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Tang R, Yang W, Song J, Xiang K, Li S, Zhao C, Zhang N, Fu Y, Hu X. The rumen microbiota contributed to the development of mastitis induced by subclinical ketosis. Microb Pathog 2024; 187:106509. [PMID: 38185451 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is a serious disease which affects animal husbandry, particularly in cow breeding. The etiology of mastitis is complex and its pathological mechanism is not yet fully understood. Our previous research in clinical investigation has revealed that subclinical ketosis can increase the number of somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have further confirmed the significant role of mastitis. RESULTS In this study, we aimed to examine the SCC, rumen microbiota, and metabolites in the milkmen of cows with subclinical ketosis. Additionally, we conducted a rumen microbiota transplant into mice to investigate the potential association between rumen microbiota disturbance and mastitis induced by subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. The study has found that cows with subclinical ketosis have a higher SCC in their milk compared to healthy cows. Additionally, there were significant differences in the rumen microbiota and the level of volatile fatty acid (VFA) between cows with subclinical ketosis and healthy cows. Moreover, transplanting the rumen microbiota from subclinical ketosis and mastitis cows into mice can induce mammary inflammation and liver function damage than transplanting the rumen flora from healthy dairy cows. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the infection of mammary gland by pathogenic microorganisms, there is also an endogenous therapeutic pathway mediated by rumen microbiota. Targeted rumen microbiota modulation may be an effective way to prevent and control mastitis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Wencheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Song
- Lin Qu County Animal Husbandry Development Center, China
| | - Kaihe Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, China.
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2
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Xiang F, Zhang Q, Xu X, Zhang Z. Black soldier fly larvae recruit functional microbiota into the intestines and residues to promote lignocellulosic degradation in domestic biodegradable waste. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122676. [PMID: 37839685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is an important component of domestic biodegradable waste (DBW), and its complex structure makes it an obstacle in the biological treatment of DBW. Here, we identify black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) as a bioreactor for lignocellulose degradation in DBW based on their ability to effectively recruit lignocellulose-degrading bacteria. This study mainly examined the lignocellulose degradation, dynamic succession of the microbial community, gene expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and co-occurrence network analysis. Investigation of lignocellulose degradation by BSFL within 14 days indicated that the lignocellulose biodegradation rate in the larvae treatment (LT, 26.5%) group was higher than in natural composting (NC, 4.06%). In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of microbiota, we conducted metagenomic sequencing of larvae intestines (LI), along with the LT and NC. The relative abundance of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria and CAZymes genes in LT and LI were higher than those in NC based on metagenomics sequencing. Importantly, genes coding cellulase and hemicellulase in LI were 3.36- and 2.79-fold higher, respectively, than that in LT, while the ligninase genes in LT were 1.82-fold higher than in LI. A co-occurrence network analysis identified Enterocluster and Luteimonas as keystone taxa in larvae intestines and residues, respectively, with a synergistic relationship to lignocellulose-degrading bacteria. The mechanism of recruiting functional bacteria through the larvae intestines promoted lignocellulose degradation in DBW, improving the efficiency of BSFL biotechnology and resource regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangMing Xiang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, ZheJiang University, YuHangTang Ave 866, HangZhou, ZheJiang Province, 310058, PR China; JiaXing FuKang Biotechnology Company Limited, Building 1-19#, Development Ave 133, TongXiang Economic HiTech Zone, TongXiang, 314515, PR China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- JiaXing FuKang Biotechnology Company Limited, Building 1-19#, Development Ave 133, TongXiang Economic HiTech Zone, TongXiang, 314515, PR China; HangZhou GuSheng Technology Company Limited, XiangWang Ave 311118, HangZhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - XinHua Xu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, ZheJiang University, YuHangTang Ave 866, HangZhou, ZheJiang Province, 310058, PR China.
| | - ZhiJian Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, ZheJiang University, YuHangTang Ave 866, HangZhou, ZheJiang Province, 310058, PR China; China Academy of West Region Development, ZheJiang University, YuHangTang Ave 866, HangZhou, 310058, PR China.
