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Teshome AA, Ashagrie BK, Agmas AA, Mengstie MA, Molla YM, Baye ND, Abate AW, Gebeyehu AA, Yazie TS, Chanie ES, Kassaw AW, Admasu FT, Walle GA. Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among adolescent girls in the highland area of Northwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241229643. [PMID: 38347849 PMCID: PMC10860420 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241229643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Goiter is a common public health issue in Ethiopia; however, there is not much evidence of it among adolescent girls, especially in Northwest Ethiopia. Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of goiter in adolescent girls living in the highlands of Northwest Ethiopia. Methods From 5 January to 15 February 2022, 560 adolescent girls participated in this study. A multistage sampling method was used. Participants were checked for goiter using World Health Organization guidelines. Using a quick test kit, the amount of iodine in samples of table salt was determined. After being entered into Epi Info version 7, the data were exported to the SPSS version 22 for statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression was applied. It was decided to set the statistically significant level at p < 0.05. Results In this study, the total prevalence of goiter among adolescent girls was 33.4% (95% CI: 26.3%-39.4%). The odds of goiter were 5.3 times higher among adolescents whose families had a history of goiter (AOR = 5.34, 95% CI: 3.65-9.74). The likelihood of developing goiter was 3.7 times greater among adolescent girls who consumed cabbage at least once per week (AOR = 3.74, 95% CI: 2.46-8.31). In addition, adolescent girls who did not consume meat at all were 3.3 times more likely to develop goiter (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.95-6.78). Similarly, the odds of getting goiter among adolescent girls from families who use salt with inadequate levels of iodine (0-14) were 9.84 times greater compared to their counterparts (AOR = 9.84, 95% CI: 5.61-26.24). Conclusion In the study area, goiter was very common. Therefore, the district's health sector should make an effort to raise community knowledge by spreading important messages regarding the proper use of iodized salt and food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assefa Agegnehu Teshome
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Kindu Ashagrie
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Atalo Ayenew Agmas
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yalew Melkamu Molla
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Dagnaw Baye
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Agmas Wassie Abate
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Ambachew Memorial Hospital, Amhara Regional Health Bureau, South Gondar Zone, Tach Gaynt, Ethiopia
| | - Asaye Alamneh Gebeyehu
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Taklo Simeneh Yazie
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Ermias Sisaye Chanie
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Wolie Kassaw
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Fitalew Tadele Admasu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Ayehu Walle
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Asfaw A, Tamiru D, Belachew T. Mandatory Versus Voluntary Implementation of Salt Iodization Program for the Last Two Decades in Ethiopia: A Comparative Review of Existing Literatures. Food Nutr Bull 2022; 43:500-516. [PMID: 35903899 DOI: 10.1177/03795721221114523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopian government was implementing mandatory salt iodization program for the last decade to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders, but several recent studies reported mixed findings. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to assess the difference in implementation of iodized salt program 10 years before and after mandatory salt iodization being implemented in Ethiopia since 2011. METHODS In Ethiopia, legislation that enforces salt producers to iodize all salts used for human consumption started in February 2011. All studies about iodine deficiency and iodized salt conducted in Ethiopia in the last 2 decades were searched. Searches were performed in PubMed database. Google Scholar, Iodine Global Network, and Ethiopian Public Health Institute websites were also searched. RESULTS A total of 235 titles and abstracts were identified. After scanning the abstracts and full papers, 43 articles were remained for final data synthesis. In this review, all studies conducted before 2011 reported a urinary iodine concentration (UIC) value of < 100 μg/L and 66.7% of them reported a goiter prevalence of > 30%. On the other hand, among studies conducted after 2011, 88.9% reported UIC value < 100 μg/L and 73.7% reported goiter prevalence of > 30%. Household availability of adequately iodized salt increased from nearly 20% in pre 2011 to more than 50% in post 2011 period. CONCLUSION Despite the efforts made by the Ethiopian government on mandatory salt iodization for the last decade, iodine deficiency is sustained in the country. Moreover, the goal of universal salt iodization program is offtrack and needs urgent revision. REGISTRATION Registered on PROSPERO register with reg. no CRD42021251124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agize Asfaw
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Gubrei, Wabe Bridge, Ethiopia
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Yan Y, You L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Li F, Wu H, Wu M, Zhang J, Wu J, Chen C, Li X, Xia B, Xu M, Yan L. Iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents: a cross-sectional study from Guangzhou, China. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1550-1559. [PMID: 34739389 PMCID: PMC8679877 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A variety of factors differed between rural and urban areas may further influence iodine status and thyroid structure. Hence, this study compared iodine nutrition, the prevalence of thyroid goiter, and nodules between rural and urban residents in Guangzhou, a southern coastal city of China. METHODS A total of 1211 rural residents and 1305 urban residents were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire regarding personal characteristics was administered. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was examined. Ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed to evaluate thyroid goiter and nodules. Multiple logistic analysis was used to identify the potential associated factors. RESULTS The median UIC was significantly lower in rural residents than in urban residents (120.80 μg/L vs 136.00 μg/L, P < 0.001). Although the coverage rate of iodized salt was much higher in rural residents than in urban residents (99.59% vs 97.29%, P < 0.001), the percentages of seafood intake (8.60% vs 29.29%, P < 0.001), iodine-containing drug consumption (0.33% vs 1.24%, P = 0.011), and iodine contrast medium injection (0.58% vs 1.87%, P = 0.004) were lower in rural residents than in urban residents. Both the prevalence of thyroid goiters and nodules was significantly higher in rural residents than in urban residents (goiter: 8.06% vs 1.20%, P < 0.001; nodules: 61.89% vs 55.04%, P = 0.023). Living in rural areas was associated with thyroid goiter (OR 5.114, 95% CI 2.893-9.040, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There were differences in iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid goiter and nodules in rural and urban residents in Guangzhou. Differentiated and specialized monitoring is recommended in our area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili You
