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Chen CY, Vander Kooi A, Cavedon A, Cai X, Hoggatt J, Martini PG, Miao CH. Induction of long-term tolerance to a specific antigen using anti-CD3 lipid nanoparticles following gene therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102043. [PMID: 37920545 PMCID: PMC10618827 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors is a serious complication in the treatment of hemophilia A (HemA) patients. In clinical trials, anti-CD3 antibody therapy effectively modulates the immune response of allograft rejection or autoimmune diseases without eliciting major adverse effects. In this study, we delivered mRNA-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encoding therapeutic anti-CD3 antibody (αCD3 LNPs) to overcome the anti-FVIII immune responses in HemA mice. It was found that αCD3 LNPs encoding the single-chain antibodies (Fc-scFv) can efficiently deplete CD3+ and CD4+ effector T cells, whereas αCD3 LNPs encoding double-chain antibodies cannot. Concomitantly, mice treated with αCD3 (Fc-scFv) LNPs showed an increase in the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell percentages, which modulated the anti-FVIII immune responses. All T cells returned to normal levels within 2 months. HemA mice treated with αCD3 LNPs prior to hydrodynamic injection of liver-specific FVIII plasmids achieved persistent FVIII gene expression without formation of FVIII inhibitors. Furthermore, transgene expression was increased and persistent following secondary plasmid challenge, indicating induction of long-term tolerance to FVIII. Moreover, the treated mice maintained their immune competence against other antigens. In conclusion, our study established a potential new strategy to induce long-term antigen-specific tolerance using an αCD3 LNP formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaohe Cai
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | | | - Carol H. Miao
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Kim S, Shukla RK, Yu H, Baek A, Cressman SG, Golconda S, Lee GE, Choi H, Reneau JC, Wang Z, Huang CA, Liyanage NPM, Kim S. CD3e-immunotoxin spares CD62L lo Tregs and reshapes organ-specific T-cell composition by preferentially depleting CD3e hi T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011190. [PMID: 36389741 PMCID: PMC9643874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD3-epsilon(CD3e) immunotoxins (IT), a promising precision reagent for various clinical conditions requiring effective depletion of T cells, often shows limited treatment efficacy for largely unknown reasons. Tissue-resident T cells that persist in peripheral tissues have been shown to play pivotal roles in local and systemic immunity, as well as transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancers. The impact of CD3e-IT treatment on these local cells, however, remains poorly understood. Here, using a new murine testing model, we demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment. Differential surface expression of CD3e among T-cell subsets appears to be a main driver of Treg enrichment in CD3e-IT treatment. The surviving Tregs in CD3e-IT-treated mice were mostly the CD3edimCD62Llo effector phenotype, but the levels of this phenotype markedly varied among different lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. We also found notable variations in surface CD3e levels among tissue-resident T cells of different organs, and these variations drive CD3e-IT to uniquely reshape T-cell compositions in local organs. The functions of organs and anatomic locations (lymph nodes) also affected the efficacy of CD3e-IT. The multi-organ pharmacodynamics of CD3e-IT and potential treatment resistance mechanisms identified in this study may generate new opportunities to further improve this promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hannah Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alice Baek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sophie G. Cressman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Golconda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John C. Reneau
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christene A. Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Namal P. M. Liyanage
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Namal P. M. Liyanage, ; Sanggu Kim,
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Namal P. M. Liyanage, ; Sanggu Kim,
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Abstract
Introduction T-cell activation requires the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex, which integrates and transduces signals. CD3ζ plays a vital role in TCR signalling by mediating T-cell activation. Abnormal CD3ζ expression is a common characteristic of haematological malignancies with T-cell immune dysfunction or autoimmune diseases. Targeted regulation of CD3ζ expression by either direct or indirect approaches is important for regulating T-cell activation. Aim of the study In this study, we focused on identifying miRNAs that may regulate CD3ζ expression. Material and methods Three microRNA target search algorithms (TargetScan, PicTar, and microrna.org) were used to identify hypothetical miRNAs that target CD3ζ in T cells. Of the predicted miRNAs, miR-214 was chosen and validated to determine whether miR-214 directly binds to the CD3ζ 3’-UTR and regulates CD3ζ expression by luciferase reporter assays, real-time PCR, and Western blotting. Results The results indicate that miR-214 specifically binds the CD3ζ 3’-UTR, and miR-214 mimics remarkably reduce the expression of CD3ζ in MOLT-4 cells. Conclusions We identify for the first time that miR-214 targets expression in MOLT-4 cells, suggesting that miR-214 might negatively regulate T-cell activation by targeting CD3ζ.
