused mixed improved/declined cognition in old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris B Hovens
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Joana Falcao-Salles
- Department of Microbial Ecology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacco J de Haan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
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10
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Wolff BS, Alshawi SA, Feng LR, Juneau PL, Saligan LN. Inflammation plays a causal role in fatigue-like behavior induced by pelvic irradiation in mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100264. [PMID: 34589770 PMCID: PMC8474574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a persistent and debilitating symptom following radiation therapy for prostate cancer. However, it is not well-understood how radiation targeted to a small region of the body can lead to broad changes in behavior. In this study, we used targeted pelvic irradiation of healthy male mice to test whether inflammatory signaling mediates changes in voluntary physical activity levels. First, we tested the relationship between radiation dose, blood cell counts, and fatigue-like behavior measured as voluntary wheel-running activity. Next, we used oral minocycline treatments to reduce inflammation and found that minocycline reduces, but does not eliminate, the fatigue-like behavioral changes induced by radiation. We also used a strain of mice lacking the MyD88 adaptor protein and found that these mice also showed less fatigue-like behavior than the wild-type controls. Finally, using serum and brain tissue samples, we determined changes in inflammatory signaling induced by irradiation in wild-type, minocycline treated, and MyD88 knockout mice. We found that irradiation increased serum levels of IL-6, a change that was partially reversed in mice treated with minocycline or lacking MyD88. Overall, our results suggest that inflammation plays a causal role in radiation-induced fatigue and that IL-6 may be an important mediator.
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Key Words
- CCL, chemokine (CC) ligand
- CD30 L, CD30 ligand
- CFS, chronic fatigue syndrome
- CRF, cancer-related fatigue
- CXCL, chemokine (CXC) ligand
- Cancer-related fatigue
- Cytokines
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- Fas-L, Fas Ligand
- Fatigue
- G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- MCV, mean corpuscular volume
- Minocycline
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein
- PDGF-bb, platelet-derived growth factor subunit B
- RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted
- RBC, red blood cell
- Radiotherapy
- TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VWRA, voluntary wheel running activity
- Voluntary wheel-running activity
- WBC, white blood cell
- myd88
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Wolff
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Alshawi
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Li Rebekah Feng
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul L Juneau
- NIH Library, Office of Research Services, OD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA/Contractor- Zimmerman Associates, Inc., Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Leorey N Saligan
- National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Peek V, Harden LM, Damm J, Aslani F, Leisengang S, Roth J, Gerstberger R, Meurer M, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Schulz S, Spengler B, Rummel C. LPS Primes Brain Responsiveness to High Mobility Group Box-1 Protein. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060558. [PMID: 34208101 PMCID: PMC8230749 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box (HMGB)1 action contributes to late phases of sepsis, but the effects of increased endogenous plasma HMGB1 levels on brain cells during inflammation are unclear. Here, we aimed to further investigate the role of HMGB1 in the brain during septic-like lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats (LPS, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). HMGB-1 mRNA expression and release were measured in the periphery/brain by RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. In vitro experiments with disulfide-HMGB1 in primary neuro-glial cell cultures of the area postrema (AP), a circumventricular organ with a leaky blood–brain barrier and direct access to circulating mediators like HMGB1 and LPS, were performed to determine the direct influence of HMGB1 on this pivotal brain structure for immune-to-brain communication. Indeed, HMGB1 plasma levels stayed elevated after LPS injection. Immunohistochemistry of brains and AP cultures confirmed LPS-stimulated cytoplasmatic translocation of HMGB1 indicative of local HMGB1 release. Moreover, disulfide-HMGB1 stimulation induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and a significant release of interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor α, into AP culture supernatants. However, only a few AP cells directly responded to HMGB1 with increased intracellular calcium concentration. Interestingly, priming with LPS induced a seven-fold higher percentage of responsive cells to HMGB1. We conclude that, as a humoral and local mediator, HMGB1 enhances brain inflammatory responses, after LPS priming, linked to sustained sepsis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.P.); (J.D.); (S.L.); (J.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Lois M. Harden
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Jelena Damm
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.P.); (J.D.); (S.L.); (J.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Ferial Aslani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Stephan Leisengang
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.P.); (J.D.); (S.L.); (J.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.P.); (J.D.); (S.L.); (J.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.P.); (J.D.); (S.L.); (J.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Marita Meurer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.M.); (M.v.K.-B.)
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.M.); (M.v.K.-B.)
