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Saleem H, Jadoon SK, Akbar A, Hamid Awan N, Arshad Abbasi E, Qadeer Abbasi J, Khursheed S, Ahmed J, Saleem Khan M, Tasneem S. The Impact of Respiratory Function Training and Rehabilitation Nursing on the Recovery of Patients With Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia. Cureus 2024; 16:e53461. [PMID: 38435183 PMCID: PMC10909399 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The goal of this study was to see how people who had been diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) responded to respiratory function training and rehabilitation (RFTR) nursing. Methodology A total of 122 patients (five to 12 years of age) diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP) using enzyme-linked immunoassay and PCR were included in this study. These patients were hospitalized at a tertiary care hospital from February 2022 to December 2022. Upon admission, they were assigned a numerical identifier based on the order of admission. Subsequently, they were randomly allocated into two equal groups: the observation (OG) and the control (CG), with each group consisting of 61 patients. Nano-acupoint sticking (NAS) therapy along with respiratory function training and rehabilitation (RFTR) nursing interventions were implemented for patients in the OG. Results The observed disparities in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC among the patients did not exhibit significant disparity prior to the commencement of treatment (p values of 0.700, 0.105, and 0.829, respectively). There was no significant difference observed in the range of inflammation in the right lung (p=0.523). Inflammation in the left lung and fluid volume in both lungs are statistically different in both groups (p values of 0.001 and 0.000, respectively). The patients in the observation group exhibited a shorter duration of cough and sputum, disappearance of lung sounds, and length of hospital stays (LOS) compared to the other groups, with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusion Nano-acupoint sticking (NAS) therapy with respiratory function training and rehabilitation (RFTR) in nursing practice has shown enhanced rehabilitation outcomes for individuals diagnosed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). The present study focuses on the application of NAS therapy in the context of RFTR for individuals diagnosed with MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Saleem
- Public Health, Health Services Academy, Muzaffarabad, PAK
| | | | - Amna Akbar
- Accident and Emergency, District Headquarter Hospital Jhelum Valley, Muzaffarabad, PAK
| | | | | | | | - Soffia Khursheed
- Pathology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Jhanzeb Ahmed
- General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, CHN
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Tang X, Wang C, Sun W, Wu W, Sun S, Wan J, Zhu G, Ma N, Ma X, Xu R, Yang Q, Dai Y, Zhou L. Evaluating anti-viral effect of Tylvalosin tartrate on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and analyzing the related gene regulation by transcriptomics. Virol J 2023; 20:79. [PMID: 37101205 PMCID: PMC10132415 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen, characterized by its genetic and antigenic variation. The PRRSV vaccine is widely used, however, the unsatisfied heterologic protection and the risk of reverse virulence raise the requirement to find some new anti-PRRSV strategies for disease control. Tylvalosin tartrate is used to inhibit PRRSV in the field non-specifically, however, the mechanism is still less known. METHODS The antiviral effects of Tylvalosin tartrates from three producers were evaluated in a cell inoculation model. Their safety and efficacy concentrations, and effecting stage during PRRSV infection were analyzed. And, the Tylvalosin tartrates regulated genes and pathways which are potentially related to the anti-viral effect were further explored by using transcriptomics analysis. Last, the transcription level of six anti-virus-related DEGs was selected to confirm by qPCR, and the expression level of HMOX1, a reported anti-PRRSV gene, was proved by western blot. RESULTS The safety concentrations of Tylvalosin tartrates from three different producers were 40 µg/mL (Tyl A, Tyl B, and Tyl C) in MARC-145 cells and 20 µg/mL (Tyl A) or 40 µg/mL (Tyl B and Tyl C) in primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) respectively. Tylvalosin tartrate can inhibit PRRSV proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, causing more than 90% proliferation reduction at 40 µg/mL. But it shows no virucidal effect, and only achieves the antiviral effect via long-term action on the cells during the PRRSV proliferation. Furthermore, GO terms and KEGG pathway analysis was carried out based on the RNA sequencing and transcriptomic data. It was found that the Tylvalosin tartrates can regulate the signal transduction, proteolysis, and oxidation-reduction process, as well as some pathways such as protein digestion and absorption, PI3K-Akt signaling, FoxO signaling, and Ferroptosis pathways, which might relate to PRRSV proliferation or host innate immune response, but further studies still need to confirm it. Among them, six antivirus-related genes HMOX1, ATF3, FTH1, FTL, NR4A1, and CDKN1A were identified to be regulated by Tylvalosin tartrate, and the increased expression level of HMOX1 was further confirmed by western blot. CONCLUSIONS Tylvalosin tartrate can inhibit PRRSV proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The identified DEGs and pathways in transcriptomic data will provide valuable clues for further exploring the host cell restriction factors or anti-PRRSV target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhen Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Sun
