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Zhu XC, Liu L, Dai WZ, Ma T. Crry silencing alleviates Alzheimer's disease injury by regulating neuroinflammatory cytokines and the complement system. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1841-1849. [PMID: 35017447 PMCID: PMC8820699 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1 (CR1) expression is positively related to the abundance of phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (tau), and CR1 expression is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact role of CR1 in tau protein-associated neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. In this study, we show that the mouse Cr1-related protein Y (Crry) gene, Crry, is localized to microglia. We also found that Crry protein expression in the hippocampus and cortex was significantly elevated in P301S mice (a mouse model widely used for investigating tau pathology) compared with that in wild-type mice. Tau protein phosphorylation (at serine 202, threonine 205, threonine 231, and serine 262) and expression of the major tau kinases glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5 were greater in P301S mice than in wild-type mice. Crry silencing by lentivirus-transfected short hairpin RNA led to greatly reduced tau phosphorylation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5 activity. Crry silencing reduced neuronal apoptosis and rescued cognitive impairment of P301S mice. Crry silencing also reduced the levels of the neuroinflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 and the complement components complement 3 and complement component 3b. Our results suggest that Crry silencing in the P301S mouse model reduces tau protein phosphorylation by reducing the levels of neuroinflammation and complement components, thereby improving cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhuo Dai
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Neurology, Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
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Gao M, Dong Q, Wang W, Yang Z, Guo L, Lu Y, Ding B, Chen L, Zhang J, Xu R. Induced neural stem cell grafts exert neuroprotection through an interaction between Crry and Akt in a mouse model of closed head injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:128. [PMID: 33579360 PMCID: PMC7881465 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, growing evidence has indicated an important role of the complement system, a crucial component of immunity, in mediating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal apoptosis following closed head injury (CHI). We previously reported that transplanted induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) pre-treated with CHI mouse serum could enhance complement receptor type 1-related protein y (Crry) expression and ameliorate complement-mediated damage in mouse CHI models. However, the mechanism underlying the elevated levels of Crry expression remains elusive. Methods CHI models were established using a standardized weight-drop device. We collected CHI mouse serum at 12 h post-trauma. RT-QPCR assay, western blot analysis, complement deposition assay, Akt inhibition assay, flow cytometry, cell transplantation, and functional assay were utilized to clarify the mechanism of Crry expression in iNSCs receiving CHI mouse serum treatment. Results We observed dramatic increases in the levels of Crry expression and Akt activation in iNSCs receiving CHI mouse serum treatment. Remarkably, Akt inhibition led to the reduction of Crry expression in iNSCs. Intriguingly, the treatment of iNSC-derived neurons with recombinant complement receptor 2-conjugated Crry (CR2-Crry), which inhibits all complement pathways, substantially enhanced Crry expression and Akt activation in neurons after CHI mouse serum treatment. In subsequent in vitro experiments of pre-treatment of iNSCs with CR2-Crry, we observed significant increases in the levels of Crry expression and Akt activation in iNSCs and iNSC-derived astrocytes and neurons post-treatment with CHI mouse serum. Additionally, an in vivo study showed that intracerebral-transplanted iNSCs pre-treated with CR2-Crry markedly enhanced Crry expression in neurons and protected neurons from complement-dependent damage in the brains of CHI mice. Conclusion INSCs receiving CR2-Crry pre-treatment increased the levels of Crry expression in iNSCs and iNSC-derived astrocytes and neurons and attenuated complement-mediated injury following CHI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02186-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qin Dong