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (V.P.); (J.D.); (S.L.); (J.R.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Siqueira BS, Ceglarek VM, Gomes ECZ, Vettorazzi JF, Rentz T, Nenevê JZ, Volinski KZ, Moraes SS, Malta A, de Freitas Mathias PC, de Oliveira Emilio HR, Balbo SL, Grassiolli S. Vagotomy and Splenectomy Reduce Insulin Secretion and Interleukin-1β. Pancreas 2021; 50:607-616. [PMID: 33939676 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vagotomy, when associated with splenectomy, on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in Wistar rats. METHODS Rats were divided into 4 groups: vagotomized (VAG), splenectomized (SPL), VAG + SPL, and SHAM. Glucose tolerance tests were performed, and physical and biochemical parameters evaluated. Glucose-induced insulin secretion and protein expression (Glut2/glucokinase) were measured in isolated pancreatic islets. Pancreases were submitted to histological and immunohistochemical analyses, and vagus nerve neural activity was recorded. RESULTS The vagotomized group presented with reduced body weight, growth, and adiposity; high food intake; reduced plasma glucose and triglyceride levels; and insulin resistance. The association of SPL with the VAG surgery attenuated, or abolished, the effects of VAG and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion and interleukin-1β area in β cells, in addition to lowering vagal activity. CONCLUSIONS The absence of the spleen attenuated or blocked the effects of VAG on adiposity, triglycerides and glucose homeostasis, suggesting a synergistic effect of both on metabolism. The vagus nerve and spleen modulate the presence of interleukin-1β in β cells, possibly because of the reduction of glucose-induced insulin secretion, indicating a bidirectional flow between autonomous neural firing and the spleen, with repercussions for the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Schumaker Siqueira
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Vanessa Marieli Ceglarek
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | | | | | - Thiago Rentz
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas
| | - Juliane Zanon Nenevê
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Karoline Zanella Volinski
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Sandra Schmidt Moraes
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá
| | | | - Sandra Lucinei Balbo
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
| | - Sabrina Grassiolli
- From the Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM), Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE)
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13
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Tang W, Zhu H, Feng Y, Guo R, Wan D. The Impact of Gut Microbiota Disorders on the Blood-Brain Barrier. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3351-3363. [PMID: 33061482 PMCID: PMC7532923 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s254403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is symbiotic with the human host and has been extensively studied in recent years resulting in increasing awareness of the effects of the gut microbiota on human health. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the effects of gut microbes on the integrity of the cerebral blood-brain barrier (BBB), focusing on the pathogenic impact of gut microbiota disorders. Based on our description and summarization of the effects of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems and related signaling pathways and the resulting destruction of the BBB, we suggest that regulating and supplementing the intestinal microbiota as well as targeting immune cells and inflammatory mediators are required to protect the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
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14
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Peek V, Neumann E, Inoue T, Koenig S, Pflieger FJ, Gerstberger R, Roth J, Matsumura K, Rummel C. Age-Dependent Changes of Adipokine and Cytokine Secretion From Rat Adipose Tissue by Endogenous and Exogenous Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1800. [PMID: 32973755 PMCID: PMC7466552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue but recently also brown adipose tissue have emerged as endocrine organs. Age-associated obesity is accompanied by prolonged and elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness symptoms and increased cytokine and adipokine levels in the circulation partially originating from adipose tissue. In the present study, ex vivo fat explants were used to investigate how the exogenous pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) LPS or the endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) and biglycan modulate the release of cytokines and adipokines/batokines and, thus, could influence systemic and/or local inflammation. The response of adipose tissue (epididymal, retroperitoneal, subcutaneous, and brown) was compared between young lean and old obese rats (2 vs. 24 months old). LPS induced a strong interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha release into the supernatant of all adipose tissue types investigated. HMGB1 (subcutaneous) and biglycan (retroperitoneal) led to an increased release of IL-6 and TNFalpha (HMGB1) and decreased visfatin and adiponectin (biglycan) secretion from epididymal adipose tissue (young rats). Visfatin was also decreased by HMGB1 in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of old rats. We found significantly higher leptin (all fat pads) and adiponectin (subcutaneous) levels in supernatants of adipose tissue from old compared to young rats, whereas visfatin secretion showed the opposite. The expression of the biglycan receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 as well as the LPS and HMGB1 receptors TLR4 and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were reduced with age (TLR4/RAGE) and by stimulation with their ligands (subcutaneous). Overall, we revealed that adipokines/adipose-tissue released cytokines show some modulation of their release caused by mediators of septic (batokines) and sterile inflammation with potential implication for acute and chronic disease. Moreover, aging may increase or decrease the release of fat-derived mediators. These data show that DAMPS and LPS locally modulate cytokine secretion while only DAMPS but not LPS can locally alter adipokine secretion during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sandy Koenig