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3
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Malik PK, Trivedi S, Kolte AP, Mohapatra A, Biswas S, Bhattar AVK, Bhatta R, Rahman H. Comparative Rumen Metagenome and CAZyme Profiles in Cattle and Buffaloes: Implications for Methane Yield and Rumen Fermentation on a Common Diet. Microorganisms 2023; 12:47. [PMID: 38257874 PMCID: PMC10818812 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A study was undertaken to compare the rumen microbial community composition, methane yield, rumen fermentation, and CAZyme profiles between cattle and buffaloes. The primary aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of the host species on the above when diet and environmental factors are fixed. A total of 43 phyla, 200 orders, 458 families, and 1722 microbial genera were identified in the study. Bacteroidetes was the most prominent bacterial phylum and constituted >1/3rd of the ruminal microbiota; however, their abundances were comparable between cattle and buffaloes. Firmicutes were the second most abundant bacteria, found to be negatively correlated with the Bacteroidetes. The abundances of Firmicutes as well as the F/B ratio were not different between the two host species. In this study, archaea affiliated with the nine phyla were identified, with Euryarchaeota being the most prominent. Like bacterial phyla, the abundances of Euryarchaeota methanogens were also similar between the cattle and buffaloes. At the order level, Methanobacteriales dominated the archaea. Methanogens from the Methanosarcinales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanomassiliicoccales groups were also identified, but at a lower frequency. Methanobrevibacter was the most prevalent genus of methanogens, accounting for approximately three percent of the rumen metagenome. However, their distribution was not different between the two host species. CAZymes affiliated with five classes, namely CBM, CE, GH, GT, and PL, were identified in the metagenome, where the GH class was the most abundant and constituted ~70% of the total CAZymes. The protozoal numbers, including Entodiniomorphs and Holotrichs, were also comparable between the cattle and buffaloes. Results from the study did not reveal any significant difference in feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation between cattle and buffaloes fed on the same diet. As methane yield due to the similar diet composition, feed ingredients, rumen fermentation, and microbiota composition did not vary, these results indicate that the microbiota community structure and methane emissions are under the direct influence of the diet and environment, and the host species may play only a minor role until the productivity does not vary. More studies are warranted to investigate the effect of different diets and environments on microbiota composition and methane yield. Further, the impact of variable productivity on both the cattle and buffaloes when the diet and environmental factors are fixed needs to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Malik
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India; (P.K.M.)
| | - Shraddha Trivedi
- International Livestock Research Institute, South Asia Regional Office, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Atul P. Kolte
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India; (P.K.M.)
| | - Archit Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India; (P.K.M.)
| | - Siddharth Biswas
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India; (P.K.M.)
| | - Ashwin V. K. Bhattar
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India; (P.K.M.)
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore 560030, India; (P.K.M.)
| | - Habibar Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, South Asia Regional Office, New Delhi 110012, India
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Xin M, Sun Y, Li W, Li X, Long Y, Bian R, Wang YN, Wang H, Huang Q. Metagenomics insights into the effect of co-landfill of incineration fly ash and refuse for bacterial community succession and metabolism pathway of VFAs production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166705. [PMID: 37652370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
With the development of incineration technologies, incineration has become the most common treatment method of municipal solid waste in China. However, stabilized fly ash may enter landfills during the transition from landfill to incineration, which caused uncertain impact on landfill waste stabilization. Two simulated co-landfill columns were constructed based on different co-landfill methods (layer co-landfill and mixed co-landfill) to investigate the effect of stabilized fly ash co-landfilled municipal solid waste for bacterial community succession and change in metabolic pathways during hydrolysis-acidogenesis stage. The mixed co-landfill method resulted in higher degree of organic matter degradation, and the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in leachate were higher. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes in the layered co-landfill column and Bacteroidetes in mixed co-landfill column. The dominant genera for the total bacterial composition and VFA production were different, Pseudomonas and Propionibacterium, Proteiniphilum and unclassified Bacteroides were the dominant genera responsible for VFA generation in the layered and mixed co-landfill columns. The genes for butyrate production were enriched in the layered co-landfill column, whereas those related to acetate production were enriched in mixed co-landfill column. However, the layered co-landfill inhibited the microbial metabolic activity at the end of the co-landfill process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Xin
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Weihua Li
