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Booker BD, Markt SC, Schumacher FR, Rose J, Cooper G, Selfridge JE, Koroukian SM. Variation in KRAS/NRAS/BRAF-Mutation Status by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity Among a Large Cohort of Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC). J Gastrointest Cancer 2024; 55:237-246. [PMID: 37355486 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-023-00954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic disparities in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) survival are well documented as is the impact that tumor mutation of KRAS and BRAF has on prognosis. It has been suggested that frequency differences of KRAS- and BRAF-mutated tumors may partially explain this disparity. Demographic differences in mutation frequency are not well established nor whether mutation and microsatellite instability (MSI) differentially impact survival among groups. METHODS Using data for 11,117 patients diagnosed with de-novo mCRC from an electronic health record-derived database we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) to characterize the association between demographics and MSI and KRAS/NRAS/BRAF-mutation status. Stratified Cox models were used to identify differences in overall survival (OS), adjusting for treatment and demographics. RESULTS Being female, compared to male, (aORKRAS:1.33 (1.23-1.44); aORBRAF:1.84 (1.56-2.16)), and non-Hispanic Black race (NHB), compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) (aORKRAS:1.62 (1.42-1.85); aORBRAF: 0.55 (0.38-0.77)) were associated with KRAS- or BRAF-mutant tumors. MSI prevalence was similar across race/ethnicity but higher in women. BRAF-mutant tumors were associated with poorer prognosis overall, especially among non-white patients. Among patients who had KRAS/NRAS/BRAF-WT tumors we observed no difference in OS by race or MSI. Among patients with KRAS-mutant tumors, Hispanic patients had more favorable prognosis adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) = 0.76 (0.65-0.89)) than their NHW counterparts. Among those with BRAF-mutant tumors, NHB patients had poorer prognosis than NHW patients (aHR:1.78 (1.08-2.93)). CONCLUSION MSI and frequency of KRAS and BRAF mutations differed by demographics. Racial/ethnic disparities in OS differed by mutation. Future studies should explore biological and/or social determinants underlying these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Booker
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E210, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4945, USA.
| | - Sarah C Markt
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E210, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4945, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E210, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4945, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Johnie Rose
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E210, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4945, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Greg Cooper
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E210, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4945, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Eva Selfridge
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siran M Koroukian
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Robbins E210, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4945, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Tong G, Zhang G, Hu Y, Xu X, Wang Y. Correlation between mismatch repair statuses and the prognosis of stage I-IV colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1278398. [PMID: 38348120 PMCID: PMC10859923 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1278398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The role of microsatellite instability (MSI) and prognosis for stage II-III colorectal cancer (CRC) has been described, but the role of MSI in stage I and IV CRC is controversial. Methods A total of 2,540 CRC patients were collected from Huzhou Central Hospital, China, from January 2006 to 2016, and 783 cases were excluded. This retrospective study illustrates the correlation between MMR status and prognosis for 1,757 CRC patients as well as the correlation between MSI and prognosis for CRC patients. Two groups were classified as MSI-H and MSI-L&MSS. If the expression of one or more mismatch repair (MMR) proteins was negative, it was considered as microsatellite instability high expression (MSI-H), whereas positive expression was considered as microsatellite instability low expression and microsatellite stability (MSI-L&MSS), as assessed by correlation analyses. Overall and disease-free survival were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted using Cox regression. Results Preoperative serum S-CEA, positive lymph, tumor size, pathologic tumor (Pt) status, node (N) stage, differentiation, chemotherapy, and the 8th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC-8) were significantly correlated with MSI (P=0.028, 0.037, 0.019, 0.007, 0.002, <0.001, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively), whereas tumor location was not associated with MSI. Univariable and multivariable analyses showed that MSI was an independent factor for CRC. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS, P<0.001) rates differed significantly between the two groups in stages II, III, and IV, whereas stage I did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion MSI-H was associated with a good prognosis for stages II to IV, whereas stage I did not show any significant correlation. Moreover, MSI expression was an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tong
- Colorectal Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huzhou Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
- Central Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huzhou Central Hopsital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guiyang Zhang
- Colorectal Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huzhou Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of English, Huzhou Vocational and Technical College, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuting Xu
- Central Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huzhou Central Hopsital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Pathology Department, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Zhejiang, China
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Gülşen T, Ergenç M, Şenol Z, Emirzeoğlu L, Güleç B. Clinicopathological outcomes of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:103-111. [PMID: 38554306 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1560_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to evaluate the histopathological features and prognostic parameters of tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI) compared with those without MSI in patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). SETTING AND DESIGN Follow-up for CRC at Istanbul Sultan 2. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital was retrospectively evaluated between March 2017 and March 2021. METHODS AND MATERIAL The patients were divided into two groups: those with and without MSI. Groups were compared in survival parameters. As a secondary result, groups were compared in pathological parameters such as stage, tumor diameter, degree of differentiation, and lymphovascular, and perineural invasion. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Survival calculations were performed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis method. The effects of various prognostic factors related to tumor and patient characteristics on disease-free and overall survival (OS) were investigated by log-rank test. RESULTS Two hundred fourteen patients were analyzed. The median age of the patients was 66 (30-89), and 59.3% (n = 127) were male. There were 25 patients in the MSI group and 189 patients in the non-MSI group. We found that MSI tumors had a significantly higher differentiation degree than non-MSI tumors and larger tumor diameters. MSI tumors frequently settled in the proximal colon, and more lymph nodes were removed in the resection material. MSI tumors had longer disease-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS By diagnosing microsatellite instability, CRCs can be divided into two groups. The histopathological features of the tumor and the prognosis of the disease differ between these groups. MSI can be a predictive marker in the patient's follow-up and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taygun Gülşen
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultanbeyli State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammer Ergenç
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultanbeyli State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Şenol
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultan 2, Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Emirzeoğlu
- Department of Oncology, Istanbul Sultan 2, Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Güleç
- Department of General Surgery, Istanbul Sultan 2, Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Vangala D, Nilius-Eliliwi V. [Novel Treatment Concepts in Patients with Colorectal Carcinomas and High Microsatellite Instability]. Zentralbl Chir 2023; 148:475-482. [PMID: 36848937 DOI: 10.1055/a-2012-4047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of patients with colorectal cancer show high microsatellite instability (MSI-high) in their tumour tissue. For one third of these patients, there is a hereditary cause for this finding - that leads to the diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome. In combination with clinical findings such as the Amsterdam or the revised Bethesda criteria, MSI-high status has been used as a tool in identifying patients at risk. Today, MSI-status has gained much more importance, due to its impact on treatment decisions. Patients with UICC II cancers should not receive adjuvant treatment. For patients with distant metastases and MSI-high status, immune checkpoint inhibitors can be given as first line therapy - with tremendous success. Novel data show a deep response for immune checkpoint antibodies in patients with locally advanced colon as well as rectal cancer in a neoadjuvant setting. Especially for patients with MSI-high rectal cancer, there might be a novel therapeutic regimen utilising immune checkpoint inhibitors without neoadjuvant radio-chemotherapy and even without surgery. This could lead to a relevant reduction in morbidity in this patient cohort. In conclusion, universal MSI-testing is essential for identifying patients at risk for Lynch syndrome and for optimal decision making in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Vangala
- Center for hemato-oncological diseases, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Verena Nilius-Eliliwi