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Joachim Roth and Christoph Rummel, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kiyoshi Matsumura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Joachim Roth and Christoph Rummel, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
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15
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Luo RY, Luo C, Zhong F, Shen WY, Li H, Hu ZL, Dai RP. ProBDNF promotes sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice by dampening the immune activity of meningeal CD4 + T cells. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:169. [PMID: 32466783 PMCID: PMC7257240 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) increases the mortality of septic patients, but its mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the roles of T lymphocytes, proBDNF, and their interaction in the pathogenesis of SAE. METHODS Fear conditioning tests were conducted for cognitive assessment in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg kg-1)-induced septic mice. Meninges and peripheral blood were harvested for flow cytometry or qPCR. FTY720 and monoclonal anti-proBDNF antibody (McAb-proB) were used to investigate the effect of lymphocyte depletion and blocking proBDNF on the impaired cognitive functions in the septic mice. RESULTS In the septic mice, cognitive function was impaired, the percentage of CD4+ T cells were decreased in the meninges (P = 0.0021) and circulation (P = 0.0222), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were upregulated, but the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 (P < 0.0001) and IL-13 (P = 0.0350) were downregulated in the meninges. Lymphocyte depletion by intragastrically treated FTY720 (1 mg kg-1) for 1 week ameliorated LPS-induced learning deficit. In addition, proBDNF was increased in the meningeal (P = 0.0042) and peripheral (P = 0.0090) CD4+ T cells. Intraperitoneal injection of McAb-proB (100 μg) before LPS treatment significantly alleviated cognitive dysfunction, inhibited the downregulation of meningeal (P = 0.0264) and peripheral (P = 0.0080) CD4+ T cells, and normalized the gene expression of cytokines in the meninges. However, intra-cerebroventricular McAb-proB injection (1 μg) did not have such effect. Finally, exogenous proBDNF downregulated the percentage of CD4+ T cells in cultured splenocytes from septic mice (P = 0.0021). CONCLUSION Upregulated proBDNF in immune system promoted the pathogenesis of SAE through downregulating the circulating CD4+ T cells, limiting its infiltration into the meninges and perturbing the meningeal pro-/anti-inflammatory homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yi Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Central Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Central Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Yun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Central Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Central Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Central Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Central Ren-Min Road No. 139, Changsha, Hunan Province, China. .,Anesthesia Medical Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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16
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Mazeraud A, Righy C, Bouchereau E, Benghanem S, Bozza FA, Sharshar T. Septic-Associated Encephalopathy: a Comprehensive Review. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:392-403. [PMID: 32378026 PMCID: PMC7283452 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a key manifestation of sepsis, ranging from delirium to coma and occurring in up to 70% of patients admitted to the ICU. SAE is associated with higher ICU and hospital mortality, and also with poorer long-term outcomes, including cognitive and functional outcomes. The pathophysiology of SAE is complex, and it may involve neurotransmitter dysfunction, inflammatory and ischemic lesions to the brain, microglial activation, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Delirium (which is included in the SAE spectrum) is mostly diagnosed with validated scales in the ICU population. There is no established treatment for SAE; benzodiazepines should generally be avoided in this setting. Nonpharmacological prevention and management is key for treating SAE; it includes avoiding oversedation (mainly with benzodiazepines), early mobilization, and sleep promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Mazeraud
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Neurointensive Care and Neuroanesthesia Department, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Cássia Righy
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Neurointensive Care and Neuroanesthesia Department, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paul Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eleonore Bouchereau
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Neurointensive Care and Neuroanesthesia Department, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Benghanem
- Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
- Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - Tarek Sharshar
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Neurointensive Care and Neuroanesthesia Department, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
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17
