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Trépanier MO, Hopperton KE, Giuliano V, Masoodi M, Bazinet RP. Increased brain docosahexaenoic acid has no effect on the resolution of neuroinflammation following intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharide injection. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:115-126. [PMID: 29792954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation in the periphery was once thought to be a passive process, but new research now suggests it is an active process mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). However, this has yet to be illustrated in neuroinflammation. The purpose of this study was to measure resolution of neuroinflammation and to test whether increasing brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects the resolution of neuroinflammation. C57Bl/6 mice, fat-1 mice and their wildtype littermates, fed either fish oil or safflower oil, received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the left lateral ventricle. Animals were then euthanized at various time points for immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and lipidomic analyses. Peak microglial activation was observed at 5 days post-surgery and the resolution index was 10 days. Of the approximately 350 genes significantly changed over the 28 days post LPS injection, 130 were uniquely changed at 3 days post injection. No changes were observed in the bioactive mediator pools. However, a few lysophospholipid species were decreased at 24hr post surgery. When brain DHA is increased, microglial cell density did not resolve faster and did not alter gene expression. In conclusion, resolution of neuroinflammation appears to be independent of SPM. Increasing brain DHA had no effect in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Vanessa Giuliano
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Lipid Biology, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
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2
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Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in grey and white matter regions of the brain metabolize fatty acids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10779. [PMID: 28883484 PMCID: PMC5589817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The grey and white matter regions of the mammalian brain consist of both neurons and neuroglial cells. Among the neuroglia, the two macroglia oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the most abundant cell types. While the major function of oligodendrocytes is the formation of the lipid-rich myelin structure, the heterogeneous group of astrocytes fulfils a multitude of important roles in cerebral development and homeostasis. Brain lipid homeostasis involves the synthesis of a specific cerebral lipidome by local lipid metabolism. In this study we have investigated the fatty acid uptake and lipid biosynthesis in grey and white matter regions of the murine brain. Key findings were: (i) white matter oligodendrocytes and astrocytes take up saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, (ii) different grey matter regions show varying lipid labelling intensities, (iii) the medial habenula, an epithalamic grey matter structure, and the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes therein are targeted by fatty acids, and (iv) in the medial habenula, the neutral lipid containing lipid droplets are found in cells facing the ventricle but undetectable in the habenular parenchyma. Our data indicate a role for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in local lipid metabolism of white and grey matter regions in the brain.
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Islam ABMMK, Dave M, Amin S, Jensen RV, Amin AR. Genomic, Lipidomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Cyclooxygenase-null Cells: Eicosanoid Storm, Cross Talk, and Compensation by COX-1. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:81-93. [PMID: 27012456 PMCID: PMC4880957 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively-expressed cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and the inducible COX-2 are both involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandins (PGs). However, the functional roles of COX-1 at the cellular level remain unclear. We hypothesized that by comparing differential gene expression and eicosanoid metabolism in lung fibroblasts from wild-type (WT) mice and COX-2-/- or COX-1-/- mice may help address the functional roles of COX-1 in inflammation and other cellular functions. Compared to WT, the number of specifically-induced transcripts were altered descendingly as follows: COX-2-/- > COX-1-/- > WT + IL-1β. COX-1-/- or COX-2-/- cells shared about 50% of the induced transcripts with WT cells treated with IL-1β, respectively. An interactive “anti-inflammatory, proinflammatory, and redox-activated” signature in the protein–protein interactome map was observed in COX-2-/- cells. The augmented COX-1 mRNA (in COX-2-/- cells) was associated with the upregulation of mRNAs for glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), peroxiredoxin, phospholipase, prostacyclin synthase, and prostaglandin E synthase, resulting in a significant increase in the levels of PGE2, PGD2, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), PGF1α, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), and PGF2α. The COX-1 plays a dominant role in shifting AA toward the LTB4 pathway and anti-inflammatory activities. Compared to WT, the upregulated COX-1 mRNA in COX-2-/- cells generated an “eicosanoid storm”. The genomic characteristics of COX-2-/- is similar to that of proinflammatory cells as observed in IL-1β induced WT cells. COX-1-/- and COX-2-/- cells exhibited compensation of various eicosanoids at the genomic and metabolic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul B M M K Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mandar Dave
- Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry, Essex County College, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sonia Amin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Roderick V Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Ashok R Amin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Department of Rheumatology, New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; RheuMatrix Inc., Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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4
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Sertbaş M, Ülgen K, Çakır T. Systematic analysis of transcription-level effects of neurodegenerative diseases on human brain metabolism by a newly reconstructed brain-specific metabolic network. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:542-53. [PMID: 25061554 PMCID: PMC4104795 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Network-oriented analysis is essential to identify those parts of a cell affected by a given perturbation. The effect of neurodegenerative perturbations in the form of diseases of brain metabolism was investigated by using a newly reconstructed brain-specific metabolic network. The developed stoichiometric model correctly represents healthy brain metabolism, and includes 630 metabolic reactions in and between astrocytes and neurons, which are controlled by 570 genes. The integration of transcriptome data of six neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia) with the model was performed to identify reporter features specific and common for these diseases, which revealed metabolites and pathways around which the most significant changes occur. The identified metabolites are potential biomarkers for the pathology of the related diseases. Our model indicated perturbations in oxidative stress, energy metabolism including TCA cycle and lipid metabolism as well as several amino acid related pathways, in agreement with the role of these pathways in the studied diseases. The computational prediction of transcription factors that commonly regulate the reporter metabolites was achieved through binding-site analysis. Literature support for the identified transcription factors such as USF1, SP1 and those from FOX families are known from the literature to have regulatory roles in the identified reporter metabolic pathways as well as in the neurodegenerative diseases. In essence, the reconstructed brain model enables the elucidation of effects of a perturbation on brain metabolism and the illumination of possible machineries in which a specific metabolite or pathway acts as a regulatory spot for cellular reorganization.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Brain metabolic network
- Computational systems biology
- FBA, flux balance analysis
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- HD, Huntington’s disease
- KIV, ketoisovalerate
- KLF, Krüppel-like factor
- KMV, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Neurodegenerative diseases
- Neurometabolism
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- RMA, reporter metabolite analysis
- RPA, reporter pathway analysis
- Reporter metabolite
- SCHZ, schizophrenia
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- Transcriptome
- USF, upstream stimulatory factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sertbaş
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kutlu Ülgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tunahan Çakır
- Department of Bioengineering, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Lanekoff I, Thomas M, Laskin J. Shotgun Approach for Quantitative Imaging of Phospholipids Using Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1872-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403931r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Lanekoff
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mathew Thomas
- Computational
Science and Mathematics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Idborg H, Olsson P, Leclerc P, Raouf J, Jakobsson PJ, Korotkova M. Effects of mPGES-1 deletion on eicosanoid and fatty acid profiles in mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 107:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pey J, Tobalina L, de Cisneros JPJ, Planes FJ. A network-based approach for predicting key enzymes explaining metabolite abundance alterations in a disease phenotype. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:62. [PMID: 23870038 PMCID: PMC3733687 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The study of metabolism has attracted much attention during the last years due to its relevance in various diseases. The advance in metabolomics platforms allows us to detect an increasing number of metabolites in abnormal high/low concentration in a disease phenotype. Finding a mechanistic interpretation for these alterations is important to understand pathophysiological processes, however it is not an easy task. The availability of genome scale metabolic networks and Systems Biology techniques open new avenues to address this question. Results In this article we present a novel mathematical framework to find enzymes whose malfunction explains the accumulation/depletion of a given metabolite in a disease phenotype. Our approach is based on a recently introduced pathway concept termed Carbon Flux Paths (CFPs), which