- Center for hemato-oncological diseases, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
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Rantanen P, Keränen A, Barot S, Ghazi S, Liljegren A, Nordenvall C, Lindblom A, Lindforss U. The prognostic significance of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: a Swedish multi-center study. Int J Colorectal Dis 2023; 38:197. [PMID: 37458848 PMCID: PMC10352163 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-023-04480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE About 10 to 15% of patients with sporadic colorectal cancer display mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes shown as microsatellite instability (MSI). Previous reports of colorectal cancer (CRC) indicate a better prognosis for patients with MSI tumors compared to patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. In this study, our aim was to investigate whether MSI is an independent prognostic factor in CRC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with stage I-III colorectal cancer and subject to curative surgery during 2002-2006 in the Swedish low-risk colorectal cancer study group cohort were eligible for inclusion. Deficient MMR (dMMR) status was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or by MSI testing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Prognostic follow-up and treatment data were retrieved from patient records. Statistical analyses to assess MSI-status and prognosis were done using logistic regression and survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression hazards models adjusted for age, sex, stage, comorbidity, and tumor location. RESULTS In total, 463 patients were included, MSI high tumors were present in 66 patients (14%), and the remaining 397 were MSS/MSI low. Within 6 years, distant recurrences were present in 9.1% and 20.2% (P = 0.049), and death occurred in 25.8% and 31.5% in MSI and MSS patients, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in overall mortality (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.46-1.38), relapse-free survival (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.50-1.36), or cancer-specific mortality (HR 1.60, 95% CI 0.73-3.51). CONCLUSION Despite distant metastases being less common in patients with MSI, there was no association between MSI and overall, relapse-free, or cancer-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Rantanen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anne Keränen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shabane Barot
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sam Ghazi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Liljegren
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Nordenvall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lindforss
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Greco L, Rubbino F, Dal Buono A, Laghi L. Microsatellite Instability and Immune Response: From Microenvironment Features to Therapeutic Actionability-Lessons from Colorectal Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1169. [PMID: 37372349 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) can be found in 15-20% of all colorectal cancers (CRC) and is the key feature of a defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system. Currently, MSI has been established as a unique and pivotal biomarker in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of CRC. MSI tumors display a strong lymphocytic activation and a shift toward a tumoral microenvironment restraining metastatic potential and ensuing in a high responsiveness to immunotherapy of MSI CRC. Indeed, neoplastic cells with an MMR defect overexpress several immune checkpoint proteins, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1), that can be pharmacologically targeted, allowing for the revival the cytotoxic immune response toward the tumor. This review aims to illustrate the role of MSI in the tumor biology of colorectal cancer, focusing on the immune interactions with the microenvironment and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Greco
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Federica Rubbino
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Arianna Dal Buono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Boutin M, Gill S. Controversies and management of deficient mismatch repair gastrointestinal cancers in the neoadjuvant setting. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231162577. [PMID: 37007634 PMCID: PMC10064478 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231162577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High microsatellite instability (MSI-H)/deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) phenotype is a distinct molecular signature across gastrointestinal cancers characterized by high tumor mutational burden and high neoantigen load. Tumors harboring dMMR are highly immunogenic and heavily infiltrated by immune cells; consequently, they are uniquely vulnerable to therapeutic strategies enhancing immune antitumor response such as checkpoint inhibitors. The MSI-H/dMMR phenotype arose as a powerful predictor of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors with evidence supporting significantly improved outcomes in the metastatic setting. On the other hand, the genomic instability characteristic of MSI-H/dMMR tumors appears to be associated with decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy, and the benefits of standard adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy approaches in this subtype are being increasingly questioned. Here, we review the prognostic and predictive impact of MMR status in localized gastric and colorectal cancers, and highlight the emerging clinical data incorporating checkpoint inhibitors in the neoadjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Boutin
- BC Cancer, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre Intégré de Cancérologie de la Montérégie-Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Greenfield Park, QC, Canada
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Chan EM, Foster KJ, Bass AJ. WRN Is a Promising Synthetic Lethal Target for Cancers with Microsatellite Instability (MSI). Cancer Treat Res 2023; 186:313-328. [PMID: 37978143 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30065-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI), a type of genetic hypermutability arising from impaired DNA mismatch repair (MMR), is observed in approximately 3% of all cancers. Preclinical work has identified the RecQ helicase WRN as a promising synthetic lethal target for patients with MSI cancers. WRN depletion substantially impairs the viability of MSI, but not microsatellite stable (MSS), cells. Experimental evidence suggests that this synthetic lethal phenotype is driven by numerous TA dinucleotide repeats that undergo expansion mutations in the setting of long-standing MMR deficiency. The lengthening of TA repeats increases their propensity to form secondary DNA structures that require WRN to resolve. In the absence of WRN helicase activity, these unresolved DNA secondary structures stall DNA replication forks and induce catastrophic DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Columbia University, New York, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA.
- New York Genome Center, New York, USA.
| | | | - Adam J Bass
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, USA
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Crutcher M, Waldman S. Biomarkers in the development of individualized treatment regimens for colorectal cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1062423. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1062423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second most deadly malignancy in the world with an estimated 1. 9 million cases and 0.9 million deaths in 2020. The 5-year overall survival for stage I disease is 92% compared to a dismal 11% in stage IV disease. At initial presentation, up to 35% of patients have metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and 20–50% of stage II and III patients eventually progress to mCRC. These statistics imply both that there is a proportion of early stage patients who are not receiving adequate treatment and that we are not adequately treating mCRC patients.BodyTargeted therapies directed at CRC biomarkers are now commonly used in select mCRC patients. In addition to acting as direct targets, these biomarkers also could help stratify which patients receive adjuvant therapies and what types. This review discusses the role of RAS, microsatellite instability, HER2, consensus molecular subtypes and ctDNA/CTC in targeted therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy.DiscussionGiven the relatively high recurrence rate in early stage CRC patients as well as the continued poor survival in mCRC patients, additional work needs to be done beyond surgical management to limit recurrence and improve survival. Biomarkers offer both a potential target and a predictive method of stratifying patients to determine those who could benefit from adjuvant treatment.
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Flecchia C, Zaanan A, Lahlou W, Basile D, Broudin C, Gallois C, Pilla L, Karoui M, Manceau G, Taieb J. MSI colorectal cancer, all you need to know. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101983. [PMID: 35732266 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer management has been dramatically impacted by molecular profiling these last years. Among these molecular subgroups, patients with microsatellite instability (MSI) are of particular interest, owing to the prognostic and predictive value of this tumor biomarker. This review article explains the molecular abnormalities underlying MSI phenotype and the consequences of such molecular abnormalities on carcinogenesis, genetic instability and immune infiltration. It details the diagnostic methods for identifying MSI colorectal cancer patients and describes how the prognostic and theranostic values of this marker are impacting treatment decision-making for these patients in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Flecchia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Zaanan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Widad Lahlou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Debora Basile
- Department of Oncology, San Bortolo General Hospital, AULSS8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Chloé Broudin
- Department of Pathology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Claire Gallois
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Pilla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Mehdi Karoui
- Department of Surgery, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Manceau
- Department of Surgery, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Taieb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Cité University, Paris, France.