- Department of Neurology, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Department of ENT-HN, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, 572013, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yingzhou Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Boyun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The Seventh Medical Center, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Aragoneses-Fenoll L, Montes-Casado M, Ojeda G, García-Paredes L, Arimura Y, Yagi J, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. Role of endocytosis and trans-endocytosis in ICOS costimulator-induced downmodulation of the ICOS Ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:867-884. [PMID: 33527556 PMCID: PMC8597029 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0220-127r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the T-lymphocyte costimulatory molecule ICOS and its ligand (ICOS-L) is needed for efficient immune responses, but expression levels are tightly controlled, as altered expression of ICOS or ICOS-L may lead to immunodeficiency, or favor autoimmune diseases and tumor growth. Using cells of mouse B cell lymphoma (M12.C3) and melanoma (B16), or hamster CHO cells transfected with various forms of mouse ICOS-L, and ICOS+ T cell lines, we show that, within minutes, ICOS induces significant downmodulation of surface ICOS-L that is largely mediated by endocytosis and trans-endocytosis. So, after interaction with ICOS+ cells, ICOS-L was found inside permeabilized cells, or in cell lysates, with significant transfer of ICOS from ICOS+ T cells to ICOS-L-expressing cells, and simultaneous loss of surface ICOS by the T cells. Data from cells expressing ICOS-L mutants show that conserved, functionally important residues in the cytoplasmic domain of mouse ICOS-L (Arg300 , Ser307 and Tyr308 ), or removal of ICOS-L cytoplasmic tail have minor effect on its internalization. Internalization was dependent on temperature, and was partially dependent on actin polymerization, the GTPase dynamin, protein kinase C, or the integrity of lipid rafts. In fact, a fraction of ICOS-L was detected in lipid rafts. On the other hand, proteinase inhibitors had negligible effects on early modulation of ICOS-L from the cell surface. Our data add a new mechanism of control of ICOS-L expression to the regulation of ICOS-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Aragoneses-Fenoll
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - María Montes-Casado
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Gloria Ojeda
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Lucía García-Paredes
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Current address: Hospital 12 de Octubre, Departamento de Oncología Médica, Av. de Córdoba, s/n, Madrid, 28041, Spain
| | - Yutaka Arimura
- Host Defense for Animals, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8602, Japan
| | - Junji Yagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD) and Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Pilar Portolés
- Unidad de Inmunología Celular, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.,Presidencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - José M Rojo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Ponce M, Diesner SC, Szépfalusi Z, Eiwegger T. Markers of tolerance development to food allergens. Allergy 2016; 71:1393-404. [PMID: 27286276 DOI: 10.1111/all.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated reactions to food allergens are the most common cause of anaphylaxis in childhood. Although allergies to cow's milk, egg, or soy proteins, in contrast to peanut and tree nut allergens, resolve within the first 6 years of life in up to 60% due to natural tolerance development, this process is not well understood. At present, there is no cure or treatment for food allergy that would result in an induction of tolerance to the symptom-eliciting food. Avoidance, providing an emergency plan and education, is the standard of treatment. Oral immunotherapeutic approaches have been proven reasonable efficacy; however, they are associated with high rates of side-effects and low numbers of patients achieving tolerance. Nevertheless, mechanisms that take place during oral immunotherapy may help to understand tolerance development. On the basis of these therapeutic interventions, events like loss of basophil activation and induction of regulatory lymphocyte subsets and of blocking antibodies have been described. Their functional importance at a clinical level, however, remains to be investigated in detail. Consequently, there is eminent need to understand the process of tolerance development to food allergens and define biomarkers to develop and monitor new treatment strategies for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ponce
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - S. C. Diesner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Z. Szépfalusi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - T. Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Food allergy and Anaphylaxis Program; The Department of Paediatrics; Hospital for Sick Children; Research Institute, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program; The University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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Rojo JM, Ojeda G, Acosta YY, Montes-Casado M, Criado G, Portolés P. Characteristics of TCR/CD3 complex CD3{varepsilon} chains of regulatory CD4+ T (Treg) lymphocytes: role in Treg differentiation in vitro and impact on Treg in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:441-50. [PMID: 24212096 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs are anergic CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T lymphocytes exerting active suppression to control immune and autoimmune responses. However, the factors in TCR recognition underlying Treg differentiation are unclear. Based on our previous data, we hypothesized that Treg TCR/CD3 antigen receptor complexes might differ from those of CD4(+)CD25(-) Tconv. Expression levels of TCR/CD3, CD3ε,ζ chains, or other molecules involved in antigen signaling and the characteristics