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Silva IS, Almeida AD, Lima Filho ACM, Fernandes-Braga W, Barra A, Oliveira HMC, Cassali GD, Capettini LSA, Menezes GB, Alvarez-Leite JI, Leite MF, Klein A. Platelet-activating factor and protease-activated receptor 2 cooperate to promote neutrophil recruitment and lung inflammation through nuclear factor-kappa B transactivation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21637. [PMID: 38062077 PMCID: PMC10703791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that platelet-activated receptor (PAF) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of lung and airway inflammatory diseases, a role for a PAR2-PAFR cooperation in lung inflammation has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the role of PAR2 in PAF-induced lung inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in lungs of BALB/c mice. Mice were pretreated with the PAR2 antagonist ENMD1068, PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonist WEB2086, or aprotinin prior to intranasal instillation of carbamyl-PAF (C-PAF) or the PAR2 agonist peptide SLIGRL-NH2 (PAR2-AP). Leukocyte infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL)1 and CXCL2 chemokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and N-acetyl-glycosaminidase (NAG) levels in BALF, or lung inflammation were evaluated. Intracellular calcium signaling, PAFR/PAR2 physical interaction, and the expression of PAR2 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-КB, p65) transcription factor were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with C-PAF in the presence or absence of ENMD1068. C-PAF- or PAR2-AP-induced neutrophil recruitment into lungs was inhibited in mice pretreated with ENMD1068 and aprotinin or WEB2086, respectively. PAR2 blockade impaired C-PAF-induced neutrophil rolling and adhesion, lung inflammation, and production of MPO, NAG, CXCL1, and CXCL2 production in lungs of mice. PAFR activation reduced PAR2 expression and physical interaction of PAR2 and PAFR; co-activation is required for PAFR/PAR2 physical interaction. PAR2 blockade impaired C-PAF-induced calcium signal and NF-κB p65 translocation in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. This study provides the first evidence for a cooperation between PAFR and PAR2 mediating neutrophil recruitment, lung inflammation, and macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irismara Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline D Almeida
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry (LABIN-UFMG), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ayslan Barra
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciano S A Capettini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo B Menezes
- Department of Morphology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline I Alvarez-Leite
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Nutritional Biochemistry (LABIN-UFMG), Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria F Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, ICB/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Klein
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Proteases, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Berg BB, Linhares AFS, Martins DM, Rachid MA, Cau SBDA, Souza GGD, Carvalho JCSD, Sorgi CA, Romero TRL, Pinho V, Teixeira MM, Castor MGME. Anandamide reduces the migration of lymphocytes to the intestine by CB2 activation and reduces TNF-α in the target organs, protecting mice from graft-versus-host disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175932. [PMID: 37536622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious inflammatory illness that often occurs as a secondary complication of bone marrow transplantation. Current therapies have limited effectiveness and fail to achieve a balance between inflammation and the graft-versus-tumor effect. In this study, we investigate the effects of the endocannabinoid anandamide on the complex pathology of GVHD. We assess the effects of an irreversible inhibitor of fatty acid amine hydrolase or exogenous anandamide and find that they increase survival and reduce clinical signs in GVHD mice. In the intestine of GVHD mice, treatment with exogenous anandamide also leads to a reduction in the number of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ cells, which reduces the activation of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells, as assessed by enhanced CD28 expression, a T cell co-stimulatory molecule. Exogenous AEA was also able to reduce TNF-α and increase IL-10 in the intestine of GVHD mice. In the liver, exogenous AEA reduces injury, TNF-α levels, and the number of CD3+CD8+ cells. Interestingly, anandamide reduces Mac-1α, which lowers the adhesion of transplanted cells in mesenteric veins. These effects are mimicked by JWH133-a CB2 selective agonist-and abolished by treatment with a CB2 antagonist. Furthermore, the effects caused by anandamide treatment on survival were related to the CB2 receptor, as the CB2 antagonist abolished it. This study shows the critical role of the CB2 receptor in the modulation of the inflammatory response of GVHD by treatment with anandamide, the most prominent endocannabinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Betônico Berg