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Crutcher MM, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Overview of predictive and prognostic biomarkers and their importance in developing a clinical pharmacology treatment plan in colorectal cancer patients. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1317-1326. [PMID: 36259230 PMCID: PMC9847576 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2138339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although overall survival for CRC patients has improved with earlier screening, survival continues to vary substantially across stages. Also, while the introduction of targeted therapies, including VEGF and EGFR inhibitors, has contributed to improving survival, better tools are needed to optimize patient selection and maximize therapeutic benefits. Emerging biomarkers can be used to guide pharmacologic decision-making, as well as monitor treatment response, clarify the need for adjuvant therapies, and indicate early signs of recurrence. This is a narrative review examining the current and evolving use of predictive and prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer. AREAS COVERED Areas covered include mutations of the MAPK (KRAS, BRAF) and HER2 pathways and their impacts on treatment decisions. In addition, novel methods for assessing tumor mutations and tracking treatment responses are examined. EXPERT OPINION The standard of care pathway for staging, and treatment selection and surveillance, of CRC will expand to include novel biomarkers in the next 5 years. It is anticipated that these new biomarkers will assist in decision-making regarding selection of targeted therapies and, importantly, in risk stratification for treatment decisions in patients at high risk for recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Departmnet of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Departmnet of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Arora S, Adhikari N, Rathi AK, Singh K, Sakhuja P. Microsatellite instability in colon cancer: A single center experience from North India. J Cancer Res Ther 2022; 18:656-660. [PMID: 35900537 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_423_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Due to the defects of mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6, the mutations which occur in microsatellite region are not repaired during deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, leading to microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI is one of the major molecular changes that occur in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Studies have shown that MMR deficient CRC has different clinicopathological characteristics and a better stage adjusted survival when compared to microsatellite stable tumors. Materials and Methods We have retrospectively analyzed the cases of colon cancers treated in our institute for 3 years from 2017 to 2019. Most of the patients underwent surgery and received adjuvant chemotherapy. MSI testing was done in surgical specimen with immunohistochemistry. The clinical details of the patients were tabulated in Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results A total of 52 patients who were treated in our institution from 2017 to 2019 were analyzed. The mean age was 46.8 ± 13.5 (19-72) years. The male-to-female ratio was 8:5. No significant association in patient demographics and clinicopathological parameters was observed between MSI stable and unstable disease. However, lymphovascular invasion showed a significantly higher trend in MSI unstable patients (P = 0.052). The median progression-free survival (PFS) of the entire cohort was 27.8 months (95% confidence interval = 22.7-32.9) and the median overall survival (OS) is not reached. The median PFS is 21.3 months in MSI stable patients whereas it is not reached in MSI unstable patients (P = 0.049). The median OS is 27.1 months in MSI stable patients, but it is not reached in MSI unstable patients and the difference shows a trend towards statistical significance (P = 0.061). Conclusion MSI unstable tumors were found to have higher PFS and higher OS in our study. It needs prospective validation in larger studies in Indian scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Arora
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Narayan Adhikari
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Rathi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Singh
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Defects in MMR Genes as a Seminal Example of Personalized Medicine: From Diagnosis to Therapy. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121333. [PMID: 34945805 PMCID: PMC8707096 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the landmark feature of DNA mismatch repair deficiency, which can be found in 15-20% of all colorectal cancers (CRC). This specific set of tumors has been initially perceived as a niche for geneticists or gastroenterologists focused on inherited predispositions. However, over the years, MSI has established itself as a key biomarker for the diagnosis, then extending to forecasting the disease behavior and prognostication, including the prediction of responsiveness to immunotherapy and eventually to kinase inhibitors, and possibly even to specific biological drugs. Thanks to the contribution of the characterization of MSI tumors, researchers have first acknowledged that a strong lymphocytic reaction is associated with a good prognosis. This understanding supported the prognostic implications in terms of the low metastatic potential of MSI-CRC and has led to modifications in the indications for adjuvant treatment. Furthermore, with the emergence of immunotherapy, this strong biomarker of responsiveness has exemplified the capability of re-activating an effective immune control by removing the brakes of immune evasion. Lately, a subset of MSI-CRC emerged as the ideal target for kinase inhibitors. This therapeutic scenario implies a paradox in which appropriate treatments for advanced disease are effective in a set of tumors that seldom evolve towards metastases.
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14
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Chen HH, Ke TW, Huang CW, Jiang JK, Chen CC, Hsieh YY, Teng HW, Lin BW, Liang YH, Su YL, Hsu HC, Kuan FC, Chou YH, Lin J, Lin BR, Chang YY, Wang JY. Taiwan Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Consensus on mCRC Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:764912. [PMID: 34868987 PMCID: PMC8634841 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.764912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for metastatic CRC (mCRC) have changed significantly in recent years, greatly increasing the complexity of therapeutic decision-making. Although oncology guidelines have helped improve the care process, guidelines may also limit the flexibility to individualize in-clinic decision-making. This consensus paper addresses specific gaps in the current international guidelines to assist Taiwanese colon and rectal experts make specific therapeutic choices. Over 3 years and three meetings with selected experts on "real-world" Taiwanese practice patterns for mCRC, consensus was achieved. The experts also discussed specific questions during in-depth one-on-one consultation. Outcomes of the discussion were then correlated with published evidence by an independent medical writer. The final consensus includes clinically implementable recommendations to provide guidance in treating Taiwanese mCRC patients. The consensus includes criteria for defining fit and unfit intensive treatment patients, treatment goals, treatment considerations of molecular profiles, treatment consideration, and optimal treatment choices between different patient archetypes, including optimal treatment options based on RAS, BRAF, and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. This consensus paper is the second in the Taiwan Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (TSCRS) Consensus series to address unmet gaps in guideline recommendations in lieu of Taiwanese mCRC management. Meticulous discussions with experts, the multidisciplinary nature of the working group, and the final drafting of the consensus by independent medical professionals have contributed to the strong scientific value of this consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hwa Chen
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Wei Ke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kae Jiang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Chen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Yu Hsieh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wei Teng
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wen Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Liang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Su
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Hsu
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Che Kuan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yenn-Hwei Chou
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Johnson Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, MacKey Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Ren Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yao Chang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
- Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung, Taiwan
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15
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Baidoun F, Saad AM, Abdel-Rahman O. Prognostic and predictive value of microsatellite instability status among patients with colorectal cancer. J Comp Eff Res 2021; 10:1197-1214. [PMID: 34608819 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2021-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Compare overall survival (OS) between microsatellite instability (MSI) high and MSI-stable and analyze the effect of chemotherapy on OS. Methods: National cancer database was queried for patients diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma between 2010 and 2016. We evaluated the OS and the chemotherapy effect using Kaplan-Meier estimates and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: Total of 30,436 stage II patients and 30,302 stage III patients were included. In stage II with high-risk features and MSI-high, patients who received chemotherapy had better OS compared to patients who didn't receive chemotherapy. The same was found in stage II with no high-risk features and MSI-high group. Conclusion: Stage II colorectal cancer patients with high-risk features and MSI-high who received chemotherapy have better OS compared to patients who didn't receive chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Baidoun
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anas M Saad
- Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
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16