extends classical topological definition by including network stoichiometry. Using CFPs, we determine the Connectivity Curve of an altered metabolite, which allows us to quantify changes in its pathway structure when a certain enzyme is removed. The influence of enzyme removal is then ranked and used to explain the accumulation/depletion of such metabolite. For illustration, we center our study in the accumulation of two metabolites (L-Cystine and Homocysteine) found in high concentration in the brain of patients with mental disorders. Our results were discussed based on literature and found a good agreement with previously reported mechanisms. In addition, we hypothesize a novel role of several enzymes for the accumulation of these metabolites, which opens new strategies to understand the metabolic processes underlying these diseases. Conclusions With personalized medicine on the horizon, metabolomic platforms are providing us with a vast amount of experimental data for a number of complex diseases. Our approach provides a novel apparatus to rationally investigate and understand metabolite alterations under disease phenotypes. This work contributes to the development of Systems Medicine, whose objective is to answer clinical questions based on theoretical methods and high-throughput “omics” data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Pey
- CEIT and TECNUN, University of Navarra, Manuel de Lardizabal 15, San Sebastian 20018, Spain
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8
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Niranjan R. Molecular Basis of Etiological Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:412-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Cheon Y, Kim HW, Igarashi M, Modi HR, Chang L, Ma K, Greenstein D, Wohltmann M, Turk J, Rapoport SI, Taha AY. Disturbed brain phospholipid and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism in calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)-VIA (iPLA(2)β)-knockout mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1821:1278-86. [PMID: 22349267 PMCID: PMC3393806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) group VIA (iPLA(2)β) releases docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from phospholipids in vitro. Mutations in the iPLA(2)β gene, PLA2G6, are associated with dystonia-parkinsonism and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. To understand the role of iPLA(2)β in brain, we applied our in vivo kinetic method using radiolabeled DHA in 4 to 5-month-old wild type (iPLA(2)β(+/+)) and knockout (iPLA(2)β(-/-)) mice, and measured brain DHA kinetics, lipid concentrations, and expression of PLA(2), cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. Compared to iPLA(2)β(+/+) mice, iPLA(2)β(-/-) mice showed decreased rates of incorporation of unesterified DHA from plasma into brain phospholipids, reduced concentrations of several fatty acids (including DHA) esterified in ethanolamine- and serine-glycerophospholipids, and increased lysophospholipid fatty acid concentrations. DHA turnover in brain phospholipids did not differ between genotypes. In iPLA(2)β(-/-) mice, brain levels of iPLA(2)β mRNA, protein, and activity were decreased, as was the iPLA(2)γ (Group VIB PLA(2)) mRNA level, while levels of secretory sPLA(2)-V mRNA, protein, and activity and cytosolic cPLA(2)-IVA mRNA were increased. Levels of COX-1 protein were decreased in brain, while COX-2 protein and mRNA were increased. Levels of 5-, 12-, and 15-LOX proteins did not differ significantly between genotypes. Thus, a genetic iPLA(2)β deficiency in mice is associated with reduced DHA metabolism, profound changes in lipid-metabolizing enzyme expression (demonstrating lack of redundancy) and of phospholipid fatty acid content of brain (particularly of DHA), which may be relevant to neurologic abnormalities in humans with PLA2G6 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Cheon
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Cho KI, Searle K, Webb M, Yi H, Ferreira PA. Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency mediates distinct cellular and biochemical phenotypes in brain and retinal dopaminergic and glia cells elicited by the Parkinsonian neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3511-27. [PMID: 22821000 PMCID: PMC3445802 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many components and pathways transducing multifaceted and deleterious effects of stress stimuli remain ill-defined. The Ran-binding protein 2 (RanBP2) interactome modulates the expression of a range of clinical and cell-context-dependent manifestations upon a variety of stressors. We examined the role of Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency on cellular and metabolic manifestations linked to tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH+) dopaminergic neurons and glial cells of the brain and retina upon acute challenge to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a parkinsonian neurotoxin, which models facets of Parkinson disease. MPTP led to stronger akinetic parkinsonism and slower recovery in Ranbp2+/− than wild-type mice without viability changes of brain TH+-neurons of either genotype, with the exception of transient nuclear atypia via changes in chromatin condensation of Ranbp2+/− TH+-neurons. Conversely, the number of wild-type retinal TH+-amacrine neurons compared to Ranbp2+/− underwent milder declines without apoptosis followed by stronger recoveries without neurogenesis. These phenotypes were accompanied by a stronger rise of EdU+-proliferative cells and non-proliferative gliosis of GFAP+-Müller cells in wild-type than Ranbp2+/− that outlasted