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Santos Linhares
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Arterio Sorgi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Pinho
- Morphology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Takamiya S, Kawabori M, Yamazaki K, Yamaguchi S, Tanimori A, Yamamoto K, Ohnishi S, Seki T, Konno K, Tha KK, Hashimoto D, Watanabe M, Houkin K, Fujimura M. Intravenous transplantation of amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional recovery and alleviates intestinal dysfunction after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270606. [PMID: 35802703 PMCID: PMC9269969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often accompanied by gastrointestinal dysfunction due to the disconnection of the spinal autonomic nervous system. Gastrointestinal dysfunction reportedly upregulates intestinal permeability, leading to bacterial translocation of the gut microbiome to the systemic circulation, which further activates systemic inflammation, exacerbating neuronal damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) reportedly ameliorate SCI. Here, we aimed to investigate their effect on the associated gastrointestinal dysfunction. Human amnion-derived MSC (AMSCs) were intravenously transplanted one day after a rat model of midthoracic SCI. Biodistribution of transplanted cells, behavioral assessment, and histological evaluations of the spinal cord and intestine were conducted to elucidate the therapeutic effect of AMSCs. Bacterial translocation of the gut microbiome was examined by in situ hybridization and bacterial culture of the liver. Systemic inflammations were examined by blood cytokines, infiltrating immune cells in the spinal cord, and the size of the peripheral immune tissue. AMSCs released various neurotrophic factors and were mainly distributed in the liver and lung after transplantation. AMSC-transplanted animals showed smaller spinal damage and better neurological recovery with preserved neuronal tract. AMSCs transplantation ameliorated intestinal dysfunction both morphologically and functionally, which prevented translocation of the gut microbiome to the systemic circulation. Systemic inflammations were decreased in animals receiving AMSCs in the chronic phase. Intravenous AMSC administration during the acute phase of SCI rescues both spinal damage and intestinal dysfunction. Reducing bacterial translocation may contribute to decreasing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Takamiya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawabori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazuyoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sho Yamaguchi
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Aki Tanimori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Seki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kotaro Konno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Khin Khin Tha
- Global Center for Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Houkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Miki Fujimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Treatment with Apocynin Limits the Development of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease in Mice. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9015292. [PMID: 31781685 PMCID: PMC6874984 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9015292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most serious complication limiting the clinical utility of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), in which lymphocytes of donors (graft) are activated in response to the host antigen. This disease is associated with increased inflammatory response through the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we have evaluated the role of ROS in GVHD pathogenesis by treatment of recipient mice with apocynin (apo), an inhibitor of intracellular translocation of cytosolic components of NADPH oxidase complex. The pharmacological blockade of NADPH oxidase resulted in prolonged survival and reduced GVHD clinical score. This reduction in GVHD was associated with reduced levels of ROS and TBARS in target organs of GVHD in apocynin-treated mice at the onset of the mortality phase. These results correlated with reduced intestinal and liver injuries and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Mechanistically, pharmacological blockade of the NADPH oxidase was associated with inhibition of recruitment and accumulation of leukocytes in the target organs. Additionally, the chimerism remained unaffected after treatment with apocynin. Our study demonstrates that ROS plays an important role in mediating GVHD, suggesting that strategies aimed at blocking ROS production may be useful as an adjuvant therapy in patients subjected to bone marrow transplantation.