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Cao Y, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ren J, Yan X, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Huang X, Bao H, Zhou J. Predicting Microsatellite Instability Status in Colorectal Cancer Based on Triphasic Enhanced Computed Tomography Radiomics Signatures: A Multicenter Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:687771. [PMID: 34178682 PMCID: PMC8222982 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.687771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop and validate a computed tomography (CT)-based radiomics model to predict microsatellite instability (MSI) status in colorectal cancer patients and to identify the radiomics signature with the most robust and high performance from one of the three phases of triphasic enhanced CT. Methods In total, 502 colorectal cancer patients with preoperative contrast-enhanced CT images and available MSI status (441 in the training cohort and 61 in the external validation cohort) were enrolled from two centers in our retrospective study. Radiomics features of the entire primary tumor were extracted from arterial-, delayed-, and venous-phase CT images. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method was used to retain the features closely associated with MSI status. Radiomics, clinical, and combined Clinical Radiomics models were built to predict MSI status. Model performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results Thirty-two radiomics features showed significant correlation with MSI status. Delayed-phase models showed superior predictive performance compared to arterial- or venous-phase models. Additionally, age, location, and carcinoembryonic antigen were considered useful predictors of MSI status. The Clinical Radiomics nomogram that incorporated both clinical risk factors and radiomics parameters showed excellent performance, with an AUC, accuracy, and sensitivity of 0.898, 0.837, and 0.821 in the training cohort and 0.964, 0.918, and 1.000 in the validation cohort, respectively. Conclusions The proposed CT-based radiomics signature has excellent performance in predicting MSI status and could potentially guide individualized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntai Cao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guojin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- Department of Radiology, Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Ren
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Diagnosis, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Yan
- Department of Critical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haihua Bao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Junlin Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Lanzhou, China
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17
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Sacdalan DL, Garcia RL, Diwa MH, Sacdalan DB. Clinicopathologic Factors Associated with Mismatch Repair Status Among Filipino Patients with Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:2105-2115. [PMID: 33688253 PMCID: PMC7936534 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s286618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Young-onset colorectal cancer is recognized as a distinct disease that may be sporadic or hereditary in nature. Microsatellite instability testing is recommended as a routine procedure in evaluating colorectal cancer specimens, especially in young-onset disease, because of implications in management. Immunohistochemistry of mismatch repair proteins serves as an inexpensive alternative to microsatellite instability testing with the added advantage of monitoring protein expression levels that may suggest underlying genetic or epigenetic alterations. This descriptive study aimed to determine the frequencies of proficient and deficient mismatch repair status among Filipino young-onset colorectal cancer patients, and to investigate their clinicopathologic profile. Methods Tumor tissues were prospectively collected from patients from two tertiary hospitals in the Philippines. Patients of age ≤45 years with resected adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum were recruited. Results Seventy-seven out of 124 patients had tumor samples sent for immunohistochemistry. Of these, 61 samples (79%) were found to have proficient status while 16 samples (21%) had deficient status. Mismatch repair protein deficiencies, when present, more commonly involved MSH2 and MSH6 (9%) rather than MLH1 and PMS2 (5%). The deficient group had a mean age of 37.1 years and a female preponderance (56.25%), presenting as locally advanced ascending or descending colon tumors with mucinous histology in half of the population. The mismatch repair proficient group presented as locally advanced rectal and sigmoid tumors but with fewer mucinous adenocarcinomas (26.2%) compared to the deficient group. In both the mismatch repair proficient and deficient patients with family history reports, most did not have any known relative with cancer (75.4% and 68.75%, respectively). Conclusion This is the first attempt to perform mismatch repair testing among young-onset colorectal cancer patients in the Philippines and to gather data on their clinicopathologic characteristics. However, the limited sample size precludes conclusive results for the associations of mismatch repair with clinicopathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lee Sacdalan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.,National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Augusto P. Sarmiento Cancer Institute, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Reynaldo L Garcia
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Michele H Diwa
- Department of Pathology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Danielle Benedict Sacdalan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
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18
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Jin Z, Sinicrope FA. Prognostic and Predictive Values of Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020300. [PMID: 33467526 PMCID: PMC7830023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Universal MMR/MSI testing is standard of care for all patients with newly diagnosed CRC based on multi-society guidelines in the United States. Such testing is intended to identify patients with Lynch Syndrome due to a germline mutation in an MMR gene, but also detects those with sporadic dMMR/MSI-high CRCs. The prognostic utility of MMR/MSI status in non-metastatic colorectal cancer has been studied extensively, yet more limited data are available for its predictive utility. Results have not been entirely consistent due to potential stage-related differences and limited numbers of dMMR/MSI-H patients included in the studies. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for the prognostic and predictive value of dMMR/MSI-H in non-metastatic CRC, and discuss the use of this biomarker for patient management and treatment decisions in clinical practice.
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19
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Cohen R, Taieb J, Fiskum J, Yothers G, Goldberg R, Yoshino T, Alberts S, Allegra C, de Gramont A, Seitz JF, O'Connell M, Haller D, Wolmark N, Erlichman C, Zaniboni A, Lonardi S, Kerr R, Grothey A, Sinicrope FA, André T, Shi Q. Microsatellite Instability in Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer Receiving Fluoropyrimidine With or Without Oxaliplatin: An ACCENT Pooled Analysis of 12 Adjuvant Trials. J Clin Oncol 2020; 39:642-651. [PMID: 33356421 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with stage III colon cancer (CC) whose tumors demonstrate microsatellite instability (MSI), the efficacy of adjuvant fluoropyrimidine (FP) with or without oxaliplatin has not been clearly demonstrated and the prognostic value of MSI remains uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Individual patient data from the ACCENT database were used to evaluate the effect of FP with or without oxaliplatin on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with MSI stage III CC and the prognostic value of MSI in patients treated with FP plus oxaliplatin, by stratified Cox models adjusted for demographic and clinicopathological factors. RESULTS MSI status was available for 5,457 patients (609 MSI, 11.2%; 4848 microsatellite stable [MSS], 88.8%) from 12 randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Oxaliplatin significantly improved OS of MSI patients from the two RCTs testing FP with or without oxaliplatin (n = 185; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.52, 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.93). Among the 4,250 patients treated with FP plus oxaliplatin (461 MSI and 3789 MSS), MSI was associated with better OS in the N1 group compared with MSS (aHR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.95) but similar survival in the N2 population (aHR = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.48; P interaction = .029). The main independent prognosticators of MSI patients treated with FP plus oxaliplatin were T stage (aHR = 2.09; 95% CI, 1.29 to 3.38) and N stage (aHR = 3.57; 95% CI, 2.32 to 5.48). Similar results were observed for DFS in all analyses. CONCLUSION Adding oxaliplatin to FP improves OS and DFS in patients with MSI stage III CC. Compared with MSS, MSI patients experienced better outcomes in the N1 group but similar survival in the N2 group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Julien Taieb
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jack Fiskum
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Greg Yothers
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Carmen Allegra
- Department of Medicine and University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, FL
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- Department of Medical Oncology, Franco-British Institute, Levallois-Perret, France
| | | | | | - Daniel Haller
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Sara Lonardi
- Department of Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Rachel Kerr
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Thierry André
- Sorbonne Université, Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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20
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Prognostic and Predictive Cross-Roads of Microsatellite Instability and Immune Response to Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249680. [PMID: 33353162 PMCID: PMC7766746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular features of colon cancer has shed light on its pathogenesis and progression. Over time, some of these features acquired clinical dignity and were incorporated in decision making. Namely, microsatellite instability (MSI) due to mismatch repair of defects, which primarily was adopted for the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome, became recognized as the biomarker of a different disease type, showing a less aggressive behavior. MSI tumors harbor high amounts of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) due to their peculiar load in neoantigens. However, microsatellite stable colon cancer may also show high amounts of TILs, and this feature is as well associated with better outcomes. High TIL loads are in general associated with a favorable prognosis, especially in stage II colon cancer, and therein identifies a patient subset with the lowest probability of relapse. With respect to post-surgical adjuvant treatment, particularly in stage III, TILs predictive ability seems to weaken along with the progression of the disease, being less evident in high risk patients. Moving from cohort studies to the analysis of a series from clinical trials contributed to increase the robustness of TILs as a biomarker. The employment of high TIL densities as an indicator of good prognosis in early-stage colon cancers is strongly advisable, while in late-stage colon cancers the employment as an indicator of good responsiveness to post-surgical therapy requires refinement. It remains to be clarified whether TILs could help in identifying those patients with node-positive cancers to whom adjuvant treatment could be spared, at least in low-risk groups as defined by the TNM staging system.
