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Fujiwara Y, Kato S, Nesline MK, Conroy JM, DePietro P, Pabla S, Kurzrock R. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 110:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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2
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Curry A, White D, Cen Y. Small Molecule Regulators Targeting NAD + Biosynthetic Enzymes. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:1718-1738. [PMID: 34060996 PMCID: PMC8630097 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210531144629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a key player in many metabolic pathways as an activated carrier of electrons. In addition to being the cofactor for redox reactions, NAD+ also serves as the substrate for various enzymatic transformations such as adenylation and ADP-ribosylation. Maintaining cellular NAD+ homeostasis has been suggested as an effective anti-aging strategy. Given the importance of NAD+ in regulating a broad spectrum of cellular events, small molecules targeting NAD+ metabolism have been pursued as therapeutic interventions for the treatment of mitochondrial disorders and agerelated diseases. In this article, small molecule regulators of NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes will be reviewed. The focus will be given to the discovery and development of these molecules, the mechanism of action as well as their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Curry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Dawanna White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA;,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Tel: 804-828-7405;
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3
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Ala M. The footprint of kynurenine pathway in every cancer: a new target for chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173921. [PMID: 33529725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancers has always been a challenge for physicians. Typically, several groups of anti-cancer medications are needed for effective management of an invasive and metastatic cancer. Recently, therapeutic potentiation of immune system markedly improved treatment of cancers. Kynurenine pathway has an interwoven correlation with immune system. Kynurenine promotes T Reg (regulatory) differentiation, which leads to increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of cytotoxic activity of T cells. Overactivation of kynurenine pathway in cancers provides an immunologically susceptible microenvironment for mutant cells to survive and invade surrounding tissues. Interestingly, kynurenine pathway vigorously interacts with other molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis. For instance, kynurenine pathway interacts with phospoinosisitide-3 kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Wnt/β-catenin, P53, bridging integrator 1 (BIN-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and collagen type XII α1 chain (COL12A1). Overactivation of kynurenine pathway, particularly overactivation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) predicts poor prognosis of several cancers such as gastrointestinal cancers, gynecological cancers, hematologic malignancies, breast cancer, lung cancer, glioma, melanoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, kynurenine increases the invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance of cancer cells. Recently, IDO inhibitors entered clinical trials and successfully passed their safety tests and showed promising therapeutic efficacy for cancers such as melanoma, brain cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. However, a phase III trial of epacadostat, an IDO inhibitor, could not increase the efficacy of treatment with pembrolizumab for melanoma. In this review the expanding knowledge towards kynurenine pathway and its application in each cancer is discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Müller-Thomas C, Heider M, Piontek G, Schlensog M, Bassermann F, Kirchner T, Germing U, Götze KS, Rudelius M. Prognostic value of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes treated with azacytidine. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:361-370. [PMID: 32350858 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) are widely used in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) not eligible for stem cell transplantation; however, the response rate is <50%. Reliable predictors of response are still missing, and it is a major challenge to develop new treatment strategies. One current approach is the combination of azacytidine (AZA) with checkpoint inhibitors; however, the potential benefit of targeting the immunomodulator indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) has not yet been evaluated. We observed moderate to strong IDO-1 expression in 37% of patients with high-risk MDS. IDO-1 positivity was predictive of treatment failure and shorter overall survival. Moreover, IDO-1 positivity correlated inversely with the number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells, and IDO-1+ patients failed to show an increase in CD8+ T cells under AZA treatment. In vitro experiments confirmed tryptophan catabolism and depletion of CD8+ T cells in IDO-1+ MDS, suggesting that IDO-1 expression induces an immunosuppressive microenvironment in MDS, thereby leading to treatment failure under AZA treatment. In conclusion, IDO-1 is expressed in more than one-third of patients with higher-risk MDS, and is predictive of treatment failure and shorter overall survival. Therefore, IDO-1 is emerging as a promising predictor and therapeutic target, especially for combination therapies with HMAs or checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Müller-Thomas
- Department of Medicine I, Hematology and Oncology, München Klinik Schwabing, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Heider
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Piontek
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schlensog
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Bassermann
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Germing
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina S Götze
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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5