the MPTP-insult. Finally, MPTP-treated wild-type and Ranbp2+/− mice present distinct metabolic footprints in the brain or selective regions thereof, such as striatum, that are supportive of RanBP2-mediated regulation of interdependent metabolic pathways of lysine, cholesterol, free-fatty acids, or their β-oxidation. These studies demonstrate contrasting gene-environment phenodeviances and roles of Ranbp2 between dopaminergic and glial cells of the brain and retina upon oxidative stress-elicited signaling and factors triggering a continuum of metabolic and cellular manifestations and proxies linked to oxidative stress, and chorioretinal and neurological disorders such as Parkinson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-in Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kelly Searle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205 MD
| | - Mason Webb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Haiqing Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Paulo A. Ferreira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, DUEC 3802, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Etschmaier K, Becker T, Eichmann TO, Schweinzer C, Scholler M, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Poeckl M, Schuligoi R, Kober A, Chirackal Manavalan AP, Rechberger GN, Streith IE, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Panzenboeck U. Adipose triglyceride lipase affects triacylglycerol metabolism at brain barriers. J Neurochem 2011; 119:1016-28. [PMID: 21951135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the role of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) lipases in the brain. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is encoded by the PNPLA2 gene and catalyzes the rate-limiting step of lipolysis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ATGL deficiency on brain lipid metabolism in vivo using an established knock-out mouse model (ATGL-ko). A moderate decrease in TAG hydrolase activity detected in ATGL-ko versus wild-type brain tissue was accompanied by a 14-fold increase in TAG levels and an altered composition of TAG-associated fatty acids in ATGL-ko brains. Oil Red O staining revealed a severe accumulation of neutral lipids associated to cerebrovascular cells and in distinct brain regions namely the ependymal cell layer and the choroid plexus along the ventricular system. In situ hybridization histochemistry identified ATGL mRNA expression in ependymal cells, the choroid plexus, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, and the dentate gyrus. Our findings imply that ATGL is involved in brain fatty acid metabolism, particularly in regions mediating transport and exchange processes: the brain-CSF interface, the blood-CSF barrier, and the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Etschmaier
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Shichiri M, Yoshida Y, Ishida N, Hagihara Y, Iwahashi H, Tamai H, Niki E. α-Tocopherol suppresses lipid peroxidation and behavioral and cognitive impairments in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1801-11. [PMID: 21447382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome, but the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment remains inconclusive. We tested whether chronic administration of α-tocopherol ameliorates the cognitive deficits exhibited by Ts65Dn mice, a mouse model of Down syndrome. α-Tocopherol was administered to pregnant Ts65Dn females, from the day of conception throughout the pregnancy, and to pups over their entire lifetime, from birth to the end of the behavioral testing period. Cognitive deficits were confirmed for Ts65Dn mice fed a control diet, revealing reduced anxiety or regardlessness in the elevated-plus maze task test and spatial learning deficits in the Morris water maze test. However, supplementation with α-tocopherol attenuated both cognitive impairments. In addition, we found that levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2α) in brain tissue and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 7-hydroxycholesterol in the plasma of Ts65Dn mice were higher than those of control mice. Supplementation with α-tocopherol decreased levels of lipid peroxidation products in Ts65Dn mice. Furthermore, we found out that α-tocopherol improved hypocellularity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Ts65Dn mice. These results imply that α-tocopherol supplementation from an early stage may be an effective treatment for the cognitive deficits associated with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototada Shichiri
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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13
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Igarashi M, Ma K, Gao F, Kim HW, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Disturbed choline plasmalogen and phospholipid fatty acid concentrations in Alzheimer's disease prefrontal cortex. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 24:507-17. [PMID: 21297269 PMCID: PMC3175096 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by brain deposition of senile (neuritic) plaques containing amyloid-β, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and overexpression of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) metabolizing enzymes. Lipid concentration changes have been reported in different brain regions, but often partially or as a percent of the total concentration. In this study, we measured absolute concentrations (per gram wet weight) of a wide range of lipids in postmortem prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 9) from 10 AD patients and 9 non-AD controls. Mean total brain lipid, phospholipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations did not differ significantly between AD and controls. There was a significant 73% decrease in plasmalogen choline, but no difference in other measured phospholipids. Fatty acid concentrations in total phospholipid did not differ from control. However, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) was reduced in ethanolamine glycerophospholipid and choline glycerophospholipid, but increased in phosphatidylinositol. AA was reduced in choline glycerophospholipid, but increased in phosphatidylinositol, while docosatetraenoic acid (22:4n-6), an AA elongation product, was reduced in total brain lipid, cholesteryl ester and triglyceride. These lipid changes, which suggest extensive membrane remodeling, may contribute to membrane instability and synaptic loss in AD and reflect neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Song BJ, Elbert A, Rahman T, Orr SK, Chen CT, Febbraio M, Bazinet RP. Genetic Ablation of CD36 Does not Alter Mouse Brain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrations. Lipids 2010; 45:291-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Rahman T, Taha AY, Song BJ, Orr SK, Liu Z, Chen CT, Bazinet RP. The very low density lipoprotein receptor is not necessary for maintaining brain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010; 82:141-5. [PMID: 20106645 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids, as well as cholesterol are important for neural development and maintaining brain function. However, in contrast to cholesterol, the brain is unable to synthesize the required amounts of these PUFA de novo and requires a constant supply from plasma. Suggested pools of uptake include plasma unesterified PUFA or the uptake of PUFA-containing lipoproteins via lipoprotein receptors into endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier. Our study tested whether the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLr) is necessary for maintaining brain PUFA and cholesterol concentrations. Moreover, since VLDLr knockout (VLDLr(-/-)) mice have been reported to have behavioural deficits, this study asked the question whether altered brain PUFA and cholesterol concentrations might be related to these deficits. VLDLr(-/-) and wild-type mice had ad libitum access to chow. At 7 weeks of age the mice were sacrificed, and the cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, and the remainder of the brain were isolated for total fatty acid and cholesterol analyses. There were no differences in total lipid PUFA or cholesterol concentrations in any of the four brain regions between VLDLr(-/-) and wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that the VLDLr is not necessary for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations and suggest that other mechanisms to transport PUFA into the brain must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tupur Rahman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, FitzGerald Building, 150 College Street, Room 306, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Igarashi M, Ma K, Gao F, Kim HW, Greenstein D, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Brain lipid concentrations in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:177-82. [PMID: 19767014 PMCID: PMC2821962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) have been reported in the postmortem bipolar disorder (BD) brain. Additionally, an increased prevalence of BD has been related to low dietary intake of fish, and dietary supplements containing fish products or DHA have been reported to ameliorate BD symptoms. These observations suggest that brain lipid metabolism, particularly involving DHA, is disturbed in BD. To test this suggestion, concentrations of different lipids were measured using internal standards in postmortem frontal cortex from eight BD patients and six matched controls. Compared with control cortex, the BD cortex showed no statistically significant difference in mean concentrations (per gram wet weight) of "stable" lipids (total lipid, total phospholipid, individual phospholipids, or cholesterol), of unesterified fatty acids, or of esterified DHA or AA within stable lipids. Fractional esterified AA and DHA concentrations also did not differ significantly between groups. Some fatty acid concentration differences were found in low-abundant cholesteryl ester. These results do not support the hypothesis of disturbed brain lipid concentrations, including concentrations of AA and DHA, in BD. Positron emission tomography might be used, however, to see if brain AA or DHA kinetics are disturbed in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Kaizong Ma
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fei Gao
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hyung-Wook Kim
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Deanna Greenstein
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stanley I. Rapoport
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jagadeesh S. Rao