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Favre E, Bernini A, Morelli P, Pasquier J, Miroz JP, Abed-Maillard S, Ben-Hamouda N, Oddo M. Neuromonitoring of delirium with quantitative pupillometry in sedated mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:66. [PMID: 32093710 PMCID: PMC7041194 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive care unit (ICU) delirium is a frequent secondary neurological complication in critically ill patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation. Quantitative pupillometry is an emerging modality for the neuromonitoring of primary acute brain injury, but its potential utility in patients at risk of ICU delirium is unknown. METHODS This was an observational cohort study of medical-surgical ICU patients, without acute or known primary brain injury, who underwent sedation and mechanical ventilation for at least 48 h. Starting at day 3, automated infrared pupillometry-blinded to ICU caregivers-was used for repeated measurement of the pupillary function, including quantitative pupillary light reflex (q-PLR, expressed as % pupil constriction to a standardized light stimulus) and constriction velocity (CV, mm/s). The relationship between delirium, using the CAM-ICU score, and quantitative pupillary variables was examined. RESULTS A total of 59/100 patients had ICU delirium, diagnosed at a median 8 (5-13) days from admission. Compared to non-delirious patients, subjects with ICU delirium had lower values of q-PLR (25 [19-31] vs. 20 [15-28] %) and CV (2.5 [1.7-2.8] vs. 1.7 [1.4-2.4] mm/s) at day 3, and at all additional time-points tested (p < 0.05). After adjusting for the SOFA score and the cumulative dose of analgesia and sedation, lower q-PLR was associated with an increased risk of ICU delirium (OR 1.057 [1.007-1.113] at day 3; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Sustained abnormalities of quantitative pupillary variables at the early ICU phase correlate with delirium and precede clinical diagnosis by a median 5 days. These findings suggest a potential utility of quantitative pupillometry in sedated mechanically ventilated ICU patients at high risk of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Favre
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH 08.623, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare - IUFRS, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Bernini
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Morelli
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerôme Pasquier
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John-Paul Miroz
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Abed-Maillard
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nawfel Ben-Hamouda
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH 08.623, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Critical Care Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH08-623, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, BH 08.623, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Leisengang S, Ott D, Murgott J, Nürnberger F, Gerstberger R, Rummel C, Schmidt M, Roth J. Effects of gabapentinoids on responses of primary cultures from rat dorsal root ganglia to inflammatory or somatosensory stimuli. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 31:/j/jbcpp.ahead-of-print/jbcpp-2019-0261/jbcpp-2019-0261.xml. [PMID: 32078575 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gabapentinoids are known to reduce neuropathic pain. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether gabapentinoids exert anti-inflammatory and/or anti-nociceptive effects at the cellular level using primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Methods Cells from rat DRG were cultured in the presence of gabapentin or pregabalin, and we tested the effects of subsequent stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of genes (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by specific bioassays. Using Ca2+ imaging, we further investigated in neurons the effects of gabapentinoids upon stimulation with the TRPV-1 agonist capsaicin. Results There is a small influence of gabapentinoids on the inflammatory response to LPS stimulation, namely, a significantly reduced expression of IL-6. Pregabalin and gabapentin further seem to exert a moderate inhibitory influence on capsaicin-induced Ca2+ signals in DRG neurons. Conclusions Although the single inhibitory effects of gabapentinoids on inflammatory and nociceptive responses are moderate, a combination of both effects might provide an explanation for the proposed function of these substances as an adjuvant for the reduction of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Leisengang
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ott
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jolanta Murgott
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Franz Nürnberger
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Phone: +49-641-99-38150, Fax: +49-641-99-38159
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Michels M, Abatti MR, Ávila P, Vieira A, Borges H, Carvalho Junior C, Wendhausen D, Gasparotto J, Tiefensee Ribeiro C, Moreira JCF, Gelain DP, Dal-Pizzol F. Characterization and modulation of microglial phenotypes in an animal model of severe sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:88-97. [PMID: 31654493 PMCID: PMC6933367 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to characterize the kinetics of early and late microglial phenotypes after systemic inflammation in an animal model of severe sepsis and the effects of minocycline on these phenotypes. Rats were subjected to CLP, and some animals were treated with minocycline (10 ug/kg) by i.c.v. administration. Animals were killed 24 hours, 5, 10 and 30 days after sepsis induction, and serum and hippocampus were collected for subsequent analyses. Real‐time PCR was performed for M1 and M2 markers. TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, CCL‐22 and nitrite/nitrate levels were measured. Immunofluorescence for IBA‐1, CD11b and arginase was also performed. We demonstrated that early after sepsis, there was a preponderant up‐regulation of M1 markers, and this was not switched to M2 phenotype markers later on. We found that up‐regulation of both M1 and M2 markers co‐existed up to 30 days after sepsis induction. In addition, minocycline induced a down‐regulation, predominantly, of M1 markers. Our results suggest early activation of M1 microglia that is followed by an overlap of both M1 and M2 phenotypes and that the beneficial effects of minocycline on sepsis‐associated brain dysfunction may be related to its effects predominantly on the M1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariane Rocha Abatti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Pricila Ávila
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Andriele Vieira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Borges
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Celso Carvalho Junior
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Wendhausen