of CD3ε chains were analyzed in thymus or spleen Treg cells from normal mice. Tregs had quantitative and qualitatively distinct TCR/CD3 complexes and CD3ε chains. They expressed significantly lower levels of the TCR/CD3 antigen receptor, CD3ε chains, TCR-ζ chain, or the CD4 coreceptor than Tconv. Levels of kinases, adaptor molecules involved in TCR signaling, and early downstream activation pathways were also lower in Tregs than in Tconv. Furthermore, TCR/CD3 complexes in Tregs were enriched in CD3ε chains conserving their N-terminal, negatively charged amino acid residues; this trait is linked to a higher activation threshold. Transfection of mutant CD3ε chains lacking these residues inhibited the differentiation of mature CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T lymphocytes into CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs, and differences in CD3ε chain recognition by antibodies could be used to enrich for Tregs in vivo. Our results show quantitative and qualitative differences in the TCR/CD3 complex, supporting the hyporesponsive phenotype of Tregs concerning TCR/CD3 signals. These differences might reconcile avidity and flexible threshold models of Treg differentiation and be used to implement therapeutic approaches involving Treg manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Rojo
- 2.Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Pekkarinen PT, Vaali K, Jarva H, Kekäläinen E, Hetemäki I, Junnikkala S, Helminen M, Vaarala O, Meri S, Arstila TP. Impaired intestinal tolerance in the absence of a functional complement system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:1167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Kolev M, Le Friec G, Kemper C. The role of complement in CD4+ T cell homeostasis and effector functions. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for SLE. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:55-81. [PMID: 23402019 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, there had been remarkable advancement in understanding the role of complement regulatory proteins in autoimmune disorders and importance of complement inhibitors as therapeutics. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototype of systemic autoimmune disorders. The disease, though rare, is potentially fatal and afflicts women at their reproductive age. It is a complex disease with multiorgan involvement, and each patient presents with a different set of symptoms. The diagnosis is often difficult and is based on the diagnostic criteria set by the American Rheumatology Association. Presence of antinuclear antibodies and more specifically antidouble-stranded DNA indicates SLE. Since the disease is multifactorial and its phenotypes are highly heterogeneous, there is a need to identify multiple noninvasive biomarkers for SLE. Lack of validated biomarkers for SLE disease activity or response to treatment is a barrier to the efficient management of the disease, drug discovery, as well as development of new therapeutics. Recent studies with gene knockout mice have suggested that membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) may critically determine the sensitivity of host tissues to complement injury in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Case-controlled and followup studies carried out in our laboratory suggest an intimate relation between the level of DAF, MCP, CR1, and CD59 transcripts and the disease activity in SLE. Based on comparative evaluation of our data on these four membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins, we envisaged CR1 and MCP transcripts as putative noninvasive disease activity markers and the respective proteins as therapeutic targets for SLE. Following is a brief appraisal on membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins DAF, MCP, CR1, and CD59 as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SLE.
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Soltys J, Wu X. Complement regulatory protein Crry deficiency contributes to the antigen specific recall response in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:20. [PMID: 22642809 PMCID: PMC3524051 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Myasthenia gravis (MG) and animal model of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is the most common autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission. The disease is caused by the breakdown of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) which is largely due to complement activation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Limited knowledge exists to the extent that complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y deficiency (Crry -/-) modulates the adaptive immune response and EAMG outcome. METHODS Mouse EAMG was induced by s.c. administrations of purified acetylcholine receptor (AChR) to Crry -/- and age- matched WT (C57BL/6) mice. Disease severity was assessed by clinical score assessment and muscle grip strength measurements. Serum complement activity was determined by hemolytic assay. ELISA was used to detect the level of AChR specific antibodies. Splenic cells were analyzed for T and B cells subsets distribution, release of cytokines and AChR specific recall responses. Deposition of complement components at the NMJ was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS In comparison to WT EAMG, Crry -/- EAMG mice showed signs of augmented muscle weakness but differences, except for one time point, were not statistically significant. Serum complement activity was reduced in Crry -/- EAMG mice and no substantial changes in deposition of C3, C3b/iC3b and C5b-9 (MAC) at the NMJ between WT EAMG and Crry -/- EAMG mice were detected. Lack of Crry affected adaptive immune response. Crry -/- EAMG mice showed increases in the number of AChR specific splenic T-cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-4. Production of complement fixing antibodies (IgG2b, IgG2c) was also augmented. More Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines were released into the bloodstream of Crry -/- EAMG mice. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that Crry deficiency modulates the adaptive immune response in EAMG, but its effect on disease outcome is limited. This was due to the generally lower serum complement level caused by increased C3 turnover. Modulation of complement activity with soluble or membrane bound regulators of complement activity represents a potentially effective approach to modify autoimmune processes in MG and EAMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindrich Soltys
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, 1438 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
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C3-dependent mechanism of microglial priming relevant to multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:965-70. [PMID: 22219359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111924109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial priming predisposes the brain to neurodegeneration and affects disease progression. The signal to switch from the quiescent to the primed state is unknown. We show that deleting the C3 convertase regulator complement receptor 1-related protein y (Crry) induces microglial priming. Mice that were double-knockout for Crry and either C3 or factor B did not show priming, demonstrating dependence on alternative pathway activation. Colocalization of C3b/iC3b and CR3 implicated the CR3/iC3b interaction in priming. Systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge overactivated primed microglia with florid expression of proinflammatory molecules, which were blocked by complement inhibition. Relevance for neurodegenerative disease is exemplified by human multiple sclerosis (MS) and by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. In human MS, microglial priming was evident in perilesional white matter, in close proximity to C3b/iC3b deposits. EAE was accelerated and exacerbated in Crry-deficient mice, and was dependent on C activation. In summary, C3-dependent microglial priming confers susceptibility to other challenges. Our observations are relevant to progression in MS and other neurological diseases exacerbated by acute insults.
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Acosta YY, Ojeda G, Zafra MP, Bernardone IS, Sánchez A, Dianzani U, Portolés P, Rojo JM. Dissociation of actin polymerization and lipid raft accumulation by ligation of the Inducible Costimulator (ICOS, CD278). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inmuno.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ni Choileain S, Astier AL. CD46 processing: a means of expression. Immunobiology 2011; 217:169-75. [PMID: 21742405 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD46 is a ubiquitously expressed type I transmembrane protein, first identified as a regulator of complement activation, and later as an entry receptor for a variety of pathogens. The last decade has also revealed the role of CD46 in regulating the adaptive immune response, acting as an additional costimulatory molecule for human T cells and inducing their differentiation into Tr1 cells, a subset of regulatory T cells. Interestingly, CD46 regulatory pathways are defective in T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, illustrating its importance in regulating T cell homeostasis. Indeed, CD46 expression at the cell surface is tightly regulated in many different cell types, highlighting its importance in several biological processes. Notably, CD46 is the target of enzymatic processing, being cleaved by metalloproteinases and by the presenilin/gamma secretase complex. This processing is required for its functions, at least in T cells. This review will summarize the latest updates on the regulation of CD46 expression and on its effects on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for MS Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Ojeda G, Pini E, Eguiluz C, Montes-Casado M, Broere F, van Eden W, Rojo JM, Portolés P. Complement regulatory protein Crry/p65 costimulation expands natural Treg cells with enhanced suppressive properties in proteoglycan-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1562-72. [DOI: 10.1002/art.30328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tchepeleva SN, Thurman JM, Ruff K, Perkins SJ, Morel L, Boackle SA. An allelic variant of Crry in the murine Sle1c lupus susceptibility interval is not impaired in its ability to regulate complement activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2331-9. [PMID: 20660348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Sle1c subinterval on distal murine chromosome 1 confers loss of tolerance to chromatin. Cr2, which encodes complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/CR2; CD35/CD21), is a strong candidate gene for lupus susceptibility within this interval based on structural and functional alterations in its protein products. CR1-related protein/gene Y (Crry) lies 10 kb from Cr2 and encodes a ubiquitously expressed complement regulatory protein that could also play a role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Crry derived from B6.Sle1c congenic mice migrated at a higher m.w. by SDS-PAGE compared with B6 Crry, as a result of differential glycosylation. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the first short consensus repeat of Sle1c Crry introduced a novel N-linked glycosylation site likely responsible for this structural alteration. Five additional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the signal peptide and short consensus repeat 1 of Sle1c Crry were identified. However, the cellular expression of B6 and B6.Sle1c Crry and their ability to regulate the classical pathway of complement were not significantly different. Although soluble Sle1c Crry regulated the alternative pathway of complement more efficiently than B6 Crry, as a membrane protein, it regulated the alternative pathway equivalently to B6 Crry. These data fail to provide evidence for a functional effect of the structural alterations in Sle1c Crry and suggest that the role of Cr2 in the Sle1c autoimmune phenotypes can be isolated in recombinant congenic mice containing both genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Tchepeleva
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Li Q, Huang D, Nacion K, Bu H, Lin F. Augmenting DAF levels in vivo ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2885-91. [PMID: 19660813 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have found that CNS injury in Daf1(-/-) mice is much greater than in wild types (WTs), suggesting that upregulating DAF levels in vivo might ameliorate disease. To test this, we generated a Daf1 transgenic (Tg) mouse which had elevated DAF levels on its cell surfaces. In by-stand C3b uptake assays, Daf1 Tg mouse erythrocytes took up less C3b on their surfaces than WT erythrocytes. When co-cultured with OT-II CD4(+) T cells together with OVA(323-339) peptide, Daf1 Tg mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) produced less C5a and C3a than WT BM-DCs and stimulated a lesser T cell response. In MOG(35-55) immunization induced EAE model, Daf1 Tg mice exhibited delayed disease onset and decreased clinical scores compared to WTs. Histological analyses showed that there were less inflammation and demyelination in spinal cords in Daf1 Tg mice than those in WTs. In accordance with these results, Daf1 Tg mice had decreased MOG(35-55) specific Th1 and Th17 responses. These data provide further evidence that DAF suppresses autoreactive T cell responses in EAE, and indicate that augmenting its expression levels could be effective therapeutically in treating multiple sclerosis as well as other T cell mediated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD55 Antigens/genetics
- CD55 Antigens/immunology
- CD55 Antigens/metabolism
- Complement C3a/immunology
- Complement C3a/metabolism
- Complement C5a/immunology
- Complement C5a/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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N-terminal negatively charged residues in CD3varepsilon chains as a phylogenetically conserved trait potentially yielding isoforms with different isoelectric points: analysis of human CD3varepsilon chains. Immunol Lett 2009; 126:8-15. [PMID: 19616027 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CD3varepsilon chains are essential to the structure, expression and signaling of T cell receptors. Here, we extend to human CD3varepsilon our previous data in mouse CD3varepsilon showing that, in T cells, proteolytic processing of the acidic N-terminal sequence of CD3varepsilon chains generate distinct polypeptide species that can be identified by two-dimension (IEF-SDS PAGE) electrophoresis and immunoblot. This was shown first by showing the processing of a fusion protein of GFP and the extracellular domain of mouse CD3varepsilon (mCD3GFP) expressed in Jurkat cells. Secondly, pI heterogeneity was also found in human CD3varepsilon chains immunoprecipitated from the surface of Jurkat cells or PHA blasts of human blood T lymphocytes. Comparison of CD3varepsilon chains from 27 different species shows that their N-terminal sequences share a strong acidic nature, despite the large differences in terms of length and composition, even among closely related species. Our results suggest that generation of CD3varepsilon chain isoforms with different N-terminal sequence and pI is a general phenomenon. Thus, as previously observed in the mouse, the relative abundance of CD3varepsilon chain species might regulate TCR/CD3 structure and function, including the strength of the interactions between CD3 dimers and the TCR clonotypic receptors, as well as TCR/CD3 activation thresholds. Interestingly, CD3varepsilon chains from 7 out of 27 species studied have putative N-glycosylation (NxS or NxT) motifs in their Ig extracellular domain. Their location, plus the conservation of residues involved in domain organization, the interactions with other CD3 chains, or the TCR, and signal triggering add new data useful to establish a permissive topology for the interaction between CD3 dimers and the TCR chains.
