Glutamic acid decarboxylase-specific CD4+ regulatory T cells

The role of islet autoantigen-specific T cells in the onset and treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), a complex chronic disease with an intricate etiology and pathogenesis, involves the recognition of self-antigens by pancreatic islet autoantigen-specific T cells and plays crucial roles in both early- and late-stage destruction of beta cells, thus impacting disease progression. Antigen-specific T cells regulate and execute immune responses by recognizing particular antigens, playing broad roles in the treatment of various diseases. Immunotherapy targeting antigen-specific T cells holds promising potential as a targeted treatment approach. This review outlines the pathogenesis of diabetes, emphasizing the pivotal role of pancreatic islet autoantigen-specific T cells in the progression and treatment of T1DM. Exploring this avenue in research holds promise for identifying novel therapeutic targets for effectively managing diabetes.

Autoreactive effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating grafted and endogenous islets in diabetic NOD mice exhibit similar T cell receptor usage

Islet transplantation provides a “cure” for type 1 diabetes but is limited in part by recurrent autoimmunity mediated by β cell-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells. Insight into the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of effector T cells driving recurrent autoimmunity would aid the development of immunotherapies to prevent islet graft rejection. Accordingly, we used a multi-parameter flow cytometry strategy to assess the TCR variable β (Vβ) chain repertoires of T cell subsets involved in autoimmune-mediated rejection of islet grafts in diabetic NOD mouse recipients. Naïve CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells exhibited a diverse TCR repertoire, which was similar in all tissues examined in NOD recipients including the pancreas and islet grafts. On the other hand, the effector/memory CD8⁺ T cell repertoire in the islet graft was dominated by one to four TCR Vβ chains, and specific TCR Vβ chain usage varied from recipient to recipient. Similarly, islet graft- infiltrating effector/memory CD4⁺ T cells expressed a limited number of prevalent TCR Vβ chains, although generally TCR repertoire diversity was increased compared to effector/memory CD8⁺ T cells. Strikingly, the majority of NOD recipients showed an increase in TCR Vβ12-bearing effector/memory CD4⁺ T cells in the islet graft, most of which were proliferating, indicating clonal expansion. Importantly, TCR Vβ usage by effector/memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells infiltrating the islet graft exhibited greater similarity to the repertoire found in the pancreas as opposed to the draining renal lymph node, pancreatic lymph node, or spleen. Together these results demonstrate that effector/memory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells mediating autoimmune rejection of islet grafts are characterized by restricted TCR Vβ chain usage, and are similar to T cells that drive destruction of the endogenous islets.