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Artmann A, Petersen G, Hellgren LI, Boberg J, Skonberg C, Nellemann C, Hansen SH, Hansen HS. Influence of dietary fatty acids on endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain, liver and small intestine. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1781:200-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Cakir T, Alsan S, Saybaşili H, Akin A, Ulgen KO. Reconstruction and flux analysis of coupling between metabolic pathways of astrocytes and neurons: application to cerebral hypoxia. Theor Biol Med Model 2007; 4:48. [PMID: 18070347 PMCID: PMC2246127 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-4-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a daunting task to identify all the metabolic pathways of brain energy metabolism and develop a dynamic simulation environment that will cover a time scale ranging from seconds to hours. To simplify this task and make it more practicable, we undertook stoichiometric modeling of brain energy metabolism with the major aim of including the main interacting pathways in and between astrocytes and neurons. MODEL The constructed model includes central metabolism (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle), lipid metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification, amino acid metabolism (synthesis and catabolism), the well-known glutamate-glutamine cycle, other coupling reactions between astrocytes and neurons, and neurotransmitter metabolism. This is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive attempt at stoichiometric modeling of brain metabolism to date in terms of its coverage of a wide range of metabolic pathways. We then attempted to model the basal physiological behaviour and hypoxic behaviour of the brain cells where astrocytes and neurons are tightly coupled. RESULTS The reconstructed stoichiometric reaction model included 217 reactions (184 internal, 33 exchange) and 216 metabolites (183 internal, 33 external) distributed in and between astrocytes and neurons. Flux balance analysis (FBA) techniques were applied to the reconstructed model to elucidate the underlying cellular principles of neuron-astrocyte coupling. Simulation of resting conditions under the constraints of maximization of glutamate/glutamine/GABA cycle fluxes between the two cell types with subsequent minimization of Euclidean norm of fluxes resulted in a flux distribution in accordance with literature-based findings. As a further validation of our model, the effect of oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) on fluxes was simulated using an FBA-derivative approach, known as minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA). The results show the power of the constructed model to simulate disease behaviour on the flux level, and its potential to analyze cellular metabolic behaviour in silico. CONCLUSION The predictive power of the constructed model for the key flux distributions, especially central carbon metabolism and glutamate-glutamine cycle fluxes, and its application to hypoxia is promising. The resultant acceptable predictions strengthen the power of such stoichiometric models in the analysis of mammalian cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunahan Cakir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Chen CT, Ma DWL, Kim JH, Mount HTJ, Bazinet RP. The low density lipoprotein receptor is not necessary for maintaining mouse brain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. J Lipid Res 2007; 49:147-52. [PMID: 17932396 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700386-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain cannot synthesize n-6 or n-3 PUFAs de novo and requires their transport from the blood. Two models of brain fatty acid uptake have been proposed. One requires the passive diffusion of unesterified fatty acids through endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, and the other requires the uptake of lipoproteins via a lipoprotein receptor on the luminal membrane of endothelial cells. This study tested whether the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) is necessary for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations. Because the cortex has a low basal expression of LDLr and the anterior brain stem has a relatively high expression, we analyzed these regions separately. LDLr knockout (LDLr(-/-)) and wild-type mice consumed an AIN-93G diet ad libitum until 7 weeks of age. After microwaving, the cortex and anterior brain stem (pons and medulla) were isolated for phospholipid fatty acid analyses. There were no differences in phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, ethanolamine, or choline glycerophospholipid esterified PUFA or saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the cortex or brain stem between LDLr(-/-) and wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that the LDLr is not necessary for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations and suggest that other mechanisms to transport PUFAs into the brain must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bosetti F. Arachidonic acid metabolism in brain physiology and pathology: lessons from genetically altered mouse models. J Neurochem 2007; 102:577-86. [PMID: 17403135 PMCID: PMC2084377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) cascade involves the release of AA from the membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A(2), followed by its subsequent metabolism to bioactive prostanoids by cyclooxygenases coupled with terminal synthases. Altered brain AA metabolism has been implicated in neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. The development of genetically altered mice lacking specific enzymes of the AA cascade has helped to elucidate the individual roles of these enzymes in brain physiology and pathology. The roles of AA and its metabolites in brain physiology, with a particular emphasis on the phospholipase A(2)/cyclooxygenases pathway, are summarized, and the specific phenotypes of genetically altered mice relevant to brain physiology and neurotoxic models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bosetti
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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