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Civil y Ambiental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Camila Tiefensee Ribeiro
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Claudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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Bredehöft J, Bhandari DR, Pflieger FJ, Schulz S, Kang JX, Layé S, Roth J, Gerstberger R, Mayer K, Spengler B, Rummel C. Visualizing and Profiling Lipids in the OVLT of Fat-1 and Wild Type Mouse Brains during LPS-Induced Systemic Inflammation Using AP-SMALDI MSI. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4394-4406. [PMID: 31513369 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs), modulate brain-intrinsic inflammation during systemic inflammation. The vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) is a brain structure important for immune-to-brain communication. We, therefore, aimed to profile the distribution of several lipids (e.g., phosphatidyl-choline/ethanolamine, PC/PE), including n-3-PUFA-carrying lipids (esterified in phospholipids), in the OVLT during systemic lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation. We injected wild type and endogenously n-3-PUFA producing fat-1 transgenic mice with LPS (i.p., 2.5 mg/kg) or PBS. Brain samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and high-resolution atmospheric-pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization orbital trapping mass spectrometry imaging (AP-SMALDI-MSI) for spatial resolution of lipids. Depending on genotype and treatment, several distinct distribution patterns were observed for lipids [e.g., lyso(L)PC (16:0)/(18:0)] proposed to be involved in inflammation. The distribution patterns ranged from being homogeneously disseminated [LPC (18:1)], absent/reduced signaling within the OVLT relative to adjacent preoptic tissue [PE (38:6)], either treatment- and genotype-dependent or independent low signal intensities [LPC (18:0)], treatment- and genotype-dependent [PC 38:6)] or independent accumulation in the OVLT [PC (38:7)], and accumulation in commissures, e.g., nerve fibers like the optic nerve [LPE (18:1)]. Overall, screening of lipid distribution patterns revealed distinct inflammation-induced changes in the OVLT, highlighting the prominent role of lipid metabolism in brain inflammation. Moreover, known and novel candidates for brain inflammation and immune-to-brain communication were detected specifically within this pivotal brain structure, a window between the periphery and the brain. The biological significance of these newly identified lipids abundant in the OVLT and the adjacent preoptic area remains to be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bredehöft
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dhaka Ram Bhandari
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jing X. Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sophie Layé
- UMR 1286, NutriNeuro: Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg 35032, Germany
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The vagus nerve role in antidepressants action: Efferent vagal pathways participate in peripheral anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Pflieger FJ, Hernandez J, Schweighöfer H, Herden C, Rosengarten B, Rummel C. The role of neutrophil granulocytes in immune-to-brain communication. Temperature (Austin) 2018; 5:296-307. [PMID: 30574524 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2018.1538598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-to-brain communication has been studied in a variety of experimental models. Crucial insights into signalling and mechanisms were previously revealed in studies investigating fever induction pathways. The scientific community has primarily focused on neuronal and humoral pathways in the manifestation of this response. Emerging evidence has now shown that immune-to-brain signalling via immune cells is pivotal for normal brain function and brain pathology. The present manuscript aims to provide a brief overview on the current understanding of how immune cells signal to the brain. Insights are summarized on the potential physiological significance of some immune cells signalling from the periphery to the brain. A particular focus is laid on the role of neutrophil granulocytes. As such, IL-1β expressing neutrophil granulocytes have been shown to transfer inflammatory information to the brain and contribute to prolonged behavioural changes due to septic encephalopathy in rats during severe systemic inflammation induced by the bacterial component and TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide. Modulation of immune cell recruitment to the brain is discussed by various confounding factors including sleep, exercise, the nutritional status e.g. obesity, leptin and omega 3 fatty acids, and psychological or inflammatory stressors. The physiological significance of immune cell mediated communication between the immune system and the brain is highlighted by the fact that systemic inflammatory insults can exacerbate ongoing brain pathologies via immune cell trafficking. New insights into mechanisms and mediators of immune cell mediated immune-to-brain communication are important for the development of new therapeutic strategies and the better understanding of existing ones. Abbreviations: ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; BBB: blood-brain barrier; BBI: blood-brain interface; CD: cluster of differentiation; CINC: cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant; CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone; CVOs: circumventricular organs; CXCR: chemokine receptor; DAPI: 40:6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dilactate; DHA: docosahexaenoid acid; ICAM: intracellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; i.p.: intraperitoneal; i.v.: intravenous; KC: keratinocytes-derived chemokine; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; MS: multiple sclerosis; NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B; NF-IL6: nuclear factor IL-6; PCTR: protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration; PG: prostaglandin; p.i.: post injection; PVN: paraventricular nucleus; ra: receptor antagonist; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TIMP: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hernandez
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hanna Schweighöfer