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Yuyang Long
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Rongxing Bian
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- Qingdao Solid Waste Pollution Control and Resource Engineering Research Center, Qingdao University of Technology, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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5
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Muqier X, Eknæs M, Prestløkken E, Jensen RB, Eikanger KS, Karlengen IJ, Trøan G, Vhile SG, Kidane A. In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Estimated Utilizable Crude Protein and Metabolizable Energy Values of Grass Silages, Concentrate Feeds and Their Mixtures. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2695. [PMID: 37684959 PMCID: PMC10486919 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four formulations of concentrate feeds, three contrasting qualities of grass silages, and mixtures of the silages (55%) and concentrates (45%, dry weight) were tested for in vitro fermentation kinetics, in vitro dry matter degradation (IVDMD), utilizable crude protein (uCP), and metabolizable energy (ME) values. The concentrates were pelleted control concentrate for dairy cows (CONT-P); pelleted alkaline concentrate with ammoniated cereal grains (ALKA-P); mash form concentrate with ALKA-P main ingredients but with feed-grade urea and barley replacing ammoniated cereal grain (UREA-M); and mash form of ALKA-P ingredients prior to alkalization (ALKA-M). The grass silages were early cut, late cut, and a mixture (1:1) of early and late cut. The objectives were to test if the feeds differed in the tested parameters within each feed category and assess the modulatory effect of concentrate feeds on the grass silage fermentation characteristics in the mixed diets. No interaction effects of the concentrate feeds by silage quality were observed for the tested parameters in the mixed diets. For concentrates, the pelleted diets were higher (p < 0.05) in IVDMD and molar proportion of propionate but lower in butyrate. The ALKA-P produced the highest estimated uCP (p < 0.01). For silages, uCP, ME, total short-chain fatty acids (VFAs), and molar proportions of propionate and branched-chain VFAs decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing stage of maturity. In conclusion, the ALKA-P could match the CONT-P in uCP and ME values and fermentation characteristics. Results for silages and their mixtures with concentrates highlight the importance of silage quality in dietary energy and protein supply for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Muqier
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Margrete Eknæs
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Egil Prestløkken
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Rasmus Bovbjerg Jensen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Katrine Sømliøy Eikanger
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Gisken Trøan
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Stine Gregersen Vhile
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Alemayehu Kidane
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Huffman J, Drouin P, Renaud JB, Dunière L, LaPointe G. Farm management practices and season dependent factors affect the microbial community and chemical profile of corn and grass-legume silages of farms in Ontario, Québec, and Northern New York. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214915. [PMID: 37538849 PMCID: PMC10394519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of farm management practices and seasonal variation on the microbial community and chemical composition of corn and grass-legume silage are largely understudied due to the advantages of controlled mini-silo experiments. This study aims to investigate the effects that some key farm factors (use of an inoculant, farm region, and bunker or tower silo) and seasonal variations have on corn and grass-legume silage from farms across Ontario, Quebec, and New York. The silage was either treated with a commercial inoculant (Lallemand Biotal Buchneri 500® or Chr Hansen SiloSolve FC®) or left untreated. The bacterial communities of silage were compared to those of raw bulk tank milk from the same farm to determine if they were similarly affected by management practices or seasonal variations. Family level analysis of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 gene amplicon bacterial community, the ITS1 amplicon fungal community, NMR water soluble metabolome, and mycotoxin LC-MS were performed on silage over a two-year period. Chemical compounds associated with the use of inoculants in corn and grass-legume silage were higher in inoculated corn (acetate, propane-1,2-diol, γ-aminobutyrate; p < 0.001) and grass-legume (propionate; p = 0.011). However, there was no significant difference in the relative abundance (RA) of Lactobacillaceae in either silage type. Leuconostocaceae was higher in non-inoculated corn (p < 0.001) and grass-legume (p < 0.001) silage than in inoculated silage. Tower silos had higher RA of Leuconostocaceae (p < 0.001) and higher pH (p < 0.001) in corn and grass-legume silage. The one farm that used liquid manure with no other fertilizer type had higher RA of Clostridiaceae (p = 0.045) and other rumen/fecal (p < 0.006) bacteria in grass-legume silage than all other farms. Seasonal variation affected most of the key silage microbial families, however the trends were rarely visible across both years. Few trends in microbial variation could be observed in both silage and bulk tank milk: two farms had higher Moraxellaceae (p < 0.001) in milk and either corn or grass-legume silage. In farms using an inoculant, lower Staphylococcaceae was observed in the raw bulk tank milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Huffman