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Besançon A, Baas M, Goncalves T, Valette F, Waldmann H, Chatenoud L, You S. The Induction and Maintenance of Transplant Tolerance Engages Both Regulatory and Anergic CD4 + T cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:218. [PMID: 28321218 PMCID: PMC5337867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic tolerance to self-antigens or foreign antigens is thought to depend on constant vigilance by Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Previous work using a pancreatic islet allograft model and a short pulse of CD3 antibody therapy has shown that CD8+ T cells become anergic and use TGFβ and coinhibitory signaling as their contribution to the tolerance process. Here, we examine the role of CD4+ T cells in tolerization by CD3 antibodies. We show that both Foxp3+ Tregs and CD4+ T cell anergy play a role in the induction of tolerance and its maintenance. Foxp3+ Tregs resisted CD3 antibody-mediated depletion, unlike intragraft Th1 CD4+ lymphocytes coexpressing granzyme B and Tbx21, which were selectively eliminated. Tregs were mandatory for induction of tolerance as their depletion at the time of CD3 antibody therapy or for a short time thereafter, by an antibody to CD25 (PC61), led to graft rejection. Early treatment with CTLA-4 antibody gave the same outcome. In contrast, neither PC61 nor anti-CTLA-4 given late, at day 100 posttransplant, reversed tolerance once established. Ablation of Foxp3 T cells after diphtheria toxin injection in tolerant Foxp3DTR recipient mice provided the same outcome. Alloreactive T cells had been rendered intrinsically unresponsive as total CD4+ or Treg-deprived CD4+ T cells from tolerant recipients were unable to mount donor-specific IFN-γ responses. In addition, intragraft Treg-deprived CD4+ T cells lacked proliferative capacities, expressed high levels of the inhibitory receptor PD-1, and exhibited a CD73hiFR4hi phenotype, thus reflecting a state of T cell anergy. We conclude that Tregs play a substantive and critical role in guiding the immune system toward tolerance of the allograft, when induced by CD3 antibody, but are less important for maintenance of the tolerant state, where T cell anergy appears sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Besançon
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Marije Baas
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Tania Goncalves
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Valette
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Therapeutic Immunology Group, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Buszko M, Cardini B, Oberhuber R, Oberhuber L, Jakic B, Beierfuss A, Wick G, Cappellano G. Differential depletion of total T cells and regulatory T cells and prolonged allotransplant survival in CD3Ɛ humanized mice treated with polyclonal anti human thymocyte globulin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173088. [PMID: 28257450 PMCID: PMC5336254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymoglobulin (ATG) is a polyclonal rabbit antibody against human thymocytes used as a T cell-depleting agent to prevent or treat allotransplant rejection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low dose ATG treatment exclusively on T cells using a humanized BALB/c human CD3Ɛ transgenic mouse model expressing both human and murine T cell receptors (TCR). Mice received a single intravenous (i.v.) injection of ATG. Blood and peripheral lymphoid organs were obtained after different time points. We found a significant T cell depletion in this mouse model. In addition, regulatory T cells (Tregs) proved to be less sensitive to depletion than the rest of T cells and the Treg:non-Treg ratio was therefore increased. Finally, we also investigated the effect of ATG in a heterotopic allogenic murine model of heart transplantation. Survival and transplant function were significantly prolonged in ATG-treated mice. In conclusion, we showed (a) an immunosuppressive effect of ATG in this humanized mouse model which is exclusively mediated by reactivity against human CD3Ɛ; (b) provided evidence for a relative resistance of Tregs against this regimen; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Buszko
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benno Cardini
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative M edicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rupert Oberhuber
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative M edicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Oberhuber
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative M edicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bojana Jakic
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Beierfuss
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Wick
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Lee JH, Dustin ML, Kam LC. A microfluidic platform reveals differential response of regulatory T cells to micropatterned costimulation arrays. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1442-53. [PMID: 26400012 PMCID: PMC4630128 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cells are key mediators of adaptive immunity. However, the overall immune response is often directed by minor subpopulations of this heterogeneous family of cells, owing to specificity of activation and amplification of functional response. Knowledge of differences in signaling and function between T cell subtypes is far from complete, but is clearly needed for understanding and ultimately leveraging this branch of the adaptive immune response. This report investigates differences in cell response to micropatterned surfaces by conventional and regulatory T cells. Specifically, the ability of cells to respond to the microscale geometry of TCR/CD3 and CD28 engagement is made possible using a magnetic-microfluidic device that overcomes limitations in imaging efficiency associated with conventional microscopy equipment. This device can be readily assembled onto micropatterned surfaces while maintaining the activity of proteins and other biomolecules necessary for such studies. In operation, a target population of cells is tagged using paramagnetic beads, and then trapped in a divergent magnetic field within the chamber. Following washing, the target cells are released to interact with a designated surface. Characterization of this system with mouse CD4(+) T cells demonstrated a 50-fold increase in target-to-background cell purity, with an 80% collection efficiency. Applying this approach to CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, it is then demonstrated that these rare cells respond less selectively to micro-scale features of anti-CD3 antibodies than CD4(+)CD25(-) conventional T cells, revealing a difference in balance between TCR/CD3 and LFA-1-based adhesion. PKC-θ localized to the distal pole of regulatory T cells, away from the cell-substrate interface, suggests a mechanism for differential regulation of TCR/LFA-1-based adhesion. Moreover, specificity of cell adhesion to anti-CD3 features was dependent on the relative position of anti-CD28 signaling within the cell-substrate interface, revealing an important role for coincidence of TCR and costimulatory pathway in triggering regulatory T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, USA.