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Nomura S, Konishi A, Tsubokura Y, Azuma Y, Hotta M, Yoshimura H, Nakanishi T, Fujita S, Satake A, Katayama Y, Ohta S, Hayashi K, Ishii K, Ito T. Effects of recombinant thrombomodulin on long-term prognosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2019; 57:101247. [PMID: 31666188 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of early recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM) treatment on long-term prognosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Subjects included 300 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT (131 in the rTM(+) group and 169 in the rTM(-) group). The control group received heparin or no anti-coagulation therapy. When we examined patients with confirmed complications (day 1-100), the frequencies of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) were significantly lower in the rTM(+) group, while the frequencies of veno-occlusive disease did not show such differences. rTM administration was associated with significant differences in the cumulative incidence of aGVHD (any grade and II-IV grades) and TMA. The cumulative overall survival probability was significantly higher in the rTM(+) group (42.3% versus 26.2%, p = .037). Therefore, some causes of a poor prognosis included aGVHD and TMA. The present findings suggest that rTM plays a preventive role in transplant-related complications, such as aGVHD and TMA, after allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuta Katayama
- Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-bomb Survivors Hospital, Japan
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Golay H, Jurkovic Mlakar S, Mlakar V, Nava T, Ansari M. The Biological and Clinical Relevance of G Protein-Coupled Receptors to the Outcomes of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematized Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3889. [PMID: 31404983 PMCID: PMC6719093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only curative treatment for several malignant and non-malignant diseases at the cost of serious treatment-related toxicities (TRTs). Recent research on extending the benefits of HSCT to more patients and indications has focused on limiting TRTs and improving immunological effects following proper mobilization and engraftment. Increasing numbers of studies report associations between HSCT outcomes and the expression or the manipulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This large family of cell surface receptors is involved in various human diseases. With ever-better knowledge of their crystal structures and signaling dynamics, GPCRs are already the targets for one third of the current therapeutic arsenal. The present paper assesses the current status of animal and human research on GPCRs in the context of selected HSCT outcomes via a systematized survey and analysis of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Golay
- Platform of Pediatric Onco-Hematology research (CANSEARCH Laboratory), Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Bâtiment La Tulipe, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simona Jurkovic Mlakar
- Platform of Pediatric Onco-Hematology research (CANSEARCH Laboratory), Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Bâtiment La Tulipe, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vid Mlakar
- Platform of Pediatric Onco-Hematology research (CANSEARCH Laboratory), Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Bâtiment La Tulipe, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Nava
- Platform of Pediatric Onco-Hematology research (CANSEARCH Laboratory), Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Bâtiment La Tulipe, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Women-Children-Adolescents, Division of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Ansari
- Platform of Pediatric Onco-Hematology research (CANSEARCH Laboratory), Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology, and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Bâtiment La Tulipe, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Women-Children-Adolescents, Division of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Birkl D, Quiros M, García-Hernández V, Zhou DW, Brazil JC, Hilgarth R, Keeney J, Yulis M, Bruewer M, García AJ, O´Leary MN, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. TNFα promotes mucosal wound repair through enhanced platelet activating factor receptor signaling in the epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:909-918. [PMID: 30971752 PMCID: PMC6599476 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathobiology of several chronic inflammatory disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease is related to intermittent, spontaneous injury/ulceration of mucosal surfaces. Disease morbidity has been associated with pathologic release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In this report, we show that TNFα promotes intestinal mucosal repair through upregulation of the GPCR platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) in the intestinal epithelium. Platelet activating factor (PAF) was increased in healing mucosal wounds and its engagement with epithelial PAFR leads to activation of epidermal growth factor receptor, Src and Rac1 signaling to promote wound closure. Consistent with these findings, delayed colonic mucosal repair was observed after administration of a neutralizing TNFα antibody and in mice lacking PAFR. These findings suggest that in the injured mucosa, the pro-inflammatory milieu containing TNFα and PAF sets the stage for reparative events mediated by PAFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Birkl
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Miguel Quiros
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Dennis W. Zhou
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roland Hilgarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Justin Keeney
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark Yulis
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Bruewer
- Department of Surgery, St. Franziskus-Hospital Münster, 48145 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrés J. García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Monique N. O´Leary
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Correspondence: Asma Nusrat, , Monique N. O’Leary,
| | - Charles A. Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Correspondence: Asma Nusrat, , Monique N. O’Leary,
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8
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Nomura S, Ishii K, Fujita S, Nakaya A, Satake A, Ito T. Associations between acute GVHD-related biomarkers and endothelial cell activation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2017; 43-44:27-32. [PMID: 28687251 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cause serious transplant-related complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Acute GVHD (aGVHD) has been diagnosed by clinical manifestations, laboratory data and pathological effects until now, but recently the discovery of specific biomarkers such as suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), elafin and regenerating islet-derived 3α (REG3α) is challenging this approach. METHODS We investigated the expression of aGVHD-related markers (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secretes: RANTES, elafin, REG3α and ST2) and endothelial cell activation markers (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule: sVCAM-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor: PAI-1) in patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT. Additionally, we studied the effects of recombinant soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) on the expression of these markers. Our study cohort included 225 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at several institutions in Japan. RESULTS RANTES, sVCAM-1, PAI-1, elafin, REG3α and ST2 exhibited significant increases in patients not receiving rTM after HSCT. When we examined patients with confirmed complications, the frequencies of aGVHD and VOD were significantly lower in the rTM-treated group. In addition, aGVHD-related biomarkers such as elafin, REG3α, and ST2 were elevated significantly in patients with aGVHD. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that endothelial cell activation might be linked to aGVHD, and that rTM might act to prevent aGVHD, at least in part, through its effect on endothelial cells.