- Department of Food Science, Dairy at Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Drouin
- Independent Researcher, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | - Justin B. Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Department of Food Science, Dairy at Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Li MM, Ghimire S, Wenner BA, Kohn RA, Firkins JL, Gill B, Hanigan MD. Effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on volatile fatty acid thermodynamics in continuous cultures of ruminal contents. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8879-8897. [PMID: 36085109 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of acetate, propionate, and pH on thermodynamics of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen, a dual-flow continuous culture study was conducted to quantify production of major VFA, interconversions among the VFA, and H2 and CH4 emissions in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 treatments were (1) control: pH buffered to an average of 6.75; (2) control plus 20 mmol/d of infused acetate (InfAc); (3) control plus 7 mmol/d of infused propionate (InfPr); and (4) a 0.5-unit decline in pH elicited by adjustment of the buffer (LowpH). All fermentors were fed 40 g of a pelleted diet containing whole alfalfa pellets and concentrate mix pellets (50:50) once daily. After 7 d of treatment, sequential, continuous infusions of [2-13C] sodium acetate (3.5 mmol/d), [U-13C] sodium propionate (2.9 mmol/d), and [1-13C] sodium butyrate (0.22 mmol/d) were carried out from 12 h before feeding for 36 h. Filtered liquid effluent (4 mL) was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 22 h after feeding, and assessed for VFA concentrations, with another filtered sample (20 mL) used to quantify aqueous concentrations of CH4 and H2. Headspace CH4 and H2 gases were monitored continuously. Ruminal microbes were isolated from the mixed effluent samples, and the microbial community structure was analyzed using the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing technique. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and starch and microbial C sequestrated from VFA were not affected by treatments. The LowpH treatment increased net propionate production and decreased H2 and CH4 headspace emissions, primarily due to shifts in metabolic pathways of VFA formation, likely due to the observed changes in bacterial community structure. Significant interconversions occurred between acetate and butyrate, whereas interconversions of other VFA with propionate were relatively small. The InfAc and InfPr treatments increased net acetate and propionate production, respectively; however, interconversions among VFA were not affected by pH, acetate, or propionate treatments, suggesting that thermodynamics might not be a primary influencer of metabolic pathways used for VFA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng M Li
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China, 100193
| | - S Ghimire
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - B A Wenner
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - R A Kohn
- Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - J L Firkins
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - B Gill
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
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8
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Al Talebi ZA, Al-Kawaz HS, Mahdi RK, Al-Hassnawi AT, Alta'ee AH, Hadwan AM, Khudhair DA, Hadwan MH. An optimized protocol for estimating cellulase activity in biological samples. Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114860. [PMID: 35985481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase is a microbial enzyme responsible for degrading the β-1,4 glycoside bond in polysaccharide cellulose, which is abundant in various animal foodstuffs. Cellulase is an important industrial enzyme used for various purposes, including biopolishing textile fibers, softening garments, biostoning denim fabric, and removing excess color from textiles. In the food industry, cellulase is combined with pectinase and hemicellulase. Therefore, the need for a reliable, fast, and inexpensive cellulase activity protocol that could be used with diverse biological and environmental samples is great. This study developed a novel method to quantify cellulase activity using picric acid (PCA), which reacts with generated glucose molecules to produce mahogany red picramic acid. This PCA-cellulase method uses sodium hydroxide instead of sodium carbonate to provide alkalinity in the reaction solution, increasing the stability of picramic acid and the sensitivity and linearity of the reaction. It also overcomes the limitations of previous methods. It is notable for its dependence on few chemicals with low concentrations compared to previous methods that depend on many chemicals with high concentrations. The PCA-cellulase method was optimized using the Box-Behnken design, and its accuracy was determined using a response surface approach. A Bland-Altman cellulase activity graph was used to validate the PCA-cellulase method with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. Therefore, the novel PCA-cellulase method provides accurate results that are comparable to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Abbas Al Talebi
- Chemistry Dept., College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla City, Babylon Governorate, p.o. 51002, Iraq.
| | - Hawraa Saad Al-Kawaz
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq.
| | | | | | | | - Asad M Hadwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Dunia Abbas Khudhair
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq.
| | - Mahmoud Hussein Hadwan
- Chemistry Dept., College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla City, Babylon Governorate, p.o. 51002, Iraq.