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, USA.
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You S. Differential sensitivity of regulatory and effector T cells to cell death: a prerequisite for transplant tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:242. [PMID: 26042125 PMCID: PMC4437185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress achieved in transplantation, immunosuppressive therapies currently used to prevent graft rejection are still endowed with severe side effects impairing their efficiency over the long term. Thus, the development of graft-specific, non-toxic innovative therapeutic strategies has become a major challenge, the goal being to selectively target alloreactive effector T cells while sparing CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) to promote operational tolerance. Various approaches, notably the one based on monoclonal antibodies or fusion proteins directed against the TCR/CD3 complex, TCR coreceptors, or costimulatory molecules, have been proposed to reduce the alloreactive T cell pool, which is an essential prerequisite to create a therapeutic window allowing Tregs to induce and maintain allograft tolerance. In this mini review, we focus on the differential sensitivity of Tregs and effector T cells to the depleting and inhibitory effect of these immunotherapies, with a particular emphasis on CD3-specific antibodies that beyond their immunosuppressive effect, also express potent tolerogenic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades , Paris , France
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Valle A, Barbagiovanni G, Jofra T, Stabilini A, Perol L, Baeyens A, Anand S, Cagnard N, Gagliani N, Piaggio E, Battaglia M. Heterogeneous CD3 expression levels in differing T cell subsets correlate with the in vivo anti-CD3-mediated T cell modulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2117-27. [PMID: 25646305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The tolerogenic anti-CD3ε monoclonal Abs (anti-CD3) are promising compounds for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Anti-CD3 administration induces transient T cell depletion both in preclinical and in clinical studies. Notably, the said depletion mainly affects CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, type 1 diabetes reversal in preclinical models is accompanied by the selective expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells, which are fundamental for the long-term maintenance of anti-CD3-mediated tolerance. The mechanisms that lead to this immune-shaping by affecting mainly CD4(+) T effector cells while sparing CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells have still to be fully elucidated. This study shows that CD3 expression levels differ from one T cell subset to another. CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells contain higher amounts of CD3 molecules than do CD4(+)Foxp3(+) and CD8(+) T cells in both mice and humans. The said differences correlate with the anti-CD3-mediated immune resetting that occurs in vivo after anti-CD3 administration in diabetic NOD mice. Additionally, transcriptome analysis demonstrates that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells are significantly less responsive than are CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells to anti-CD3 treatment at a molecular level. Thus, heterogeneity in CD3 expression seems to confer to the various T cell subsets differing susceptibility to the in vivo tolerogenic anti-CD3-mediated modulation. These data shed new light on the molecular mechanism that underlies anti-CD3-mediated immune resetting and thus may open new opportunities to improve this promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Valle
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbagiovanni
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Tatiana Jofra
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Stabilini
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Louis Perol
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7211, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 932, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Baeyens
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7211, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Santosh Anand
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- INSERM Unité 580, 75015 Paris, France; Bioinformatics Platform, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7211, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unité 932, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Curie, Section Recherche, 75005 Paris, France; INSERM Center of Clinical Investigation (CBT507 IGR-Curie), 75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; TrialNet Clinical Center, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
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