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17
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Ruseva MM, Hughes TR, Donev RM, Sivasankar B, Pickering MC, Wu X, Harris CL, Morgan BP. Crry deficiency in complement sufficient mice: C3 consumption occurs without associated renal injury. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:803-11. [PMID: 18947875 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rodent-specific complement regulator complement receptor 1-related gene/protein-y (Crry) is critical for complement homeostasis. Gene deletion is 100% embryonically lethal; Crry-deficient (Crry(-/-)) mice were rescued by back-crossing onto C3 deficiency, confirming that embryo loss was complement mediated. In order to rescue viable Crry(-/-) mice without deleting C3, we have tested inhibition of C5 during gestation. Crry(+/-) females were given neutralizing anti-C5 mAb immediately prior to mating with Crry(+/-) males and C5 inhibition maintained through pregnancy. A single, healthy Crry(-/-) female was obtained and mating with Crry(+/-) males yielded healthy litters containing equal numbers of Crry(+/-) and Crry(-/-) pups. Inter-crossing Crry(-/-) mice yielded healthy litters of expected size. Although the mice were not anemic, exposure of Crry(-/-) erythrocytes to normal mouse serum caused C3 deposition and lysis, while transfusion into normal or C6(-/-) mice resulted in rapid clearance. Complement activity and C3 levels in Crry(-/-) mice were markedly reduced. Comparison with factor H deficient (CfH(-/-)) mice revealed similar levels of residual C3; however, unlike the CfH(-/-) mice, Crry(-/-) mice showed no evidence of renal injury, demonstrating distinct roles for these regulators in protecting the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta M Ruseva
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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18
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Abstract
CD46 is a complement regulatory molecule expressed on every cell type, except for erythrocytes. While initially described as a regulator of complement activity, it later became a 'magnet for pathogens', binding to several viruses and bacteria. More recently, an alternative role for such complement molecules has emerged: they do regulate T-cell immunity, affecting T-cell proliferation and differentiation. In particular, CD46 stimulation induces Tr1 cells, regulatory T cells characterized by massive production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine. Hence, CD46 is likely to control inflammation. Indeed, data from CD46 transgenic mice highlight a role for CD46 in inflammation, with antagonist roles depending on the cytoplasmic tail being expressed. Furthermore, recent data have shown that CD46 is defective in multiple sclerosis, IL-10 production being severely impaired in these patients. This lack of IL-10 production probably participates in the inflammation observed in patients with multiple sclerosis. This review will summarize the data on CD46 and T cells, and how CD46 is likely involved in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Astier
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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19
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Astier AL, Hafler DA. Abnormal Tr1 differentiation in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 191:70-8. [PMID: 17936368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In the recent years, accumulating evidence has supported an immunosuppressive role for regulatory T cells (Tregs). Most studies in the context of autoimmunity have focused on the defects of the CD4+CD25 high Tregs. However, we recently demonstrated an altered function of Tr1 Treg cells in MS, characterized by a lack of IL-10 secretion. Therefore, several major regulatory T cell defects are involved in human autoimmune disease. Hence, the induction of Tregs or the stimulation of Treg activity may be beneficial for the treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Astier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Bello R, Feito MJ, Ojeda G, Portolés P, Rojo JM. Loss of N-terminal charged residues of mouse CD3 epsilon chains generates isoforms modulating antigen T cell receptor-mediated signals and T cell receptor-CD3 interactions. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22324-34. [PMID: 17561508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701875200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complexes present on the cell surface of CD4(+) T lymphocytes and T cell lines express CD3 epsilon chain isoforms with different isoelectric points (pI), with important structural and functional consequences. The pI values of the isoforms fit the predicted pI values of CD3 epsilon chains lacking one, two, and three negatively charged amino acid residues present in the N-terminal region. Different T cells have different ratios of CD3 epsilon chain isoforms. At a high pI, degraded CD3 epsilon isoforms can be better recognized by certain anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies such as YCD3-1, the ability of which to bind to the TCR-CD3 complex is directly correlated with the pI of CD3 