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wan
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Nini Ma
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- China Animal Nanjing Veterinary Drugs Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Xu
- China Animal Nanjing Veterinary Drugs Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Yang
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yindi Dai
- China Animal Nanjing Veterinary Drugs Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Rodriguez AL, Fowler VL, Huether M, Reddick D, Tait-Burkard C, O’Shea M, Perkins S, Dias N, Buterbaugh R, Benchaoui HA. Effects of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone in sows or in combination with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in piglets. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:31. [PMID: 36726139 PMCID: PMC9890818 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a water-soluble formulation of tylvalosin (Aivlosin® 625 mg/g granules) on disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyop) was investigated in two animal studies. In a PRRSV challenge model in pregnant sows (n = 18), six sows received water medicated at target dose of 5 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day from 3 days prior to challenge until the end of gestation. Six sows were left untreated, with a third group remaining untreated and unchallenged. Sows were challenged with PRRSV-2 at approximately 85 days of gestation. Cytokines, viremia, viral shedding, sow reproductive parameters and piglet performance to weaning were evaluated. In a dual infection study (n = 16), piglets were challenged with Mhyop on days 0, 1 and 2, and with PRRSV-1 on day 14 and euthanized on day 24. From day 10 to 20, eight piglets received water medicated at target dose of 20 mg tylvalosin/kg body weight/day and eight piglets were left untreated. Cytokines, viremia, bacteriology and lung lesions were evaluated. RESULTS In the PRRSV challenge study in pregnant sows, tylvalosin significantly reduced the levels of serum IL-8 (P < 0.001), IL-12 (P = 0.032), TNFα (P < 0.001) and GM-CSF (P = 0.001). IL-8 (P = 0.100) tended to be lower in uterus of tylvalosin sows. All piglets from tylvalosin sows surviving to weaning were PRRSV negative in faecal swabs at weaning compared to 33.3% PRRSV positive piglets from untreated sows (P = 0.08). In the dual challenge study in piglet, tylvalosin reduced serum IL1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1α, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, GM-CSF, TGFβ1, TNFα, CCL3L1, MIG, PEPCAM-1 (P < 0.001) and increased serum IFNα, IL-1ra and MIP-1b (P < 0.001). In the lungs, tylvalosin reduced IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 compared to untreated pigs (P < 0.001) and tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.082). Lung lavage samples from all tylvalosin treated piglets were negative for Mhyop (0 cfu/mL) compared to the untreated piglets which had mean Mhyop counts of 2.68 × 104 cfu/mL (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION Overall, tylvalosin reduced both local and systemic proinflammatory cytokines after challenge with respiratory pathogens in sows and in piglets. Tylvalosin was effective in reducing Mhyop recovery from the lungs and may reduce virus shedding in piglets following transplacental PRRSV infection in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Reddick
- Moredun Scientific Ltd, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Christine Tait-Burkard
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Marie O’Shea
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | | | - Nirosh Dias
- grid.505215.6RTI, LLC, 801 32nd Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA
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Tylvalosin Tartrate Improves the Health Status of Swine Herds during Immunization with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Inactivated Vaccine. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010012. [PMID: 36669013 PMCID: PMC9860778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating disease that affects pigs and is responsible for severe economic losses. The commercial PRRSV-inactivated vaccine (CH-1a strain) in China was recently selected to control PRRS in large populations of PRRS-positive sows and was found to effectively reduce the rate of stillbirth abortion based on clinical observations. However, stress from vaccine inoculation (e.g., fever, anorexia, abortions, and slow body weight gain) usually appears after immunization on many swine farms. In this study, we fed piglets a diet medicated with tylvalosin tartrate during PRRSV-inactivated vaccine immunization. We found that tylvalosin tartrate attenuated the increase in total white blood cells induced by immunization at day one post-immunization (DPI) and induced an increase in monocyte counts after seven DPI. There was also attenuation in the intensity of the inflammatory response induced by vaccination and elevation of serum IFN-γ concentrations at three and seven DPI after immunization. The administration of tylvalosin tartrate could also attenuate the reduction in the percentage of CD8+ T cells induced by PRRSV-inactivated vaccine immunization at seven DPI. These results demonstrated that in addition to tylvalosin tartrate being able to control respiratory and enteric bacterial infections in swine farms, it can also improve the stress status of swine herds during PRRSV-inactivated vaccine immunization.
