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Dantas GHM, de Alkmim Moreira Nunes R, Casimiro-Lopes G, Neves EB, de Castro JBP, de Souza Vale RG. Analysis of physiological markers and risk factors for the development of rhabdomyolysis in military personnel: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:613-620. [PMID: 35852130 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze case reports with individual patient data belonging to the Armed Forces submitted to specific physical or military combat training that was affected by rhabdomyolysis and identify factors that influenced the diagnosis and clinical evolution of the syndrome. CONTENT We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021242465). We searched MedLine (via PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, Lilacs, SciELO, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, and PEDro databases for studies that reported cases of military personnel affected by rhabdomyolysis. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Forty-nine individual cases of rhabdomyolysis were analyzed. From them, it was possible to identify several associated factors, which were responsible for developing rhabdomyolysis in military personnel. Thirty military personnel (60%) practiced physical training and 20 (40%) practiced specific military combat training. The creatine kinase (CK) peak ranged from 1,040 to 410,755 U/L, with an average of 44.991 U/L, and 14 (28%) of the cases reported alteration of renal function and four militaries (8%) evolved to death condition. Physical activities performed strenuously and without proper planning conditions such as room temperature, the period without adequate water intake, the amount of equipment used during the activity contributed to the development of rhabdomyolysis in the cases of military personnel analyzed in the present study. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies investigate the relationship between the prevalence of rhabdomyolysis cases and the severity of its consequence when associated with progressive methods of training, hydration control, acclimatization to austere environments, monitoring for the existence of hereditary diseases, and control of the use of supplementary nutritional substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Henrique Mattos Dantas
- Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences (PPGCEE), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo de Alkmim Moreira Nunes
- Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences (PPGCEE), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Casimiro-Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences (PPGCEE), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Pathophysiology (LAFE), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Postgraduate Program on Biomedical Engineering (PPGEB), Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Brandão Pinto de Castro
- Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences (PPGCEE), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Laboratory of Exercise and Sport (LABEES), Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise and Sport Sciences (PPGCEE), Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Estácio de Sá University, Cabo Frio, RJ, Brazil
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Sun X, Dong J. Stress Response and Safe Driving Time of Bus Drivers in Hot Weather. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9662. [PMID: 35955016 PMCID: PMC9367783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of high-temperature environments on bus drivers' physiology and reaction times, and to provide a basis for driver occupational health management. METHODS The physiological and reaction indexes of 24 bus drivers under different temperatures were investigated. The statistical analysis method was used to analyze the changes in drivers' physiological stress, the relationship between stress and response ability, and a safe driving time. The Kaplan-Meier survival function was used to analyze the survival rate of bus drivers under different temperatures and driving times. RESULTS The results showed that body temperature, heart rate, physiological strain index (PSI), and reaction ability were significantly different among different compartment temperatures. PSI was positively correlated with reaction ability. The safe driving time was 80 min, 73 min, and 53 min, respectively, at 32 °C, 36 °C, and 40 °C. The survival rate decreased to less than 60% at 36 °C when driving continuously for 73 min; it decreased to 20% at 40 °C when driving for 53 min, and it was 0 for 75 min. CONCLUSIONS High-temperature environments lead to heat stress of bus drivers, physiological indexes have changed significantly, and behavioral ability is also decreased. The higher the temperature, the lower the survival rate. Improvement measures can be taken from the aspects of convection, conduction, and behavior to ensure the bus driver's physiological health and driving safety under high temperatures and to improve the survival rate.