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21
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Chakrabarti S, Peterson CY, Sriram D, Mahipal A. Early stage colon cancer: Current treatment standards, evolving paradigms, and future directions. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:808-832. [PMID: 32879661 PMCID: PMC7443846 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i8.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world despite the availability of reliable screening tools and effective therapies. The majority of patients with colon cancer are diagnosed at an early stage (stages I to III), which provides an opportunity for cure. The current treatment paradigm of early stage colon cancer consists of surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in a select group of patients, which is directed at the eradication of minimal residual disease to achieve a cure. Surgery alone is curative for the vast majority of colon cancer patients. Currently, surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy can achieve long term survival in about two-thirds of colon cancer patients with nodal involvement. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for all patients with stage III colon cancer, while the benefit in stage II patients is not unequivocally established despite several large clinical trials. Contemporary research in early stage colon cancer is focused on minimally invasive surgical techniques, strategies to limit treatment-related toxicities, precise patient selection for adjuvant therapy, utilization of molecular and clinicopathologic information to personalize therapy and exploration of new therapies exploiting the evolving knowledge of tumor biology. In this review, we will discuss the current standard treatment, evolving treatment paradigms, and the emerging biomarkers, that will likely help improve patient selection and personalization of therapy leading to superior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakti Chakrabarti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Carrie Y Peterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Deepika Sriram
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
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22
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Cohen R, Shi Q, André T. Immunotherapy for Early Stage Colorectal Cancer: A Glance into the Future. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1990. [PMID: 32708216 PMCID: PMC7409300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have reshaped therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. The development of ICI for early stage colorectal cancer is accompanied by specific challenges: (i) the selection of patients who are likely to benefit from these treatments, i.e., patients with tumors harboring predictive factors of efficacy of ICI, such as microsatellite instability and/or mismatch repair deficiency (MSI/dMMR), or other potential parameters (increased T cell infiltration using Immunoscore® or others, high tumor mutational burden, POLE mutation), (ii) the selection of patients at risk of disease recurrence (poor prognostic features), and (iii) the choice of an accurate clinical trial methodological framework. In this review, we will discuss the ins and outs of clinical research of ICI for early stage MSI/dMMR CC patients in adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. We will then summarize data that might support the development of ICI in localized colorectal cancer beyond MSI/dMMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cohen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75012 Paris, France;
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Thierry André
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), F-75012 Paris, France;
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23
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Battaglin F, Lenz HJ. What Should We Do Better? Lessons from Negative Results of a Biomarker Validation Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:754-756. [PMID: 30649462 PMCID: PMC6695307 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- See the Notes section for the full list of authors’ affiliations
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24
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Evaluation of a Fully Automated Idylla Test System for Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:e316-e323. [PMID: 31375292 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a phenotype commonly observed in colorectal cancer, and is caused by a deficient mismatch repair system. Determining MSI status greatly aids tumor prognosis and treatment plans in colorectal cancer, and plays a critical role in recent United States Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapies. As recognition of its importance grows, MSI has been identified in more types of cancers, underscoring the importance of accurate assays for determining MSI status in tumor cells. Currently, tumor MSI status is detected via polymerase chain reaction-based methods or immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we tested a new, fully automated MSI detection system (Idylla MSI detection kit) released by Biocartis. We evaluated 42 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, which were clinically tested for MSI status using the polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry method, with the Idylla MSI detection system. RESULTS The Idylla MSI detection system showed an overall 97.62% concordance rate with previously used methods. Moreover, this fully automated system requires less than 5 minutes "hands on" preparation time and 150 minutes total run time per sample. CONCLUSION The Biocartis Idylla MSI kit proves a powerful tool to accurately detect MSI status in tumor cells in a rapid and almost labor-free manner.
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25
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Gupta D, Heinen CD. The mismatch repair-dependent DNA damage response: Mechanisms and implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:60-69. [PMID: 30959407 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An important role for the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in maintaining genomic stability is embodied in its conservation through evolution and the link between loss of MMR function and tumorigenesis. The latter is evident as inheritance of mutations within the major MMR genes give rise to the cancer predisposition condition, Lynch syndrome. Nonetheless, how MMR loss contributes to tumorigenesis is not completely understood. In addition to preventing the accumulation of mutations, MMR also directs cellular responses, such as cell cycle checkpoint or apoptosis activation, to different forms of DNA damage. Understanding this MMR-dependent DNA damage response may provide insight into the full tumor suppressing capabilities of the MMR pathway. Here, we delve into the proposed mechanisms for the MMR-dependent response to DNA damaging agents. We discuss how these pre-clinical findings extend to the clinical treatment of cancers, emphasizing MMR status as a crucial variable in selection of chemotherapeutic regimens. Also, we discuss how loss of the MMR-dependent damage response could promote tumorigenesis via the establishment of a survival advantage to endogenous levels of stress in MMR-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Gupta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Cohen SA, Pritchard CC, Jarvik GP. Lynch Syndrome: From Screening to Diagnosis to Treatment in the Era of Modern Molecular Oncology. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2019; 20:293-307. [PMID: 30848956 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lynch syndrome is a hereditary cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline alterations in the mismatch repair genes and is the most common etiology of hereditary colorectal cancer. While Lynch syndrome was initially defined by the clinical Amsterdam criteria, these criteria lack the sensitivity needed for clinical utility. This review covers the evolution of screening for Lynch syndrome from the use of tumor microsatellite instability and/or somatic alterations in mismatch repair protein expression by immunohistochemistry to the newest methods using next-generation sequencing. Additionally, it discusses the clinical implications of the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome as it affects cancer therapeutics and the role of screening in noncolorectal Lynch-associated cancers. As molecular oncology continues to evolve, it is crucial to remain current on the increasing complexity of Lynch syndrome diagnostics and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; .,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Yau TO. Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future. JGH OPEN 2019; 3:361-369. [PMID: 31633039 PMCID: PMC6788378 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, a one‐drug‐fits‐all model was applied to every patient diagnosed with the same condition. But not every condition is the same, and this has led to many cases of ineffective treatment. Pharmacogenetics is increasingly used to stratify patients for precision medicine treatments, for instance, the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism as a dosage indicator for the use of irinotecan as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) immunohistochemistry and KRAS Proto‐Oncogene (KRAS) exon 2 mutation tests for determining the likelihood of treatment response to cetuximab or panitumumab treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). The other molecular subtypes, such as KRAS exon 3/4, B‐Raf Proto‐Oncogene, NRAF, PIK3CA, and PETN, were also reported as potential new pharmacogenetic targets for the current and the newly discovered anticancer drugs. In addition to next‐generation sequencing (NGS), primary tumor cells for in vivo and in vitro drug screening, imaging biomarker 3′‐Deoxy‐3′‐18F‐fluorothymidine positron emission tomography, and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection methods are being developed and may represent the future direction of precision medicine. This review will discuss the current environment of precision medicine, including clinically approved targeted therapies, the latest potential therapeutic agents, and the ongoing pharmacogenetic trials for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung On Yau
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
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[Predictive and prognostic value of MSI phenotype in adjuvant colon cancer: Who and how to treat?]. Bull Cancer 2018; 106:129-136. [PMID: 30527814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The MSI phenotype in colon cancer is a good prognostic factor, with an impact probably more pronounced for stage II than stage III tumor. This survival advantage may be related to the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes observed in MSI tumors, thus explaining the existence of a probably more effective anti-tumor immune response. In addition, the MSI status would also be a biomarker able to predict the lack of efficacy of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5FU) chemotherapy. In contrast, as observed in MSS colon cancer, the MSI tumors would have a survival benefit with the addition of oxaliplatin to adjuvant 5FU chemotherapy. Based on these data, the "French National Thesaurus of Digestive Oncology" suggests for patients with MSI colon cancer, an adjuvant chemotherapy combining fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin for stage III, and surgery alone without adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II (excepted for pT4b tumors in which the combination of fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin may be a therapeutic option). Beyond these recommendations, the discussion of adjuvant treatment in MSI tumors should also include other factors such as the patient's age and comorbidities. The duration of the adjuvant treatment (3 or 6 months) and the regimen used (FOLFOX or XELOX) should be based on the recommendations of the international IDEA consortium pending the results of the translational studies of this trial. Finally, the promising results of immunotherapy in metastatic MSI colorectal led to the development of clinical trials evaluating "immune checkpoint blockers" in combination with FOLFOX in the treatment of stage III MSI colon cancer.
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Schirripa M, Cohen SA, Battaglin F, Lenz HJ. Biomarker-driven and molecular targeted therapies for colorectal cancers. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:124-132. [PMID: 30262397 PMCID: PMC7496213 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved clinical selection and identification of new molecules and innovative strategies have widened treatment options and increased overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer patients in recent years. Biomarker-driven therapies represent an emerging issue in this field and new targeted treatments are under investigation and probably will be soon adopted into daily clinical practice. In the present review, the role RAS, BRAF mutations, Her2 amplification, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype are discussed according to their possible roles as prognostic, predictive markers, as well as possible biomarker-driven treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Schirripa
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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A four-microRNA classifier as a novel prognostic marker for tumor recurrence in stage II colon cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6157. [PMID: 29670141 PMCID: PMC5906690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
About 20 percent of TNM-stage II colon cancer patients who are treated by surgical resection develop recurrence, and adjuvant chemotherapy in this group is still debated among researchers and clinicians. Currently, adverse histopathological and clinical factors are used to select patients for adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. However, additional biomarkers to classify patients at risk of recurrence are needed. We have conducted a study using fresh frozen tumor tissue from 54 TNM-stage II colon cancer patients and performed microRNA profiling using next-generation sequencing. For the selection of the prognostic microRNAs, a LASSO Cox Regression model was employed. For the validation, we used the publically available TCGA-COAD cohort (n = 122). A prognostic panel of four micorRNAs (hsa-miR-5010-3p, hsa-miR-5100, hsa-miR-656-3p and hsa-miR-671-3p) was identified in the study cohort and validated in the TCGA-COAD cohort. The four-microRNA classifier successfully identified high-risk patients in the study cohort (P < 0.001) and the validation cohort (P = 0.005). Additionally, a number of established risk factors and the four-miRNA classifier were used to construct a nomogram to evaluate risk of recurrence. We identified a four-microRNA classifier in patients with TNM-stage II colon cancer that can be used to discriminate between patients at low- and high risk of recurrence.