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9
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Liu Y, Shields LBE, Gao Z, Wang Y, Zhang YP, Chu T, Zhu Q, Shields CB, Cai J. Current Understanding of Platelet-Activating Factor Signaling in Central Nervous System Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5563-5572. [PMID: 27613281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a bioactive lipid mediator which serves as a reciprocal messenger between the immune and nervous systems. PAF, a pluripotent inflammatory mediator, is extensively expressed in many cells and tissues and has either beneficial or detrimental effects on the progress of inflammation-related neuropathology. Its wide distribution and various biological functions initiate a cascade of physiological or pathophysiological responses during development or diseases. Current evidence indicates that excess PAF accumulation in CNS diseases exacerbates the inflammatory response and pathological consequences, while application of PAF inhibitors or PAFR antagonists by blocking this signaling pathway significantly reduces inflammation, protects cells, and improves the recovery of neural functions. In this review, we integrate the current findings of PAF signaling in CNS diseases and elucidate topics less appreciated but important on the role of PAF signaling in neurological diseases. We propose that the precise use of PAF inhibitors or PAFR antagonists that target the specific neural cells during the appropriate temporal window may constitute a potential therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zhongwen Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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10
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Plotkowski MC, Estato V, Santos SA, da Silva MCA, Miranda AS, de Miranda PE, Pinho V, Tibiriça E, Morandi V, Teixeira MM, Vianna A, Saliba AM. Contribution of the platelet activating factor signaling pathway to cerebral microcirculatory dysfunction during experimental sepsis by ExoU producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv046. [PMID: 26187894 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy was used to assess the involvement of ExoU, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin with phospholipase A2 activity, in dysfunction of cerebral microcirculation during experimental pneumosepsis. Cortical vessels from mice intratracheally infected with low density of the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa strain exhibited increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion to venule endothelium, decreased capillar density and impaired arteriolar response to vasoactive acetylcholine. These phenomena were mediated by the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) pathway because they were reversed in mice treated with a PAFR antagonist prior to infection. Brains from PA103-infected animals exhibited a perivascular inflammatory infiltration that was not detected in animals infected with an exoU deficient mutant or in mice treated with the PAFR antagonist and infected with the wild type bacteria. No effect on brain capillary density was detected in mice infected with the PAO1 P. aeruginosa strain, which do not produce ExoU. Finally, after PA103 infection, mice with a targeted deletion of the PAFR gene exhibited higher brain capillary density and lower leukocyte adhesion to venule endothelium, as well as lower increase of systemic inflammatory cytokines, when compared to wild-type mice. Altogether, our results establish a role for PAFR in mediating ExoU-induced cerebral microvascular failure in a murine model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Plotkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Estato
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Alves Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Silva Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Pedro Elias de Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Tibiriça
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Investigation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Morandi
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Albanita Vianna
- Department of Pathology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22551-030, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mattos Saliba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 20551-30 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Bernardes PTT, Rezende BM, Resende CB, De Paula TP, Reis AC, Gonçalves WA, Vieira EG, Pinheiro MVB, Souza DG, Castor MGM, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. Nanocomposite treatment reduces disease and lethality in a murine model of acute graft-versus-host disease and preserves anti-tumor effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123004. [PMID: 25875016 PMCID: PMC4395348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is an immunological disorder triggered by bone marrow transplantation that affects several organs, including the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Fullerenes and their soluble forms, fullerols, are nanocomposites with a closed symmetrical structure with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The present study evaluated the effects of treatment with the fullerol (C60(OH)18-20) in the development and pathogenesis of GVHD in a murine model. Mice with experimental GVHD that were treated with the fullerol showed reduced clinical signs of disease and mortality compared with untreated mice. Treatment with the fullerol decreased the hepatic damage associated with reduced hepatic levels of reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IFN-γ TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5) and reduced leukocyte accumulation. The amelioration of GVHD after treatment with the fullerol was also associated with reduced intestinal lesions and consequent bacterial translocation to the blood, liver and peritoneal cavity. Moreover, the fullerol treatment alleviated the GVHD while preserving effects of the graft against a leukemia cell line (GFP+P815). In summary, the fullerol was effective in reducing the GVHD inflammatory response in mice and may suggest novel ways to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila T. T. Bernardes