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Li C, Su HB, Li H, Li X, Wang HM, Song Q, Hu JH. Severe acute liver injury in patients with exertional heat stroke associated with poor short-term prognosis. World J Emerg Med 2022; 13:124-129. [PMID: 35237366 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hai-Bin Su
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hui Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Emergency, the Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hong-Min Wang
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin-Hua Hu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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Dineen SM, Ward JA, Leon LR. Prior viral illness increases heat stroke severity in mice. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:244-257. [PMID: 32362011 DOI: 10.1113/ep088480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We hypothesized that prior illness would increase the susceptibility to and severity of heat stroke (HS). What is the main finding and its importance? We provide the first experimental evidence, using a mouse model of HS, that recent viral illness increases the severity of HS. Our data indicate that this effect is not attributable to the exacerbation of hyperthermia but is a consequence of ongoing coagulation and systemic inflammatory reactions. Our data suggest that measurement of platelets, cytokines and chemokines before heat exposure might be indicative of susceptibility to HS, with coagulation and inflammation being potential targets for intervention that could improve recovery. ABSTRACT It is hypothesized that prior illness exacerbates heat stroke (HS) in otherwise healthy organisms by augmenting hyperthermia during heat exposure or deactivating cellular pathways that protect against organ injury. To test these hypotheses, we injected telemetered male C57BL/6J mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 µg kg-1 i.p.) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC; 100 µg i.p.) as a bacterial or a viral mimic, respectively, with saline (SAL; equivalent volume) as a control. Mice recovered for 48 or 72 h before HS (maximal core temperature = 42.4°C). Platelet counts, cytokines, chemokines and organ injury were determined 48 or 72 h after injection (without heating) or at maximal core temperature and at 1 day of recovery from HS. In the absence of heat, PIC induced more robust signs of sickness and increased cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, RANTES, IP-10 and MIP-1β) at 48 h, which was not observed with LPS (P < 0.05). Responses of both groups recovered by 72 h, although low platelet counts persisted after PIC (P < 0.05). Heat-induced hyperthermia was similar among mice injected with SAL, LPS and PIC; however, PIC-injected mice displayed more severe responses during recovery from HS, with reduced survival (48 h, 70 versus 100%; P < 0.05), deeper and longer post-HS hypothermia, greater reductions in platelets, elevated RANTES, IP-10, IL-6 and TNF-α and greater duodenal injury (P < 0.05). By 72 h, survival from HS was no longer reduced in PIC-injected mice, although hypothermia, the reduction in platelets and elevated cytokines persisted. Our data indicate that prior illness exacerbates the severity of HS in the absence of signs of illness at the time of heat exposure and suggest that this is attributable to persistent coagulation and inflammatory reactions that might be targets for intervention to improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M Dineen
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Jermaine A Ward
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Lisa R Leon
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA, USA
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Shuhada NA, Ong MLY, Chen CK. The Effects of Walking with a Load in the Heat on Physiological Responses among Military Reserve Female Cadets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2020; 13:900-911. [PMID: 32922628 PMCID: PMC7449320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of walking in a hot and humid environment while wearing a combat suit with a load on physiological responses among the Malaysian Military Reserve Officer Training Unit (ROTU) female cadets. Eight healthy female ROTU cadets (age: 21.3 ± 1.0 years old; height: 156.3 ± 4.9 cm; weight: 55.6 ± 7.5 kg) participated in this randomised, crossover trial. They walked for 1 h on a treadmill at 3 km.h-1 while carrying either 8.2 kg load (WL) or without load (WOL) in a room maintained at 30°C and 70% relative humidity. Heart rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and tympanic temperature were recorded at regular intervals during the trials. Nude body weight was recorded before and after the walk to determine body weight loss and sweat rate. Urine samples were also collected before and after the walk to determine urine specific gravity of the participants. There was a significant main effect of time and interaction for heart rate (p < 0.001) during the experimental trials. Tympanic temperature was significantly higher at 60th min in WL trial (p < 0.05) compared to the WOL trial. Similarly, RPE was found to be significantly higher in WL trial (p < 0.01) compared to the WOL trial. However, the percentage of body weight loss and sweat rate was significantly different between trials (p < 0.05). Wearing a combat suit with a load showed significantly increased metabolic demands compared to wearing combat suit alone during prolonged walking in a hot and humid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atikah Shuhada
