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Guo Z. The Structural Diversity of Natural Glycosphingolipids (GSLs). J Carbohydr Chem 2022; 41:63-154. [PMID: 36561362 PMCID: PMC9770679 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2022.2063308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids made of a glycan and a ceramide that, in turn, is composed of a sphingoid base moiety and a fatty acyl group. GSLs represent the vast majority of glycolipids in eukaryotes, and as an essential component of the cell membrane, they play an important role in many biological and pathological processes. Therefore, they are useful targets for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods for human diseases. Since sphingosine was first described by J. L. Thudichum in 1884, several hundred GSL species, not including their diverse lipid forms that can further amplify the number of individual GSLs by many folds, have been isolated from natural sources and structurally characterized. This review tries to provide a comprehensive survey of the major GSL species, especially those with distinct glycan structures and modification patterns, and the ceramides with unique modifications of the lipid chains, that have been discovered to date. In particular, this review is focused on GSLs from eukaryotic species. This review has listed 251 GSL glycans with different linkages, 127 glycans with unique modifications, 46 sphingoids, and 43 fatty acyl groups. It should be helpful for scientists who are interested in GSLs, from isolation and structural analyses to chemical and enzymatic syntheses, as well as their biological studies and applications.
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Lopalco P, Lobasso S, Lopes-Dos-Santos RMA, Van Stappen G, Corcelli A. Lipid Profile Changes During the Development of Artemia franciscana, From Cysts to the First Two Naupliar Stages. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1872. [PMID: 30723418 PMCID: PMC6349733 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia is an interesting experimental system for studies of developmental processes. Hatching of dormant cysts gives rise to shrimp larvae called nauplii, characterized by numerous naupliar stages representing the first forms of brine shrimp life cycle. Here combined Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analyses have been performed to gain information on the lipid profiles of cysts and two naupliar stages. Lipid bands isolated after preparative TLC of the lipid extracts have been analyzed to detect various species of each lipid class; in addition Post-Source Decay (PSD) analyses allowed the identification of phospholipid chains. We compared the relative abundance of various polar and neutral lipid species in the lipid extracts, proving for the first time that during the development of nauplii there is an increase of cardiolipin (CL) and lysophospholipid levels; in parallel, the amount of phosphatidylcholine (PC) decreases. In addition, as regards neutral lipids, we found an increase of diacylglycerols (DAGs) in correspondence of the decrease of triacylglycerols (TAGs). Data reflect the fact that naupliar stages, being an active form of life, are more metabolically active and offer a platform to develop further studies on the importance of lipid metabolic pathways and bioactive lipids during the development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Lopalco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Lobasso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Angela Corcelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Itonori S, Hashimoto K, Nakagawa M, Harada M, Suzuki T, Kojima H, Ito M, Sugita M. Structural analysis of neutral glycosphingolipids from the silkworm Bombyx mori and the difference in ceramide composition between larvae and pupae. J Biochem 2018; 163:201-214. [PMID: 29069405 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) from the silkworm Bombyx mori were identified and GSL expression patterns between larvae and pupae were compared. The structural analysis of neutral GSLs from dried pupae revealed the following predominant species: Glcβ1Cer, Manβ4Glcβ1Cer, GlcNAcβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer, Galβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer, GalNAcα4Galβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer, GlcNAcβ3Galβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer, Galα4Galβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer and (GalNAcα4)1-4 GalNAcα4Galβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer. Lin-ear elongation of α4-GalNAc was observed at the non-reducing end of Galβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer with up to five GalNAc repeats. The arthro-series GSL GlcNAcβ3Manβ4Glcβ1Cer, a characteristic GSL-glycan sequence of other Arthropoda, was detected in silkworms. The main ceramide species in each purified GSL fraction were h20:0-d14:1 and h22:0-d14:1. GSL expression patterns in larvae and pupae were compared using thin-layer chromatography, which demonstrated differences among acidic, polar and neutral GSL fractions, while the zwitterionic fraction showed no difference. Neutral GSLs such as ceramides di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides in larvae showed less abundant than those in pupae. MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that larval GSLs contained four types of ceramide species, whereas pupal GSLs contained only two types. The structural analysis of neutral GSLs from silkworms revealed a novel series of GSLs. The comparison of GSL expression patterns between larvae and pupae demonstrated differences in several fractions. Alterations in GSL ceramide composition between larvae and pupae were observed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Itonori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, 2-5-1, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan
| | - Kyouhei Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, 2-5-1, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan
| | - Mika Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, 2-5-1, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan
| | - Masashi Harada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, 2-5-1, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan
| | - Takae Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, 2-5-1, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan
| | - Hisao Kojima
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Sugita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, 2-5-1, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Kojima H, Shinohara R, Itonori S, Ito M. Characterization of a Novel Rhamnose-containing Acidic Glycosphingolipid from the Ascidian Halocynthia aurantium. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:285-295. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Kojima
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Ryota Shinohara
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
- Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University