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bárbara M. Rezende
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina B. Resende
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Talles P. De Paula
- Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo e Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alesandra C. Reis
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - William A. Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elias G. Vieira
- Laboratório de Ressonância Paramagnética, Departamento de Física Instituto de Ciências Exatas,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maurício V. B. Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Ressonância Paramagnética, Departamento de Física Instituto de Ciências Exatas,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danielle G. Souza
- Laboratório de Interação Microorganismo e Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina G. M. Castor
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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12
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Correa-Costa M, Andrade-Oliveira V, Braga TT, Castoldi A, Aguiar CF, Origassa CST, Rodas ACD, Hiyane MI, Malheiros DMAC, Rios FJO, Jancar S, Câmara NOS. Activation of platelet-activating factor receptor exacerbates renal inflammation and promotes fibrosis. J Transl Med 2014; 94:455-66. [PMID: 24492283 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a lipid mediator with important pro-inflammatory effects, being synthesized by several cell types including kidney cells. Although there is evidence of its involvement in acute renal dysfunction, its role in progressive kidney injury is not completely known. In the present study, we investigated the role of PAF receptor (PAFR) in an experimental model of chronic renal disease. Wild-type (WT) and PAFR knockout (KO) mice underwent unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO), and at kill time, urine and kidney tissue was collected. PAFR KO animals compared with WT mice present: (a) less renal dysfunction, evaluated by urine protein/creatinine ratio; (b) less fibrosis evaluated by collagen deposition, type I collagen, Lysyl Oxidase-1 (LOX-1) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) gene expression, and higher expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) (3.3-fold lower TGF-β/BMP-7 ratio); (c) downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecule-related machinery genes; and (d) lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These indicate that PAFR engagement by PAF or PAF-like molecules generated during UUO potentiates renal dysfunction and fibrosis and might promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Also, early blockade of PAFR after UUO leads to a protective effect, with less fibrosis deposition. In conclusion, PAFR signaling contributes to a pro-inflammatory environment in the model of obstructive nephropathy, favoring the fibrotic process, which lately will generate renal dysfunction and progressive organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Correa-Costa
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristhiane F Aguiar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea C D Rodas
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire I Hiyane
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco J O Rios
- 1] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [2] British Heart Foundation, Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- 1] Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil [2] Nephrology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Early coagulation disorder after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a strong prognostic factor for transplantation-related mortality, and intervention with recombinant human thrombomodulin improves the outcome: a single-center experience. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:533-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Platelet-activating factor receptor blockade ameliorates Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in mice. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4244-51. [PMID: 24002061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01046-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory and alveolar bone destructive disease triggered by oral biofilm-producing microorganisms, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The levels of the phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and periodontal tissues are significantly increased during inflammatory conditions, such as PD, but the exact mechanism that links PAF to alveolar bone resorption is not well understood. In the current study, alveolar bone resorption was induced by experimental PD through the oral inoculation of A. actinomycetemcomitans in wild-type (WT) and PAF receptor knockout (Pafr(-/-)) mice. In vitro experiments using A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with a PAF receptor antagonist (UK74505) were also performed. The expression of lyso-PAF acetyltransferase in periodontal tissues was significantly increased 3 h after A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS injection in mice. WT and Pafr(-/-) mice that were subjected to oral inoculation of A. actinomycetemcomitans presented neutrophil accumulation and increased levels of CXCL-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in periodontal tissues. However, Pafr(-/-) mice presented less alveolar bone loss than WT mice. The in vitro blockade of the PAF receptor impaired the resorptive activity of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-activated osteoclasts. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that the blockade of PAF receptor may contribute to the progression of PD triggered by A. actinomycetemcomitans by directly affecting the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts.