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongshi Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muchao Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biwen Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Xia or M Xu: or
| | - Mingtong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Xia or M Xu: or
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Almushayti AY, Brandt K, Carroll MA, Scotter MJ. Current analytical methods for determination of glucosinolates in vegetables and human tissues. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462060. [PMID: 33770631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have indicated the potential effects of glucosinolates and their metabolites against cancer as well as other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. However, information on the presence and quantity of glucosinolates in commonly consumed vegetables and in human fluids is sparse, largely because well-standardised methods for glucosinolate determination are not available, resulting in published data being inconsistent and conflicting. Thus, studies published since 2002 on the most recent developments of glucosinolate extraction and identification have been collected and reviewed with emphasis on determination of the intact glucosinolates by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This overview highlights the glucosinolate extraction methods used, the stability of glucosinolates during extraction, the availability of stable isotope labelled internal standards and the use of NMR for purity analysis, as well as the current analytical techniques that have been applied for glucosinolate analysis, e.g. liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS). It aims to interpret the findings with a focus on the development of a validated method, which will help to determine the glucosinolate content of vegetative plants and human tissues, and the identification and determination of selected glucosinolate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albatul Y Almushayti
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Qassim University, Qassim, KSA.
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Michael A Carroll
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences-Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Tekalegn Y, Bekele K, Sahiledengle B, Woldeyohannes D. Prevalence of Goiter Among School-Aged Children in Ethiopia: Update of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Glob Adv Health Med 2021; 10:2164956120988660. [PMID: 33598366 PMCID: PMC7863155 DOI: 10.1177/2164956120988660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iodine deficiency is a major public health concern throughout the world. Goiter is the most visible sign of iodine deficiency. In Ethiopia, a study finding regarding the prevalence of goiter among school-age children is inconsistent and highly variable. Objectives To estimate the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-age children in Ethiopia. Methods Three international databases (MEDLINE/Pub-Med, Google Scholar and Science Direct) were systematically searched. Besides, the reference sections of identified articles were searched to increase the chance of detecting missed articles in gray literature. STATA Version 14 statistical software was used to conduct a meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval was displayed using the forest plot. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to compute the pooled prevalence, and The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. Results A total of 14 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in this systematic review and Meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 26,282. The finding of this systematic review revealed that the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-age children was 42.9% (95% CI: 38.8–46.9). The highest prevalence of goiter (46.7%) was observed in Oromia region and the lowest (26.3%) was observed in Benishangul-Gumuz region. Conclusions This review finding revealed that more than two in five of the school children in Ethiopia suffer from iodine deficiency disorder as manifested by the goiter rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Tekalegn
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Science, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Kebebe Bekele
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Biniyam Sahiledengle
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Science, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Woldeyohannes
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Science, Goba Referral Hospital, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
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Elias E, Tsegaye W, Stoecker BJ, Gebreegziabher T. Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:165. [PMID: 33468112 PMCID: PMC7816433 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iodine is a trace element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The multiple effects of iodine deficiency on human health are called iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). IDDs have been common nutritional problems in Ethiopia. In 2012, Ethiopia launched a national salt iodization program to address IDDs. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of this program after 5 years by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and prevalence of goiter in school age children as well as household salt iodine concentration (SIC). Methods A school-based cross-sectional design was employed. After ethical approval, 408 children from eight randomly selected primary schools provided urine samples. UIC was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). A 10 g salt sample was collected from each household of a sampled child. SIC was analyzed with a digital electronic iodine checker (WYD, UNICEF) and goiter was assessed by palpation. Results The mean (±SD) age of the children was 9 ± 2 years. The prevalence of goiter was 4.2% and no child had grade 2 goiter. The median (IQR) UIC was 518 (327, 704) μg/L and UIC ranged from 3.1 to 2530 μg/L. Of the salt samples, 15.6% were not adequately iodized (< 15 ppm), 39.3% were adequately iodized (≥15 to ≤40 ppm), and 45.1% were > 40 ppm. SIC ranged from 4.2 to 195 ppm. Of the mothers, 92% said iodized salt prevents goiter and 8% mentioned prevents mental retardation. Conclusions In 2017 iodine deficiency was no longer a public health problem in the study area. However, the high variability in UIC and SIC and excessive iodine intake are of great concern. It is vital to ensure that salt is homogenously iodized at the production site before being distributed to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elilta Elias
- School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, SNNPR, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Workneh Tsegaye
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 421 Human Sciences, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 421 Human Sciences, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Tafere Gebreegziabher
- School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, SNNPR, Hawassa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, 400 E University way, Ellensburg, WA, 98926, USA.
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Asfaw A, Belachew T. <p>Effect of Iodine Deficiency on Academic Performance of School Children in Dawro Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study</p>. NDS 2020. [DOI: 10.2147/nds.s259104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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