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, MALAYSIA
| | - Marilyn L Y Ong
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, MALAYSIA
| | - Chee Keong Chen
- Exercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, MALAYSIA
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Bruchim Y, Aroch I, Nivy R, Baruch S, Abbas A, Frank I, Fishelson Y, Codner C, Horowitz M. Impacts of previous heatstroke history on physiological parameters eHSP72 and biomarkers of oxidative stress in military working dogs. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:937-946. [PMID: 31402428 PMCID: PMC6717235 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heatstroke (HS) is an acute, progressive life-threatening emergency. Animals, including military working dogs (IDFMWD), rapidly activate cytoprotective processes, e.g., heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative molecules, in response to heat stress. We hypothesized that serum HSPs (eHSP72) and oxidative stress markers would differ in IDFMWD with a history of HS compared with controls and thus could be used to detect susceptibility to recurrent HS. eHSPs concentration, oxidative stress markers, and systemic physiological parameters were studied in dogs with and without histories of HS, undergoing indoor or outdoor training. Treadmill physical performance tests (PPTs) were conducted indoors at 22 °C (groups C-I and HS-I) or outdoors under heat stress conditions of 36 °C; 60% humidity (groups C-O and HS-O). Pre-, immediately post-, and 45 min post-PPT heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, and rectal temperature (Tre) were recorded in all dogs. Likewise, blood samples were collected and eHSP72, venous blood gas analysis, and lactate and creatine kinase activity (CK) were assayed. Serum uric acid (sUA) and total serum redox potential (TRP) were measured only in the indoor group. Immediately post-PPT under both environmental conditions, Tre, HR, eHSP, sUA, and TRP (only measured in indoor PPT) significantly (P < 0.05) increased, whereas venous blood pH and bicarbonate decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Between groups comparisons demonstrated significant differences in basal HR and post-PPT Tre immediately after outdoor PPT. eHSP72 induction, CK, sUA, and serum TRP remained significantly higher in the HS group during post-PPT recovery. Taken together, animals with a history of HS have different results, and this signature of previous HS may predict altered heat sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Bruchim
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Itamar Aroch
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ran Nivy
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shelly Baruch
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Atallah Abbas
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Frank
- Israel Defense Force Military Working Dog Unit, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Fishelson
- Israel Defense Force Military Working Dog Unit, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carolina Codner
- The Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Nutong R, Mungthin M, Hatthachote P, Ukritchon S, Imjaijit W, Tengtrakulcharoen P, Panichkul S, Putwatana P, Prapaipanich W, Rangsin R. Personal risk factors associated with heat-related illness among new conscripts undergoing basic training in Thailand. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203428. [PMID: 30180213 PMCID: PMC6122829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of exertional heat stroke have been reported every year during basic training for Royal Thai Army (RTA) conscripts. Prevention is an important strategy to reduce the incidence of heat-related illnesses. We conducted a study to identify potential indicators for the prevention and monitoring of heat-related illnesses among military conscripts undergoing basic training in Thailand. All newly inducted RTA conscripts in 5 basic training units in 5 regions in Thailand were invited to participate in a prospective cohort study from May 1 to July 9, 2013. The incidence rate of heat-related illnesses and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) based on a Poisson regression model were used to identify the independent factors associated with heat-related illnesses, daily tympanic (body) temperatures higher than 37.5°C, >3% decreases in body weight in one day, and the production of dark brown urine. Eight hundred and nine men aged 21.4 (±1.13) years were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 was 5.5%. During the study period, 53 subjects (6.6%) representing 3.41/100 person-months (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.55–4.23) developed heat-related illnesses (excluding heat rash), and no subjects experienced heat stroke. The incidence rates of a daily tympanic temperature >37.5°C at least once, body weight loss of >3% per day, and the production of dark brown urine at least once were 8.27/100 person-months (95% CI, 7.69–8.93), 47.91/100 person-months (95% CI, 44.22–51.58), and 682.11/100 person-months (95% CI, 635.49–728.52), respectively. The sole identified independent factor related to the incidence of heat-related illnesses was a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (adjusted IRR = 2.66, 95% CI, 1.01–7.03). In conclusion, a high BMI was associated with heat-related illnesses among conscripts undergoing basic training in Thailand. Daily monitoring of heat-related illnesses, body temperature, body weight and urine color in each new conscript during basic military training was feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudchanu Nutong