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Johnson B, Jin Z, Truty MJ, Smoot RL, Nagorney DM, Kendrick ML, Kipp BR, Grothey A. Impact of Metastasectomy in the Multimodality Approach for BRAF V600E Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: The Mayo Clinic Experience. Oncologist 2018; 23:128-134. [PMID: 28904173 PMCID: PMC5759813 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF V600E mutations are present in 8%-10% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and portend poor prognosis. This study investigated the impact of metastasectomy for patients with BRAF V600E mCRC. SUBJECTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS Using prospective clinical and molecular data, patients with BRAF V600E mCRC were analyzed for clinical characteristics and survival. Statistical analyses utilized the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Fifty-two patients were identified between July 1, 2008, and January 4, 2016. Patient characteristics included median age 65 years, 61% female, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤1, 71% with right-sided tumors, and 28% with liver-limited metastasis. In the first-line setting, 7% (4/52) received fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI)/bevacizumab (BEV) and 81% were treated with doublet chemotherapy consisting of fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and BEV. Median overall survival (OS) for all 52 patients was 25 months with median progression-free survival (PFS) of 9.3 months. With median follow-up of 18.3 months, 21 patients underwent metastasectomy with longer OS (29.1 months vs. 22.7 months, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.33; confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.78; p = .01) and PFS (13.6 months vs. 6.2 months, HR = 0.53, CI, 0.28-0.97; p = .03) compared with the non-metastasectomy cohort. In multivariate analysis, metastasectomy remained significant for improved survival outcomes (HR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.07-1.02; p = .02). Median disease-free survival after metastasectomy was 9.7 months (95% CI, 5.5-19.5). Two patients remain disease-free at the time of last follow-up, with one patient without relapse for greater than 2 years (28.9 months). CONCLUSION Multimodality therapy incorporating metastasectomy for BRAF V600E mCRC should be considered and might be associated with improved overall survival in select patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE BRAF V600E metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) represents an extremely difficult molecular subset of colorectal cancer to treat. To date, this subset remains refractory to standard chemotherapies, prompting extensive clinical investigation regarding novel treatment approaches and targeted modalities. While the use of metastasectomy for expanded RAS wild-type and RAS mutated mCRC has resulted in improved overall survival for select patients, utilization of metastasectomy in patients with BRAF V600E mCRC remains controversial. This article explores the authors' experience with BRAF V600E mCRC to ascertain whether a multidisciplinary approach incorporating metastasectomy for well-selected patients improves overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zhaohui Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark J Truty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David M Nagorney
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael L Kendrick
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Axel Grothey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Miyamoto Y, Zhang W, Lenz HJ. Molecular Landscape and Treatment Options for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2017; 8:580-590. [PMID: 29203992 PMCID: PMC5705494 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-016-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, median survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) has remarkably improved from about 12 to over 30 months, mainly because of the development of new agents and patient selection using predictive biomarkers. However, the identification of the most effective treatment for an individual patient is still a challenge. Molecular profiling of CRC has made great progress, but it is limited by tumor heterogeneity and absence of driver mutation. However, RAS, BRAF, and microsatellite instability are validated biomarker recommended by NCCN and ESMO. In this review, we discuss recent advances and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Miyamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shanon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shanon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shanon A. Carpenter Laboratory, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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Puccini A, Berger MD, Zhang W, Lenz HJ. What We Know About Stage II and III Colon Cancer: It's Still Not Enough. Target Oncol 2017; 12:265-275. [PMID: 28504299 PMCID: PMC7489295 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of oxaliplatin as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer in 2004 has been the last practice changing progress in adjuvant treatment for patients with early colon cancer. Since then, many prognostic and predictive biomarkers have been studied, but only DNA mismatch repair status has been validated as having an important prognostic value. Accordingly, TNM and clinical-pathological patterns, such as pT4 lesions and lymph node sampling <12 nodes, are the main factors that guide physicians' choice regarding adjuvant treatment. More recently, many biomarkers showed promising results: POLE, ErbB2, CDX2, SMAD4, BRAF and KRAS. In addition to these, immune-contexture, molecular classification, and gene signatures could become new ways to better classify colon cancer patients with more discriminatory power than TNM. The aim of this review is to report the state-of-the-art of prognostic and predictive factors in the adjuvant setting and which of these could modify clinical practice and maybe replace TNM classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Puccini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 3456, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martin D Berger
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 3456, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 3456, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 3456, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Gelsomino F, Barbolini M, Spallanzani A, Pugliese G, Cascinu S. The evolving role of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: A review. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 51:19-26. [PMID: 27838401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a molecular marker of a deficient mismatch repair (MMR) system and occurs in approximately 15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs), more frequently in early than late-stage of disease. While in sporadic cases (about two-thirds of MSI-H CRCs) MMR deficiency is caused by an epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 gene, the remainder are associated with Lynch syndrome, that is linked to a germ-line mutation of one of the MMR genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). MSI-H colorectal cancers have distinct clinical and pathological features such as proximal location, early-stage (predominantly stage II), poor differentiation, mucinous histology and association with BRAF mutations. In early-stage CRC, MSI can select a group of tumors with a better prognosis, while in metastatic disease it seems to confer a negative prognosis. Although with conflicting results, a large amount of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests a possible resistance to 5-FU in these tumors. The higher mutational load in MSI-H CRC can elicit an endogenous immune anti-tumor response, counterbalanced by the expression of immune inhibitory signals, such as PD-1 or PD-L1, that resist tumor elimination. Based on these considerations, MSI-H CRCs seem to be particularly responsive to immunotherapy, such as anti-PD-1, opening a new era in the treatment landscape for patients with metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gelsomino
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Monica Barbolini
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Spallanzani
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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Aran V, Victorino AP, Thuler LC, Ferreira CG. Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Disease Mechanisms and Interventions to Reduce Onset and Mortality. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2016; 15:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A Vulnerability of a Subset of Colon Cancers with Potential Clinical Utility. Cell 2016; 165:317-30. [PMID: 27058664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BRAF(V600E) mutant colon cancers (CCs) have a characteristic gene expression signature that is also found in some tumors lacking this mutation. Collectively, they are referred to as "BRAF-like" tumors and represent some 20% of CCs. We used a shRNA-based genetic screen focused on genes upregulated in BRAF(V600E) CCs to identify vulnerabilities of this tumor subtype that might be exploited therapeutically. Here, we identify RANBP2 (also known as NUP358) as essential for survival of BRAF-like, but not for non-BRAF-like, CC cells. Suppression of RANBP2 results in mitotic defects only in BRAF-like CC cells, leading to cell death. Mechanistically, RANBP2 silencing reduces microtubule outgrowth from the kinetochores, thereby inducing spindle perturbations, providing an explanation for the observed mitotic defects. We find that BRAF-like CCs display far greater sensitivity to the microtubule poison vinorelbine both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that vinorelbine is a potential tailored treatment for BRAF-like CCs.