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Sonalio K, Almeida HMS, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Storino GY, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, de Oliveira LG. Influence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae natural infection on the respiratory microbiome diversity of finishing pigs. Vet Res 2022; 53:20. [PMID: 35303928 PMCID: PMC8932171 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae interacts with the respiratory microbiota and facilitates colonization of other pathogens. The present study investigated the pulmonary and nasal microbiota of M. hyopneumoniae-infected and M. hyopneumoniae-free pigs. Sixty-six pigs from three commercial herds were selected at the end of the finishing phase: 44 originated from two M. hyopneumoniae-positive herds and 22 from a M. hyopneumoniae-negative farm. At the slaughterhouse, samples of nasal turbinate (NT) and bronchus-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. DNA was extracted with a commercial kit and the infection status was confirmed by qPCR. All samples from the same herd were pooled, and next-generation sequencing based on the hypervariable region V3-V4 of the 16 s bacterial rDNA was performed. Data analysis included the taxonomic analysis, Alpha diversity indexes, and Principal coordinates analysis (Pcoa) using Jaccard, Bray-Curtis, Weighted Unifrac, and Unweighted Unifrac distances. All pigs from the infected herds tested PCR positive for M. hyopneumoniae, whereas all pigs from the negative farm were negative. There was a greater diversity of microorganisms in BALF when compared to NT samples in all the farms. BALF samples from infected animals showed higher abundance of M. hyopneumoniae than NT samples and a predominance of Pasteurella multocida among the main species identified, which was also abundant in the M. hyopneumoniae-free herd. PCoa diagrams indicated that for most of the samples, dissimilarity on bacterial composition was observed, regardless of infection status and sample type. Therefore, the lung microbiota was modulated by M. hyopneumoniae infection, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of M. hyopneumoniae-disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Sonalio
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Henrique M S Almeida
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Marina L Mechler-Dreibi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Y Storino
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
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Yu Y, Zhang Q, Cao Z, Tang YD, Xia D, Wang G, Shan H. Recent Advances in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus NADC30-Like Research in China: Molecular Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Control. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:791313. [PMID: 35087492 PMCID: PMC8787316 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.791313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The name porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) NADC30-like was first coined in 2015. It originated from the NADC30 strain that was introduced into China by importing breeding pigs and has since undergone mutations or recombination, resulting in variant viruses. Following widespread outbreaks in China in recent years, these NADC30-like strains have presented major health challenges in swine production systems. Outcomes induced by PRRSV NADC30-like infection are highly variable, ranging from inapparent to severe, depending on the recombination between NADC30 and field PRRSV strains prevalent in swine farms. Vaccines and strict biosecurity measures have been explored to fight this disease; however, current PRRSV commercially modified-live virus vaccines (MLVs) have the potential to revert to virulence and only provide limited or no cross-protection efficacy against NADC30-like strains. PRRSVs will remain an ongoing challenge to the swine industry until safe and effective vaccines or antiviral reagents are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Dasong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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