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Wan Z, Sun J, Xu J, Moharil P, Chen J, Xu J, Zhu J, Li J, Huang Y, Xu P, Ma X, Xie W, Lu B, Li S. Dual functional immunostimulatory polymeric prodrug carrier with pendent indoximod for enhanced cancer immunochemotherapy. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:300-313. [PMID: 30930305 PMCID: PMC6513707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on checkpoint blockade has been regarded as one of the most promising approaches towards many types of cancers. However, low response rate hinders its application due to insufficient tumor immunogenicity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To achieve an overall enhanced therapeutic outcome, we developed a dual-functional immuno-stimulatory polymeric prodrug carrier modified with pendent indoximod, an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor that can be used to reverse immune suppression, for co-delivery of Doxorubicin (Dox), a hydrophobic anticancer agent that can promote immunogenic cell death (ICD) and elicit antitumor immunity. The resulted carrier denoted as POEG-b-PVBIND, consisting of poly (oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEG) hydrophilic blocks and indoximod conjugated hydrophobic blocks, is rationally designed to improve immunotherapy by synergistically modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our data showed that Dox-triggered ICD promoted intra-tumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ-production by CD8+ T cells. Meanwhile, cleaved indoximod significantly increased CD8+ T cell infiltration while reducing the immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs). More importantly, Dox/POEG-b-PVBIND micelles led to significantly improved tumor regression in an orthotopic murine breast cancer model compared to both Dox-loaded POEG-b-PVB micelles (a control inert carrier) and POEG-b-PVBIND micelles alone, confirming combination effect of indoximod and Dox in improving the overall antitumor activity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that can induce immune suppressive microenvironment in tumors. As a well-studied IDO inhibitor, indoximod (IND) represents a promising agent for cancer immunotherapy and could be particularly useful in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. However, three major problems hinder its application: (1) IND is barely soluble in water; (2) IND delivery efficiency is limited (3) simultaneous delivery of two agents into tumor site is still challenging. Currently, most reports largely focus on improving the pharmacokinetic profile of IND alone via different formulations such as IND prodrug and IND nanocrystal. However, there is limited information about IND based co-delivery systems, especially for delivering hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents. Here, we developed a new dual-functional polymeric prodrug carrier modified with a number of pendent IND units (denoted as POEG-b-PVBIND). POEG-b-PVBIND shows immunostimulatory and antitumor activities by itself. More importantly, POEG-b-PVBIND polymer is able to self-assemble into nano-sized micelles that are highly effective in formulating and codelivering other hydrophobic agents including doxorubicin (Dox), sunitinib (Sun), and daunorubicin (Dau), which can elicit antitumor immunity via promoting immunogenic cell death (ICD). We have shown that our new combination therapy led to a significantly improved antitumor activity in an aggressive murine breast cancer model (4T1.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Wan
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jieni Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pearl Moharil
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junchi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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7
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Immune checkpoint blockade and its combination therapy with small-molecule inhibitors for cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:199-224. [PMID: 30605718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Initially understood for its physiological maintenance of self-tolerance, the immune checkpoint molecule has recently been recognized as a promising anti-cancer target. There has been considerable interest in the biology and the action mechanism of the immune checkpoint therapy, and their incorporation with other therapeutic regimens. Recently the small-molecule inhibitor (SMI) has been identified as an attractive combination partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and is becoming a novel direction for the field of combination drug design. In this review, we provide a systematic discussion of the biology and function of major immune checkpoint molecules, and their interactions with corresponding targeting agents. With both preclinical studies and clinical trials, we especially highlight the ICI + SMI combination, with its recent advances as well as its application challenges.
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8
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Luther C, Swami U, Zhang J, Milhem M, Zakharia Y. Advanced stage melanoma therapies: Detailing the present and exploring the future. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 133:99-111. [PMID: 30661664 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma therapies have proliferated over the last ten years. Prior to this, decades passed with only very few drugs available to offer our patients, and even then, those few drugs had minimal survival benefits. Many treatment options emerged over the last ten years with diverse mechanisms of action. Further, combination regimens have demonstrated superiority over monotherapy, especially for targeted agents. Each therapeutic combination possesses different advantages and side effect profiles. In this review, we outline the United States Food and Drug Administration-approved melanoma treatment agents and therapies currently in clinical development, focusing on combination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Luther
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Umang Swami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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9
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Fu R, Zhang YW, Li HM, Lv WC, Zhao L, Guo QL, Lu T, Weiss SJ, Li ZY, Wu ZQ. LW106, a novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor, suppresses tumour progression by limiting stroma-immune crosstalk and cancer stem cell enrichment in tumour micro-environment. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3034-3049. [PMID: 29722898 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is emerging as an important new therapeutic target for treatment of malignant tumours characterized by dysregulated tryptophan metabolism. However, the antitumour efficacy of existing small-molecule inhibitors of IDO1 is still unsatisfactory and the underlying mechanism remains largely undefined. Hence, we discovered a novel potent small-molecule inhibitor of IDO1, LW106, and studied its antitumour effects and the underlying mechanisms in two tumour models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL6 mice, athymic nude mice or Ido1-/- mice were inoculated with IDO1-expressing and -nonexpressing tumour cells and treated with vehicle, epacadostat or increasing doses of LW106. Xenografted tumours, plasma, spleens and other vital organs were harvested and subjected to kynurenine/tryptophan measurement and flow cytometric, histological and immunohistochemical analyses. KEY RESULTS LW106 dose-dependently inhibited the outgrowth of xenografted tumours that were inoculated in C57BL6 mice but not nude mice or Ido1-/- mice, showing a stronger antitumour efficacy than epacadostat, an existing IDO1 inhibitor. LW106 substantially elevated intratumoural infiltration of proliferative Teff cells, while reducing recruitment of proliferative Treg cells and non-haematopoietic stromal cells such as endothelial cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. LW106 treatment resulted in a reduced subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in xenografted tumours in which fewer proliferative/invasive tumour cells and more apoptotic tumour cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LW106 inhibits tumour outgrowth by limiting stroma-immune crosstalk and CSC enrichment in the tumour micro-environment. LW106 has potential as a immunotherapeutic agent for use in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and (or) chemotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Cong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- The Life Sciences Institute, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Zhi-Yu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Qiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing; Collaborative Innovation Center for Gannan Oil-Tea Camellia Industrial Development, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Ventriglia J, Paciolla I, Pisano C, Cecere SC, Di Napoli M, Tambaro R, Califano D, Losito S, Scognamiglio G, Setola SV, Arenare L, Pignata S, Della Pepa C. Immunotherapy in ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer: State of the art and future perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 59:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Messerschmidt JL, Prendergast GC, Messerschmidt GL. How Cancers Escape Immune Destruction and Mechanisms of Action for the New Significantly Active Immune Therapies: Helping Nonimmunologists Decipher Recent Advances. Oncologist 2016; 21:233-43. [PMID: 26834161 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED With the Food and Drug Administration and other worldwide regulatory authorities' approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy), sipuleucel-T (Provenge), nivolumab (Opdivo), and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), oncologic therapy has now moved into noncancer cell targets within the immune system. For many nonimmunologists, understanding how these vastly different therapies work to improve survival, like no other therapies have in the past, is a challenge. The present report reviews the normal function of the immune system, how cancers escape the normal immune system, and how these new therapies improve immune system reactions against cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Oncologists have tremendous experience with therapies that target the cancer cells. New biologic agents have been rapidly introduced recently that target not cancer cells, but the patient's immune cells. The mechanisms of action of these immune-based biologic agents are within the host immune system. To understand these new biologic therapies, basic knowledge of normal and abnormal immune function is essential. The present report explains the up-to-date basic immune normal and abnormal function and prepares the oncologist to understand how the new drugs work, why they work, and why there are associated adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Messerschmidt
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerald L Messerschmidt
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Clinical Research Center, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Moon YW, Hajjar J, Hwu P, Naing A. Targeting the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway in cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:51. [PMID: 26674411 PMCID: PMC4678703 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells escape the immune surveillance system of the host through a process called immune tolerance. Immunotherapy targets molecules that serve as checks and balances in the regulation of immune response. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular enzyme, which through the process of tryptophan depletion exerts an immunosuppressive effect, facilitating immune escape of tumors. This review summarizes our current knowledge on IDO expression in malignancies, the IDO inhibitors that are currently available and those under clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wha Moon
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-712 South Korea ; Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 455, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Section of Immunology, Allergy & Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Box 455, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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13
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Platten M, Ochs K, Lemke D, Opitz C, Wick W. Microenvironmental clues for glioma immunotherapy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 14:440. [PMID: 24604058 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-014-0440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas have been viewed for decades as inaccessible for a meaningful antitumor immune response as they grow in a sanctuary site protected from infiltrating immune cells. Moreover, the glioma microenvironment constitutes a hostile environment for an efficient antitumor immune response as glioma-derived factors such as transforming growth factor β and catabolites of the essential amino acid tryptophan paralyze T-cell function. There is growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies that a meaningful antitumor immunity exists in glioma patients and that it can be activated by vaccination strategies. As a consequence, the concept of glioma immunotherapy appears to be experiencing a renaissance with the first phase 3 randomized immunotherapy trials entering the clinical arena. On the basis of encouraging results from other tumor entities using immunostimulatory approaches by blocking endogenous T-cell suppressive pathways mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 or programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 with humanized antibodies, there is now a realistic and promising option to combine active immunotherapy with agents blocking the immunosuppressive microenvironment in patients with gliomas to allow a peripheral antitumor immune response induced by vaccination to become effective. Here we review the current clinical and preclinical evidence of antimicroenvironment immunotherapeutic strategies in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology, University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Units, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany,
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