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Kawakami H, Zaanan A, Sinicrope FA. Microsatellite instability testing and its role in the management of colorectal cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 26031544 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-015-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opinion statement: TNM stage remains the key determinant of patient prognosis after surgical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC), and informs treatment decisions. However, there is considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome that is likely due to molecular heterogeneity. This variability underscores the need for robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide therapeutic decision-making including the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although the majority of CRCs develop via a chromosomal instability pathway, approximately 12-15 % have deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) which is characterized in the tumor by microsatellite instability (MSI). Tumors with the dMMR/MSI develop from a germline mutation in an MMR gene (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), i.e., Lynch syndrome, or more commonly from epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 MMR gene. CRCs with dMMR/MSI status have a distinct phenotype that includes predilection for the proximal colon, poor differentiation, and abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Consistent data indicate that these tumors have a better stage-adjusted survival compared to proficient MMR or microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors and may respond differently to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. To increase the identification of dMMR/MSI patients in clinical practice that includes those with Lynch syndrome, it is recommended that all resected CRCs to be analyzed for MMR status. Available data indicate that patients with stage II dMMR CRCs have an excellent prognosis and do not benefit from 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy which supports their recommended management by surgery alone. In contrast, the benefit of standard adjuvant chemotherapy with the FOLFOX regiment in stage III dMMR CRC patients awaits further study and therefore, all patients should be treated with standard adjuvant FOLFOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Molecular Biomarkers in the Personalized Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14:651-8. [PMID: 26872400 PMCID: PMC4836987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease in which pathogenesis is influenced by genetic and epigenetic events that occur with tumor initiation and progression. Large variation exists in individual patient prognosis and response to chemotherapy, caused by molecular heterogeneity. Certain biomarkers have been identified that can predict clinical outcome beyond tumor staging, and inform treatment selection. Molecular testing is routinely performed in clinical practice for the selection of patients for targeted biological agents or immunotherapy, and is advocated for prognostic stratification. Estimating prognosis can avoid undertreatment or overtreatment and also guide the intensity of patient follow-up. Classifiers of CRC have been developed that integrate genetic and/or epigenetic features. The mutational status of KRAS and BRAF(V600E) oncogenes combined with analysis of the DNA mismatch repair system with/without the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) has been shown to identify colon cancer subtypes with distinct clinical features and prognoses. Gene expression profiling has also been used to subtype CRCs and can overcome the limitations of single/limited gene testing. A recent effort identified 4 consensus molecular subtypes of biological relevance that were associated with different patient outcomes. Efforts to validate and refine these subtypes to include additional genomic features are ongoing. The focus of this article is to highlight molecular markers that can inform clinical decision-making in patients with CRC.
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Tougeron D, Mouillet G, Trouilloud I, Lecomte T, Coriat R, Aparicio T, Des Guetz G, Lécaille C, Artru P, Sickersen G, Cauchin E, Sefrioui D, Boussaha T, Ferru A, Matysiak-Budnik T, Silvain C, Karayan-Tapon L, Pagès JC, Vernerey D, Bonnetain F, Michel P, Taïeb J, Zaanan A. Efficacy of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Colon Cancer With Microsatellite Instability: A Large Multicenter AGEO Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djv438. [PMID: 26839356 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) colon cancer (CC) is reportedly resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) adjuvant chemotherapy while preliminary data suggest chemosensitivity to oxaliplatin. We assessed the efficacy of fluoropyrimidine with and without oxaliplatin in a large cohort of dMMR CC patients. METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included all consecutive patients who underwent curative surgical resection for stage II or III dMMR CC between 2000 and 2011. Prognostic factors were analyzed using Cox models, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS A total of 433 dMMR CC patients were included (56.8% stage II, 43.2% stage III). Mean follow-up was 47.0 months. The patients received surgery alone (n = 263) or surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of fluoropyrimidine with (n = 119) or without (n = 51) oxaliplatin. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 16.7% of stage II and 69.0% of stage III CC patients. As compared with surgery alone, adjuvant oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy improved disease-free survival (DFS) in multivariable analysis (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.65, P < .001), contrary to adjuvant fluoropyrimidine alone (HR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.36 to 1.49, P = .38). In the subgroup analysis, the DFS benefit of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy was statistically significant in multivariable analysis only in stage III (HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.87, P = .02). CONCLUSION This study supports the use of adjuvant chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine plus oxaliplatin in stage III dMMR CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tougeron
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Guillaume Mouillet
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Isabelle Trouilloud
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Thierry Lecomte
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Romain Coriat
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Thomas Aparicio
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Gaetan Des Guetz
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Cédric Lécaille
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Pascal Artru
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Gaelle Sickersen
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Estelle Cauchin
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - David Sefrioui
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Tarek Boussaha
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Aurélie Ferru
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Tamara Matysiak-Budnik
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Christine Silvain
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Jean-Christophe Pagès
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Dewi Vernerey
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Franck Bonnetain
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Pierre Michel
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Julien Taïeb
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
| | - Aziz Zaanan
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Gastroenterology (DT, GS, CS), Department of Medical Oncology (AF), and Department of Molecular Oncology (LKT), Poitiers University Hospital , Poitiers , France ; Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC) - EA 4331, Poitiers University , Poitiers (DT, CS); Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, Besançon University Hospital , Besançon , France (GM); Department of Gastroenterology, Ambroise Paré Hospital , Boulogne-Billancourt , France (IT); Department of Gastroenterology (TL) and Department of Biochemistry (JCP), Tours University Hospital , Tours , France , UMR GICC CNRS 7292, Tours François Rabelais University, Tours (TL); Paris Descartes University, Cochin Hospital , Paris , France (RC); Department of Gastroenterology (TA) and Department of Medical Oncology (CDG), Avicenne Hospital , Bobigny , France ; Department of Gastroenterology, Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine Clinic , Bordeaux , France (CL); Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Lyon Hospital , Lyon , France (PA); Department of Gastroenterology, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes , France (EC, TMB); Department of Gastroenterology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France (DS, PM); Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-Antoine Hospital , Paris , France (TB); Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, APHP , Paris , France (JT, AZ); Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France (RC, JT, AZ)
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André T, de Gramont A, Vernerey D, Chibaudel B, Bonnetain F, Tijeras-Raballand A, Scriva A, Hickish T, Tabernero J, Van Laethem JL, Banzi M, Maartense E, Shmueli E, Carlsson GU, Scheithauer W, Papamichael D, Möehler M, Landolfi S, Demetter P, Colote S, Tournigand C, Louvet C, Duval A, Fléjou JF, de Gramont A. Adjuvant Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Updated 10-Year Survival and Outcomes According to BRAF Mutation and Mismatch Repair Status of the MOSAIC Study. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:4176-87. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.63.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The MOSAIC (Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/Fluorouracil/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer) study has demonstrated 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) and 6-year overall survival (OS) benefit of adjuvant oxaliplatin in stage II to III resected colon cancer. This update presents 10-year OS and OS and DFS by mismatch repair (MMR) status and BRAF mutation. Methods Survival actualization after 10-year follow-up was performed in 2,246 patients with resected stage II to III colon cancer. We assessed MMR status and BRAF mutation in 1,008 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Results After a median follow-up of 9.5 years, 10-year OS rates in the bolus/infusional fluorouracil plus leucovorin (LV5FU2) and LV5FU2 plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) arms were 67.1% versus 71.7% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.85; P = .043) in the whole population, 79.5% versus 78.4% for stage II (HR, 1.00; P = .980), and 59.0% versus 67.1% for stage III (HR, 0.80; P = .016) disease. Ninety-five patients (9.4%) had MMR-deficient (dMMR) tumors, and 94 (10.4%) had BRAF mutation. BRAF mutation was not prognostic for OS (P = .965), but dMMR was an independent prognostic factor (HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.15 to 3.55; P = .014). HRs for DFS and OS benefit in the FOLFOX4 arm were 0.48 (95% CI, 0.20 to 1.12) and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.16 to 1.07), respectively, in patients with stage II to III dMMR and 0.50 (95% CI, 0.25 to 1.00) and 0.66 (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.42), respectively, in those with BRAF mutation. Conclusion The OS benefit of oxaliplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy, increasing over time and with the disease severity, was confirmed at 10 years in patients with stage II to III colon cancer. These updated results support the use of FOLFOX in patients with stage III disease, including those with dMMR or BRAF mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry André