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15
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Rezende BM, Bernardes PTT, Resende CB, Arantes RME, Souza DG, Braga FC, Castor MGM, Teixeira MM, Pinho V. Lithothamnion muelleri controls inflammatory responses, target organ injury and lethality associated with graft-versus-host disease in mice. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2595-615. [PMID: 23873335 PMCID: PMC3736440 DOI: 10.3390/md11072595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithothamnion muelleri (Hapalidiaceae) is a marine red alga, which is a member of a group of algae with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties. The present study evaluated the effects of treatment with Lithothamnion muelleri extract (LM) in a model of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), using a model of adoptive splenocyte transfer from C57BL/6 donors into B6D2F1 recipient mice. Mice treated with LM showed reduced clinical signs of disease and mortality when compared with untreated mice. LM-treated mice had reduced tissue injury, less bacterial translocation, and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5)). The polysaccharide-rich fraction derived from LM could inhibit leukocyte rolling and adhesion in intestinal venules, as assessed by intravital microscopy. LM treatment did not impair the beneficial effects of graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL). Altogether, our studies suggest that treatment with Lithothamnion muelleri has a potential therapeutic application in GVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M. Rezende
- Laboratory of Resolution of Inflammatory Response, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (B.M.R.); (P.T.T.B.); (C.B.R.); (M.G.M.C.)
| | - Priscila T. T. Bernardes
- Laboratory of Resolution of Inflammatory Response, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (B.M.R.); (P.T.T.B.); (C.B.R.); (M.G.M.C.)
| | - Carolina B. Resende
- Laboratory of Resolution of Inflammatory Response, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (B.M.R.); (P.T.T.B.); (C.B.R.); (M.G.M.C.)
| | - Rosa M. E. Arantes
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuro-Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Danielle G. Souza
- Host-Microbes Interaction Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Fernão C. Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Marina G. M. Castor
- Laboratory of Resolution of Inflammatory Response, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (B.M.R.); (P.T.T.B.); (C.B.R.); (M.G.M.C.)
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratory of Resolution of Inflammatory Response, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil; E-Mails: (B.M.R.); (P.T.T.B.); (C.B.R.); (M.G.M.C.)
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16
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Singh P, Singh IN, Mondal SC, Singh L, Garg VK. Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-antagonists of natural origin. Fitoterapia 2012; 84:180-201. [PMID: 23160091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Presently herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population for primary health care as they stood the test of time for their safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. The discovery of platelet activating factor antagonists (PAF antagonists) during these decades are going on with different framework, but the researchers led their efficiency in studying in vitro test models. Since it is assumed that PAF play a central role in etiology of many diseases in humans such as asthma, neuronal damage, migraine, cardiac diseases, inflammatory, headache etc. Present days instinctively occurring PAF antagonist exists as a specific grade of therapeutic agents for the humans against these and different diseases either laid hold of immunological or non-immunological types. Ginkgolide, cedrol and many other natural PAF antagonists such as andrographolide, α-bulnesene, cinchonine, piperine, kadsurenone, different Piper species' natural products and marine origin plants extracts or even crude drugs having PAF antagonist properties are being used currently against different inflammatory pathologies. This review is an attempt to summarize the data on PAF and action of natural PAF antagonists on it, which were evaluated by in vivo and in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, R.V.N.I. Dadri, Greater Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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