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Leisengang S, Ott D, Murgott J, Gerstberger R, Rummel C, Roth J. Primary Cultures from Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia: Responses of Neurons and Glial Cells to Somatosensory or Inflammatory Stimulation. Neuroscience 2018; 394:1-13. [PMID: 30342197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) consist of neurons, satellite glial cells and a moderate number of macrophages. Measurements of increased intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i induced by stimuli, have revealed that about 70% of DRG neurons are capsaicin-responsive nociceptors, while 10% responded to cooling and or menthol (putative cold sensors). Cultivation of DRG in the presence of a moderate dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/ml) enhanced capsaicin-induced Ca2+ signals. We therefore investigated further properties of DRG primary cultures stimulated with 10 µg/ml LPS for a short period. Exposure to LPS for 2 h resulted in pronounced release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) into the supernatants of DRG cultures, increased expression of both cytokines in the DRG cells and increased TNF immunoreactivity predominantly in macrophages. We further observed an accumulation of the inflammatory transcription factors NF-IL6 and STAT3 in the nuclei of LPS-exposed DRG neurons and macrophages. In the presence of the cytotoxic agent cisplatin (5 or 10 µg/ml), the number of macrophages was decreased significantly, the growth of satellite glial cells was markedly suppressed, but the vitality and stimulus-induced Ca2+ signals of DRG neurons were not impaired. Under these conditions the LPS-induced production and expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were blunted. Our data suggest a potential role for macrophages and satellite glial cells in the initiation of inflammatory processes that develop in sensory ganglia upon injury or exposure to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Leisengang
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Ott
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jolanta Murgott
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Gerstberger
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior CMBB, Philipps-Universität of Marburg & Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Roth
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and -Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior CMBB, Philipps-Universität of Marburg & Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany.
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24
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Yang Y, Yang LY, Orban L, Cuylear D, Thompson J, Simon B, Yang Y. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduces blood-brain barrier disruption in a rat model of ischemic stroke. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:689-698. [PMID: 29496430 PMCID: PMC6019567 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) significantly reduces infarct volume in rat models of cerebral ischemia, but the mechanism of this protective effect remains open. HYPOTHESIS This study tested the hypothesis that non-invasive VNS (nVNS), during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), protects the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to reduced infarct size in ischemic brain. METHODS Spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) were subjected to a 90 min MCAO. nVNS treated rats received 5 stimulations (duration: 2 min; every 10 min) on the skin overlying the cervical vagus nerve in the neck beginning 30 min after MCAO onset. Control rats received the same stimulations on the quadriceps femoris muscle. Twenty-four hours after MCAO onset, MRI and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for analyses of infarct size and BBB leakage. RESULTS Compared with the control group, anatomic MRI T2-weighted images showed significantly smaller infarct sizes in the nVNS group. Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI showed a significantly decreased BBB transfer rate (Ki map) in the lesion area in the nVNS group, which was spatially correlated with the attenuation of the infarct size. Furthermore, significantly lower serum IgG leakage, visualized by IHC, was seen in the ischemic hemisphere in nVNS treated rats. nVNS also protected vascular tight junction proteins from disruption in microvessels, and reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2/9 in reactive astrocytes surrounding the compromised vessels in the ischemic hemispheres. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the neuroprotective role of a series of nVNS administrations during MCA occlusion, spatially correlates with protection of BBB integrity from damage and reduction of infarct extent induced by ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lisa Y Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lilla Orban
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Darnell Cuylear
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Bruce Simon
- ElectroCore LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Cylindromatosis mediates neuronal cell death in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1394-1407. [PMID: 29352268 PMCID: PMC6113218 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a deubiquitinating enzyme and key regulator of cell proliferation and inflammation. A genome-wide siRNA screen linked CYLD to receptor interacting protein-1 (RIP1) kinase-mediated necroptosis; however, the exact mechanisms of CYLD-mediated cell death remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the precise role of CYLD in models of neuronal cell death in vitro and evaluated whether CYLD deletion affects brain injury in vivo. In vitro, downregulation of CYLD increased RIP1 ubiquitination, prevented RIP1/RIP3 complex formation, and protected neuronal cells from oxidative death. Similar protective effects were achieved by siRNA silencing of RIP1 or RIP3 or by pharmacological inhibition of RIP1 with necrostatin-1. In vivo, CYLD knockout mice were protected from trauma-induced brain damage compared to wild-type littermate controls. These findings unravel the mechanisms of CYLD-mediated cell death signaling in damaged neurons in vitro and suggest a cell death-mediating role of CYLD in vivo.