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Armand de Gramont
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Dewi Vernerey
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Franck Bonnetain
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Aurelie Scriva
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Tamas Hickish
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Jean Luc Van Laethem
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Maria Banzi
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Eduard Maartense
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Einat Shmueli
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Goran U. Carlsson
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Werner Scheithauer
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Demetris Papamichael
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Marcus Möehler
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Stefania Landolfi
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Pieter Demetter
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Soudhir Colote
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Christophe Louvet
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Alex Duval
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, Hôpital St Antoine; Thierry André and Jean-François Fléjou, University Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI; Thierry André, Benoist Chibaudel, Annemilaï Tijeras-Raballand, Soudhir Colote, and Aimery de Gramont, Groupe Coopérateur Multdisciplinaire en Ocologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and GERCOR-Innovative Research Consortium; Christophe Louvet, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris; Alex Duval, L'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS
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de Cuba EMV, Snaebjornsson P, Heideman DAM, van Grieken NCT, Bosch LJW, Fijneman RJA, Belt E, Bril H, Stockmann HBAC, Hooijberg E, Punt CJA, Koopman M, Nagtegaal ID, Coupé VHM, Carvalho B, Meijer GA. Prognostic value of BRAF and KRAS mutation status in stage II and III microsatellite instable colon cancers. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1139-45. [PMID: 26376292 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been associated with favourable survival in early stage colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC. The BRAF V600E mutation has been associated with worse survival in MSS CRC. This mutation occurs in 40% of MSI CRC and it is unclear whether it confers worse survival in this setting. The prognostic value of KRAS mutations in both MSS and MSI CRC remains unclear. We examined the effect of BRAF and KRAS mutations on survival in stage II and III MSI colon cancer patients. BRAF exon 15 and KRAS exon 2-3 mutation status was assessed in 143 stage II (n = 85) and III (n = 58) MSI colon cancers by high resolution melting analysis and sequencing. The relation between mutation status and cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. BRAF V600E mutations were observed in 51% (n = 73) and KRAS mutations in 16% of cases (n = 23). Patients with double wild-type cancers (dWT; i.e., BRAF and KRAS wild-type) had a highly favourable survival with 5-year CSS of 93% (95% CI 84-100%), while patients with cancers harbouring mutations in either BRAF or KRAS, had 5-year CSS of 76% (95% CI 67-85%). In the subgroup of stage II patients with dWT cancers no cancer-specific deaths were observed. On multivariate analysis, mutation in either BRAF or KRAS vs. dWT remained significantly prognostic. Mutations in BRAF as well as KRAS should be analyzed when considering these genes as prognostic markers in MSI colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M V de Cuba
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Snaebjornsson
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D A M Heideman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N C T van Grieken
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L J W Bosch
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Belt
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Bril
- Department of Pathology, Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | | | - E Hooijberg
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - I D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - V H M Coupé
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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42
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Cohen R, Cervera P, Svrcek M, Dumont C, Garcia ML, Chibaudel B, de Gramont A, Pocard M, Duval A, Fléjou JF, André T. [DNA mismatch repair and BRAF status in colorectal cancer: Interest for the therapeutic management?]. Bull Cancer 2015; 102:S72-81. [PMID: 26118880 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-4551(15)31220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in France. Recently, colorectal cancer subtyping consortium (CRCSC) identified 4 consensus molecular subtypes (CMS). CMS1 is enriched for CRC with deficient DNA mismatch repair system (dMMR) and tumors with mutated BRAF. Intriguingly, CMS1 is characterized by better relapse-free survival but worse survival after relapse, compared with the other subtypes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of prognostic and predictive impacts of MMR and BRAF status. We highlight immune checkpoints inhibitors as potentially future therapeutics for CRC with deficient MMR. We also focus on the management of BRAF mutant metastatic CRC, with a particular interest on targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cohen
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France; Groupe coopérateur multidisciplinaire en oncologie (GERCOR), Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cervera
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - Magali Svrcek
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France; Inserm, Unité mixte de recherche scientifique 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Équipe Instabilité des microsatellites et cancers, Équipe labellisée par la Ligue nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France
| | - Clément Dumont
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - Marie-Line Garcia
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Groupe coopérateur multidisciplinaire en oncologie (GERCOR), Paris, France; Institut hospitalier franco-britannique, 4 rue Kléber, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- Groupe coopérateur multidisciplinaire en oncologie (GERCOR), Paris, France; Institut hospitalier franco-britannique, 4 rue Kléber, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Marc Pocard
- Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CART, Inserm U965, Paris, France
| | - Alex Duval
- Inserm, Unité mixte de recherche scientifique 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, Équipe Instabilité des microsatellites et cancers, Équipe labellisée par la Ligue nationale contre le cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Fléjou
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Thierry André
- Service d'oncologie médicale, Hôpitaux universitaires de l'Est Parisien (AP-HP), Site Saint-Antoine 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris VI, Paris, France.
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43
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been characterized as a genetically heterogeneous disease, with a large diversity in molecular pathogenesis resulting in differential responses to therapy. However, the currently available validated biomarkers KRAS, BRAF, and microsatellite instability do not sufficiently cover this extensive heterogeneity and are therefore not suitable to successfully guide personalized treatment. Recent studies have focused on novel targets and rationally designed combination strategies. Furthermore, a more comprehensive analysis of the underlying biology of the disease revealed distinct phenotypic differences within subgroups of patients harboring the same genetic driver mutation with both prognostic and predictive relevance. Accordingly, patient stratification based on molecular intrinsic subtypes rather than on single gene aberrations holds promise to improve the clinical outcome of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Predictors of disease-free survival in colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability: An AGEO multicentre study. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:925-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Dienstmann R, Salazar R, Tabernero J. Personalizing colon cancer adjuvant therapy: selecting optimal treatments for individual patients. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1787-96. [PMID: 25918287 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.60.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than three decades, postoperative chemotherapy-initially fluoropyrimidines and more recently combinations with oxaliplatin-has reduced the risk of tumor recurrence and improved survival for patients with resected colon cancer. Although universally recommended for patients with stage III disease, there is no consensus about the survival benefit of postoperative chemotherapy in stage II colon cancer. The most recent adjuvant clinical trials have not shown any value for adding targeted agents, namely bevacizumab and cetuximab, to standard chemotherapies in stage III disease, despite improved outcomes in the metastatic setting. However, biomarker analyses of multiple studies strongly support the feasibility of refining risk stratification in colon cancer by factoring in molecular characteristics with pathologic tumor staging. In stage II disease, for example, microsatellite instability supports observation after surgery. Furthermore, the value of BRAF or KRAS mutations as additional risk factors in stage III disease is greater when microsatellite status and tumor location are taken into account. Validated predictive markers of adjuvant chemotherapy benefit for stage II or III colon cancer are lacking, but intensive research is ongoing. Recent advances in understanding the biologic hallmarks and drivers of early-stage disease as well as the micrometastatic environment are expected to translate into therapeutic strategies tailored to select patients. This review focuses on the pathologic, molecular, and gene expression characterizations of early-stage colon cancer; new insights into prognostication; and emerging predictive biomarkers that could ultimately help define the optimal adjuvant treatments for patients in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Rodrigo Dienstmann, Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Rodrigo Dienstmann and Josep Tabernero, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; and Ramon Salazar, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Salazar
- Rodrigo Dienstmann, Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Rodrigo Dienstmann and Josep Tabernero, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; and Ramon Salazar, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Rodrigo Dienstmann, Sage Bionetworks, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Rodrigo Dienstmann and Josep Tabernero, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; and Ramon Salazar, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Cancer colorectal : compte rendu anatomopathologique type en 2014. ONCOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-014-2462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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