epsilon. The abundance of CD3 epsilon isoforms can be modified by treatment of T cells with the proteinase inhibitor phenanthroline. In addition, these CD3 epsilon isoforms have functional importance. This is shown, first, by the different structure of TCR-CD3 complexes in cells possessing different amounts of isoforms (as observed in surface biotinylation experiments), by their different antigen responses, and by the stronger interaction between low pI CD3 epsilon isoforms and the TCR. Second, incubation of cells with phenanthroline diminished the proportion of degraded high pI CD3 epsilon isoforms, but also the ability of the cells to deliver early TCR activation signals. Third, cells expressing mutant CD3 epsilon chains lacking N-terminal acid residues showed facilitated recognition by antibody YCD3-1 and enhanced TCR-mediated activation. Furthermore, the binding avidity of antibody YCD3-1 was different in distinct thymus populations. These results suggest that changes in CD3 epsilon N-terminal chains might help to fine-tune the response of the TCR to its ligands in distinct activation situations or in thymus selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Bello
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Abstract
The complement system is an important component of the innate immune system and a modulator of adaptive immunity. The entire complement system is focused on C3 and C5. Thus, there are proteins that activate C3 and C5, those that regulate this activation, and those that transduce the effects of C3 and C5 activation products; each can affect the kidney in renal injury. The normal kidney has the inherent capacity to protect itself from complement activation through cellular expression of decay-accelerating factor, membrane cofactor protein (in human beings), and Crry (in rodents). In addition, plasma factor H protects vascular spaces in the kidney. Although the main function of these proteins is to limit complement activation, there is now considerable evidence that they can transduce signals on engagement in immune cells. The G-protein-coupled 7-span transmembrane receptors for C3a and C5a, and the integral membrane complement receptors (CR) for C3b, iC3b, and C3dg, are expressed outside the kidney, particularly in cells of hematopoietic and immune lineage. These are important in renal injury through their infiltration of the kidney and/or by affecting kidney-directed immune responses. There is mounting evidence that intrinsic glomerular and tubular cell C3aR and C5aR expression and activation also can affect renal injury. CR1 on podocytes and the beta2 integrins CR3 and CR4 in kidney dendritic cells have functions that remain poorly defined. Cells of the kidney also have the capacity to produce and activate their own complement proteins. Thus, intrinsic renal cells express decay-accelerating factor, membrane cofactor protein, Crry, C3aR, C5aR, CR1, CR3, and CR4. These can be engaged by C3 and C5 activation products derived from systemic and local pools in renal injury. Given their capacity to provide signals that influence kidney cellular behavior, their activation can have substantial effects in renal injury. Defining these in a cell- and disease-specific fashion is an exciting challenge for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu S Puri
- Section of Nephrology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) binding to clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes: binding to M type 18 strains is independent of Emm or Enn proteins. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3571-9. [PMID: 17467801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The complement regulatory protein CD46 (MCP, membrane cofactor protein) is used as a cell receptor by a number of bacterial and viral pathogens, including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci). The highly variable M (Emm) proteins are virulence factors of S. pyogenes, and Emm proteins of serotypes 5, 6 or 22 are able of binding to CD46, thus mediating the binding of Streptococci to human cells. In this work, using a soluble construction encompassing the extracellular domain of human CD46, we have analyzed its binding to clinical isolates of S. pyogenes, including isolates of the M types 1, 3 and 18 that are frequently found in invasive infections or rheumatic fever. Our data show a strong binding of CD46 to bacteria of M types 1, 3, 8, 18, 24, 28, 29, 31 and 78; weak binding to M6 and M29 and no binding to M types 11, 12, M27 or M30. Surprisingly, CD46 bound to isogenic mutants of one clinical M18 isolate lacking the Emm protein or Emm and the Emm-related protein Enn, regardless of having capsule or not. In addition, these isogenic mutants bound to keratinocytes in a CD46-dependent manner, confirming the role of CD46 as one of the cell receptors for Group A Streptococci. Furthermore, CD46 did not bind to a recombinant Emm 18 construct, confirming that Emm is not involved in CD46 binding to M18 bacteria. Emm-dependent and -independent CD46 binding of clinical isolates of Streptococci confirms the importance of CD46 as a cell target that might confer pathogens some biological advantages over the host.
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