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26
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Ota M, Ogura J, Ogawa S, Kato K, Matsuda H, Kunugi H. A Single Intraperitoneal Injection of Endotoxin Changes Glial Cells in Rats as Revealed by Positron Emission Tomography Using [ 11C]PK11195. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 52:224-228. [PMID: 29942401 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-017-0510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intracranial administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to elicit a rapid innate immune response, activate glial cells in the brain, and induce depression-like behavior. However, no study has focused on the changes in glial cells induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS in vivo. Methods Ten adult male Fischer F344 rats underwent [11C]PK11195 PET before and 2 days after intraperitoneal injection of LPS to evaluate the changes in glial cells. The difference in standardized uptake values (SUV) of [11C]PK11195 between before and after injection was determined. Results There was a cluster of brain regions that showed significant reductions in SUV. This cluster included the bilateral striata and bilateral frontal regions, especially the somatosensory areas. Conclusions Changes in activity of glial cells induced by the intraperitoneal injection of LPS were detected in vivo by [11C]PK11195 PET. Intraperitoneal injection of LPS is known to induce depression, and further studies with [11C]PK11195 PET would clarify the relationships between neuroinflammation and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Ota
- 1Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Jun Ogura
- 1Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Shintaro Ogawa
- 1Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Organic Radiochemistry Section, Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- 1Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502 Japan
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Brognara F, Castania JA, Dias DPM, Lopes AH, Fazan R, Kanashiro A, Ulloa L, Salgado HC. Baroreflex stimulation attenuates central but not peripheral inflammation in conscious endotoxemic rats. Brain Res 2018; 1682:54-60. [PMID: 29317289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that activation of the baroreflex, a critical physiological mechanism controlling cardiovascular homeostasis, through electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve attenuates joint inflammation in experimental arthritis. However, it is unknown whether baroreflex activation can control systemic inflammation. Here, we investigate whether baroreflex activation controls systemic inflammation in conscious endotoxemic rats. Animals underwent sham or electrical aortic depressor nerve stimulation initiated 10 min prior to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, while inflammatory cytokine levels were measured in the blood, spleen, heart and hypothalamus 90 min after LPS treatment. Baroreflex activation did not affect LPS-induced levels of pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1β and interleukin 6) or anti-inflammatory (interleukin 10) cytokines in the periphery (heart, spleen and blood). However, baroreflex stimulation attenuated LPS-induced levels of all these cytokines in the hypothalamus. Notably, these results indicate that the central anti-inflammatory mechanism induced by baroreflex stimulation is independent of cardiovascular alterations, since aortic depressor nerve stimulation that failed to induce hemodynamic changes was also efficient at inhibiting inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus. Thus, aortic depressor nerve stimulation might represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection, modulating inflammation in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaci A Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel P M Dias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubens Fazan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Song FX, Zhao LQ, Zhu RN, Song QW, Deng J, Tian R, Wang F, Qian Y. Protective effect of an alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist against enterovirus 71 infection in neuronal cells. Antiviral Res 2018; 149:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Krishnan ML, Van Steenwinckel J, Schang AL, Yan J, Arnadottir J, Le Charpentier T, Csaba Z, Dournaud P, Cipriani S, Auvynet C, Titomanlio L, Pansiot J, Ball G, Boardman JP, Walley AJ, Saxena A, Mirza G, Fleiss B, Edwards AD, Petretto E, Gressens P. Integrative genomics of microglia implicates DLG4 (PSD95) in the white matter development of preterm infants. Nat Commun 2017; 8:428. [PMID: 28874660 PMCID: PMC5585205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00422-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth places infants in an adverse environment that leads to abnormal brain development and cerebral injury through a poorly understood mechanism known to involve neuroinflammation. In this study, we integrate human and mouse molecular and neuroimaging data to investigate the role of microglia in preterm white matter damage. Using a mouse model where encephalopathy of prematurity is induced by systemic interleukin-1β administration, we undertake gene network analysis of the microglial transcriptomic response to injury, extend this by analysis of protein-protein interactions, transcription factors and human brain gene expression, and translate findings to living infants using imaging genomics. We show that DLG4 (PSD95) protein is synthesised by microglia in immature mouse and human, developmentally regulated, and modulated by inflammation; DLG4 is a hub protein in the microglial inflammatory response; and genetic variation in DLG4 is associated with structural differences in the preterm infant brain. DLG4 is thus apparently involved in brain development and impacts inter-individual susceptibility to injury after preterm birth.Inflammation mediated by microglia plays a key role in brain injury associated with preterm birth, but little is known about the microglial response in preterm infants. Here, the authors integrate molecular and imaging data from animal models and preterm infants, and find that microglial expression of DLG4 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Krishnan