| | - Saki Itonori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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The total and mitochondrial lipidome of Artemia franciscana encysted embryos. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1727-1735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim YS, Lee SJ, Choi JY, Kim YH, Desta KT, Piao Z, Choi SL, Nam SJ, Kang KY, Abd El-Aty AM, Shin YC, Shin SC. Determination of process-related impurities in N-acetylglucosamine prepared by chemical and enzymatic methods: structural elucidation and quantification. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:937-45. [PMID: 27220340 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosamine (β-AG) is a monosaccharide distributed widely in living organisms with various pivotal roles. The presence of particulates and impurities can affect the safety and efficacy of a product for its intended duration of use. Thus, the current study was carried out to identify and quantify the potentially-harmful process related impurities; namely α-N,6-diacetylglucosamine (α-DAG) and α-N-acetylglucosamine (α-AG), derived from the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of β-AG. The impurities were characterized using a high resolution mass spectrometry, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The developed method showed a good linearity (R (2) ≥ 0.998), satisfactory precision (≤6.1 % relative standard deviation), intra- and inter-day accuracy (88.20-97.50 %), extraction recovery (89.30-110.50 %), matrix effect (89.70-105.20 %), and stability (92.70-101.60 %). The method was successfully applied to determine the level of α-DAG that was 3.04 and 0.07 % of the total β-AG, following chemical and enzymatic methods, respectively. It can be concluded that the enzymatic rather than the chemical method is more efficient for the synthesis of β-AG. Characterization of impurities heeds the signal for acquiring and evaluating data that establishes biological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Soo Kim
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kebede Taye Desta
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe Piao
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Lim Choi
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top5 Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Yong Chul Shin
- Amicogen, Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju, 660-852, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Chul Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea.
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Lv G, Hu D, Zhao J, Li S. Quality control of sweet medicines based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Discov Ther 2015; 9:94-106. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Dejun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau
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Kimura K, Itonori S, Kajiwara C, Hada N, Takeda T, Sugita M. Structural elucidation of the neutral glycosphingolipids, mono-, di-, tri- and tetraglycosylceramides from the marine crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. J Oleo Sci 2014; 63:269-80. [PMID: 24492377 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutral glycosphingolipids, mono-, di-, tri- and tetraglycosylceramides (GL-1, GL-2, GL-3, GL-4a and GL-4b), were identified from whole tissues of the marine crab Erimacrus isenbeckii by successive column chromatography with ion exchange Sephadex (QAE-Sephadex), magnesium silicate (Florisil) and silicic acid (Iatrobeads) resins. Through component analysis, sugar analysis, methylation studies, exoglycosidase cleavage, and various chromatographic and spectrometric techniques, their structures were proposed to be as follows: GL-1, Glcβ1-1Cer; GL-2, Manβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer; GL-3, Galβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer; and GL-4a and GL-4b, Gal3Meα1-4Galβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer. The main molecular species of the aliphatic moiety in each purified glycolipid were 18:0, 22:0, 22:1-d14:1 (fatty acid-sphingoid) and 18:0-d16:1 for GL-1; 18:0-d16:1 and 22:1-d14:1, d16:1 for GL-2; 22:1, 24:1-d16:1 for GL-3; 22:1, 24:1-d16:1 for GL-4a; and h22:1, h24:1-d16:1 for GL-4b, respectively. By immunological detection, an arthro-series glycosphingolipid (At3Cer; GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer) was also detected as a minor component. The characteristic arthro-series glycosphingolipid has been observed in most animals belonging to the phylum Arthropoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University
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10
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Biochemical studies on sphingolipids of Artemia franciscana: complex neutral glycosphingolipids. Glycoconj J 2012; 30:257-68. [PMID: 22890904 PMCID: PMC3606520 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Brine shrimp are primitive crustacean arthropodal model organisms, second to daphnia, which can survive in high-salinity environments. Their oviposited cysts, cuticle-covered diapausing eggs, are highly resistant to dryness. To elucidate specialties of brine shrimp, this study characterized glycosphingolipids, which are signal transduction-associated material. A group of novel and complex fucosyl glycosphingolipids were separated and identified from cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana by repeated lipid extraction, alkaline methanolysis, acid treatment, successive column chromatography, and post-source decay measurements by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Structures of the glycosphingolipids were elucidated by conventional structural characterization and mass spectrometry, and the compounds were identified as GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4(GlcNAcα1-2Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer, GalNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4(GlcNAcα1-2Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer, and GalNAcβ1-4(GlcNAcα1-2Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4(GlcNAcα1-2Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Manβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer. These compounds also contained a branching, non-arthro-series disaccharide with an α-GlcNAc terminus, similar to that found in a previously reported ceramide hexasaccharide (III3(GlcNAcα2Fucα)-At4Cer). The glycans within these complex GSLs are longer than reported glycans of the animal kingdom containing α-GlcNAc terminus. These complex GSLs as well as the longest GSL with ten sugar residues, ceramide decasaccharide (CDeS), contain the fucosylated LacdiNAc sequence reported to associate with parasitism/immunosuppression and the α-GlcNAc terminus reported to show a certain antibacterial effect in other reports. CDeS, the longest GSL of this species, was found in the highest amount, which indicates that CDeS may be functionally important.
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