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Xue Y, Shen R, Li Y, Sun Z, Sun X, Li F, Li X, Cheng Y, Zhu W. Anaerobic Fungi Isolated From Bactrian Camel Rumen Contents Have Strong Lignocellulosic Bioconversion Potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888964. [PMID: 35928163 PMCID: PMC9345502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to obtain anaerobic fungi from the rumen and fecal samples and investigates their potential for lignocellulosic bioconversion. Multiple anaerobic strains were isolated from rumen contents (CR1–CR21) and fecal samples (CF1–CF10) of Bactrian camel using the Hungate roll tube technique. After screening for fiber degradability, strains from rumen contents (Oontomyces sp. CR2) and feces (Piromyces sp. CF9) were compared with Pecoramyces sp. F1 (earlier isolated from goat rumen, having high CAZymes of GHs) for various fermentation and digestion parameters. The cultures were fermented with different substrates (reed, alfalfa stalk, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, and Melilotus officinalis) at 39°C for 96 h. The Oontomyces sp. CR2 had the highest total gas and hydrogen production from most substrates in the in vitro rumen fermentation system and also had the highest digestion of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose present in most substrates used. The isolated strains provided higher amounts of metabolites such as lactate, formate, acetate, and ethanol in the in vitro rumen fermentation system for use in various industrial applications. The results illustrated that anaerobic fungi isolated from Bactrian camel rumen contents (Oontomyces sp. CR2) have the highest lignocellulosic bioconversion potential, suggesting that the Bactrian camel rumen could be a good source for the isolation of anaerobic fungi for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Xue
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanying Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengming Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanfen Cheng,
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Imenez Silva PH, Mohebbi N. Kidney metabolism and acid-base control: back to the basics. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:919-934. [PMID: 35513635 PMCID: PMC9338915 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kidneys are central in the regulation of multiple physiological functions, such as removal of metabolic wastes and toxins, maintenance of electrolyte and fluid balance, and control of pH homeostasis. In addition, kidneys participate in systemic gluconeogenesis and in the production or activation of hormones. Acid-base conditions influence all these functions concomitantly. Healthy kidneys properly coordinate a series of physiological responses in the face of acute and chronic acid-base disorders. However, injured kidneys have a reduced capacity to adapt to such challenges. Chronic kidney disease patients are an example of individuals typically exposed to chronic and progressive metabolic acidosis. Their organisms undergo a series of alterations that brake large detrimental changes in the homeostasis of several parameters, but these alterations may also operate as further drivers of kidney damage. Acid-base disorders lead not only to changes in mechanisms involved in acid-base balance maintenance, but they also affect multiple other mechanisms tightly wired to it. In this review article, we explore the basic renal activities involved in the maintenance of acid-base balance and show how they are interconnected to cell energy metabolism and other important intracellular activities. These intertwined relationships have been investigated for more than a century, but a modern conceptual organization of these events is lacking. We propose that pH homeostasis indissociably interacts with central pathways that drive progression of chronic kidney disease, such as inflammation and metabolism, independent of etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Imenez Silva
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Nilufar Mohebbi
- National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
- Praxis Und Dialysezentrum Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Understanding microbial networks of farm animals through genomics, metagenomics and other meta-omic approaches for livestock wellness and sustainability. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The association of microorganisms with livestock as endosymbionts, opportunists, and pathogens has been a matter of debate for a long time. Several livestock-associated bacterial and other microbial species have been identified and characterized through traditional culture-dependent genomic approaches. However, it is imperative to understand the comprehensive microbial network of domestic animals for their wellness, disease management, and disease transmission control. Since it is strenuous to provide a niche replica to any microorganisms while culturing them, thus a substantial number of microbial communities remain obscure. Metagenomics has laid out a powerful lens for gaining insight into the hidden microbial diversity by allowing the direct sequencing of the DNA isolated from any livestock sample like the gastrointestinal tract, udder, or genital system. Through metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, understanding gene expression profiles of the microorganisms and their molecular phenotype has become unchallenging. With large data sets emerging out of the genomic, metagenomic, and other meta-omics methods, several computational tools have also been developed for curation, assembly, gene prediction, and taxonomic profiling of the microorganisms. This review provides a detailed account of the beneficial and pathogenic organisms that dwell within or on farm animals. Besides, it highlights the role of meta-omics and computational tools in a comprehensive analysis of livestock-associated microorganisms.