- Ramathibodi School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Pharmacology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panadda Hatthachote
- Department of Physiology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supak Ukritchon
- Office of Research and Development, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worarachanee Imjaijit
- Office of Research and Development, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suthee Panichkul
- Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panwadee Putwatana
- Ramathibodi School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wonnapha Prapaipanich
- Ramathibodi School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ram Rangsin
- Department of Military and Community Medicine, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Aquilina A, Pirotta T, Aquilina A. Acute liver failure and hepatic encephalopathy in exertional heat stroke. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-224808. [PMID: 30061127 PMCID: PMC6067139 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 31-year-old man was brought to Accident & Emergency after collapsing during a race. On presentation, the patient had a temperature of 41.7°C (rectal). External cooling was started immediately. The patient was intubated in view of a Glasgow Coma Scale of 7 and was transferred to theintensive therapy unit. Laboratory results revealed an acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and acute liver failure. The patient was encephalopathic, jaundiced and difficult to sedate. His liver function continued to deteriorate with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels reaching 9207 U/L. King's Hospital Liver Centre, London was contacted for a possible liver transplant, and they advised an infusion of N-acetylcysteine. The following day liver function tests improved; thus, transplantation was not performed. The patient failed multiple sedation holds and required a tracheostomy. He continued to spike a fever. Despite no source of sepsis being found, the patient remained on broad spectrum antibiotics to cover for any potential infective causes until day 27. After 15 days, the patient's encephalopathy gradually improved. He was weaned off the ventilator and underwent intense physiotherapy. The patient was discharged from hospital one month after admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Aquilina
- William Harvey Anaesthesia Department, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Ashford, UK
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Tiziana Pirotta
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Andrew Aquilina
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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Marshall H, Chrismas BCR, Suckling CA, Roberts JD, Foster J, Taylor L. Chronic probiotic supplementation with or without glutamine does not influence the eHsp72 response to a multi-day ultra-endurance exercise event. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:876-883. [PMID: 28460195 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic and glutamine supplementation increases tissue Hsp72, but their influence on extracellular Hsp72 (eHsp72) has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic probiotic supplementation, with or without glutamine, on eHsp72 concentration before and after an ultramarathon. Thirty-two participants were split into 3 independent groups, where they ingested probiotic capsules (PRO; n = 11), probiotic + glutamine powder (PGLn; n = 10), or no supplementation (CON; n = 11), over a 12-week period prior to commencement of the Marathon des Sables (MDS). eHsp72 concentration in the plasma was measured at baseline, 7 days pre-race, 6-8 h post-race, and 7 days post-race. The MDS increased eHsp72 concentrations by 124% (F[1,3] = 22.716, p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the response between groups. Additionally, PRO or PGLn supplementation did not modify pre- or post-MDS eHsp72 concentrations compared with CON (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the MDS caused a substantial increase in eHsp72 concentration, indicating high levels of systemic stress. However, chronic PRO or PGLn supplementation did not affect eHsp72 compared with control pre- or post-MDS. Given the role of eHsp72 in immune activation, the commercially available supplements used in this study are unlikely to influence this cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marshall
- a Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | | | - Craig Anthony Suckling
- c Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Justin D Roberts
- c Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Josh Foster
- a Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK
| | - Lee Taylor
- d ASPETAR, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Aspire Zone, PO Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.,e School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TT, UK
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