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Juliette Van Steenwinckel
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Schang
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jun Yan
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Johanna Arnadottir
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Tifenn Le Charpentier
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Sara Cipriani
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Constance Auvynet
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, UMRS-1135, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Gareth Ball
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - James P Boardman
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Andrew J Walley
- Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, St. George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Alka Saxena
- Genomics Core Facility, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ghazala Mirza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Epilepsy Society, Chalfont-St-Peter, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - Bobbi Fleiss
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - A David Edwards
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.
- PremUP, F-75006, Paris, France.
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30
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Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7150-E7158. [PMID: 28760971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710519114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some signs of inflammation have been reported previously in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), the data are limited and contradictory. High-throughput methods now allow us to interrogate the human immune system for multiple markers of inflammation at a scale that was not previously possible. To determine whether a signature of serum cytokines could be associated with ME/CFS and correlated with disease severity and fatigue duration, cytokines of 192 ME/CFS patients and 392 healthy controls were measured using a 51-multiplex array on a Luminex system. Each cytokine's preprocessed data were regressed on ME/CFS severity plus covariates for age, sex, race, and an assay property of newly discovered importance: nonspecific binding. On average, TGF-β was elevated (P = 0.0052) and resistin was lower (P = 0.0052) in patients compared with controls. Seventeen cytokines had a statistically significant upward linear trend that correlated with ME/CFS severity: CCL11 (Eotaxin-1), CXCL1 (GROα), CXCL10 (IP-10), IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17F, leptin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, LIF, NGF, SCF, and TGF-α. Of the 17 cytokines that correlated with severity, 13 are proinflammatory, likely contributing to many of the symptoms experienced by patients and establishing a strong immune system component of the disease. Only CXCL9 (MIG) inversely correlated with fatigue duration.
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Corsi-Zuelli FMDG, Brognara F, Quirino GFDS, Hiroki CH, Fais RS, Del-Ben CM, Ulloa L, Salgado HC, Kanashiro A, Loureiro CM. Neuroimmune Interactions in Schizophrenia: Focus on Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Activation of the Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Front Immunol 2017; 8:618. [PMID: 28620379 PMCID: PMC5449450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental disorders and is aggravated by the lack of efficacious treatment. Although its etiology is unclear, epidemiological studies indicate that infection and inflammation during development induces behavioral, morphological, neurochemical, and cognitive impairments, increasing the risk of developing schizophrenia. The inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia is also supported by clinical studies demonstrating systemic inflammation and microglia activation in schizophrenic patients. Although elucidating the mechanism that induces this inflammatory profile remains a challenge, mounting evidence suggests that neuroimmune interactions may provide therapeutic advantages to control inflammation and hence schizophrenia. Recent studies have indicated that vagus nerve stimulation controls both peripheral and central inflammation via alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Other findings have indicated that vagal stimulation and α7nAChR-agonists can provide therapeutic advantages for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and epilepsy. This review analyzes the latest results regarding: (I) the immune-to-brain pathogenesis of schizophrenia; (II) the regulation of inflammation by the autonomic nervous system in psychiatric disorders; and (III) the role of the vagus nerve and α7nAChR in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Hiroji Hiroki
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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