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Yang H, Heirbaut S, Jeyanathan J, Jing X, De Neve N, Vandaele L, Fievez V. Subacute ruminal acidosis phenotypes in periparturient dairy cows differ in ruminal and salivary bacteria and in the in vitro fermentative activity of their ruminal microbiota. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3969-3987. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Liang J, Fang W, Wang Q, Zubair M, Zhang G, Ma W, Cai Y, Zhang P. Metagenomic analysis of community, enzymes and metabolic pathways during corn straw fermentation with rumen microorganisms for volatile fatty acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126004. [PMID: 34583109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic fermentation of corn straw with rumen microorganisms as inoculum to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) is important for biomass valorization. In this study, dynamic variation in bacterial and fungal community composition, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and key functional genes related with VFA production was explored via metagenomic sequencing. Rumen microorganisms efficiently hydrolyzed and acidified corn straw, and VFA concentration reached 8.99 g/L in 72 h. Bacterial and fungal community significantly changed, but the core genera kept stable. Low pH and VFA accumulation were the main factors affecting bacterial and fungal communities. The positive correlations between bacteria were more complex than those between fungi. Most CAZyme abundance significantly decreased after 72 h fermentation, and functional gene abundance participating in VFA generation also decreased. This study provided new insights into dynamic variation of bacteria and fungi during anaerobic ruminal fermentation in vitro, promoting the application of rumen microorganisms in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wei Fang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Weifang Ma
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yajing Cai
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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Qian Y, Gao Z, Wang J, Wang C, Li G, Fu F, Guo J, Shan Y. Safety Evaluation and Whole Genome Sequencing of Aspergillus japonicas PJ01 Reveal Its Potential to Degrade Citrus Segments in Juice Processing. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081736. [PMID: 34441514 PMCID: PMC8391945 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus japonicas PJ01 (A. japonicas PJ01) is a strain isolated from the rotten branches. In previ-ous studies, it was shown that it can produce complex enzymes to degrade polysaccharide com-ponents. In this study, we evaluated the safety of its crude enzyme solution. Acute oral toxicity, subchronic toxicity, micronucleus and sperm malformation tests all validated the high biologi-cal safety for the crude enzymes. Secondly, we carried out the citrus segment degradation ex-periment of crude enzyme solution. Compared with the control group, the crude enzyme solu-tion of A. japonicas PJ01 can completely degrade the segments in 50 min, which provides the basis for enzymatic peeling during juice processing. The whole genome sequencing showed that the genome of A. japonicus PJ01 has a GC content of 51.37% with a size of 36204647 bp, and encoded 10070 genes. GO, COG, KEGG and CAZy databases were used in gene annotation analyses. Pathway enrichment showed many genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, rich in genes re-lated to pectinase, xylanase and carboxylcellulase. Therefore, the complex enzyme produced by A. japonicus PJ01 can be used in gizzard juice processing to achieve efficient enzymatic decapsu-lation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Qian
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
- International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Key Lab of Fruits & Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Jieyi Wang
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Chen Wang
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
- International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Key Lab of Fruits & Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Fuhua Fu
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
- International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Key Lab of Fruits & Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jiajing Guo
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
- International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Key Lab of Fruits & Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Yang Shan
- Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China; (Y.Q.); (J.W.); (C.W.); (G.L.); (F.F.)
- International Joint Lab on Fruits & Vegetables Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Key Lab of Fruits & Vegetables Storage, Processing, Quality and Safety, Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (J.G.)
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