1
|
Wei H, Cao J, Fallert T, Yeo S, Felmlee MA. GHB toxicokinetics and renal monocarboxylate transporter expression are influenced by the estrus cycle in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:58. [PMID: 37919807 PMCID: PMC10623699 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The illicit use and abuse of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) occurs due to its sedative/hypnotic and euphoric effects. Currently, there are no clinically available therapies to treat GHB overdose, and care focuses on symptom treatment until the drug is eliminated from the body. Proton- and sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs (SLC16A) and SMCTs (SLC5A)) transport and mediate the renal clearance and distribution of GHB. Previously, it has been shown that MCT expression is regulated by sex hormones in the liver, skeletal muscle and Sertoli cells. The focus of the current study is to evaluate GHB toxicokinetics and renal monocarboxylate transporter expression over the estrus cycle in females, and in the absence of male and female sex hormones. METHODS GHB toxicokinetics and renal transporter expression of MCT1, SMCT1 and CD147 were evaluated in females over the estrus cycle, and in ovariectomized (OVX) female, male and castrated (CST) male rats. GHB was administered iv bolus (600 and 1000 mg/kg) and plasma and urine samples were collected for six hours post-dose. GHB concentrations were quantified using a validated LC/MS/MS assay. Transporter mRNA and protein expression was quantified by qPCR and Western Blot. RESULTS GHB renal clearance and AUC varied between sexes and over the estrus cycle in females with higher renal clearance and a lower AUC in proestrus females as compared to males (intact and CST), and OVX females. We demonstrated that renal MCT1 membrane expression varies over the estrus cycle, with the lowest expression observed in proestrus females, which is consistent with the observed changes in GHB renal clearance. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that females may be less susceptible to GHB-induced toxicity due to decreased exposure resulting from increased renal clearance, as a result of decreased renal MCT1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
| | - Jieyun Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
- AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Fallert
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
- Clovis Community Medical Center, Clovis, CA, USA
| | - Su Yeo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
- Kaiser Permanente, Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Therapeutic Potential of Luteolin on Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030554. [PMID: 36992138 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global concern, as the rate of incidence is increasing each year. The challenges related to the current chemotherapy drugs, such as the concerns related to toxicity, turn to cancer therapeutic research to discover alternative therapy strategies that are less toxic to normal cells. Among those studies, the use of flavonoids—natural compounds produced by plants as secondary metabolites for cancer therapy—has been a hot topic in cancer treatment. Luteolin, a flavonoid that has been present in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, has been identified to exhibit numerous biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. The anticancer property of Luteolin has been extensively researched in many cancer types and has been related to its ability to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cellular processes such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, and cell cycle progression. It achieves this by interacting with various signaling pathways and proteins. In the current review, the molecular targets of Luteolin as it exerts its anticancer properties, the combination therapy that includes Luteolin with other flavonoids or chemotherapeutic drugs, and the nanodelivery strategies for Luteolin are described for several cancer types.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung S, Kim M, Kim S, Lee S. Interaction between γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Ethanol: A Review from Toxicokinetic and Toxicodynamic Perspectives. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020180. [PMID: 36837798 PMCID: PMC9965651 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a potent, short-acting central nervous system depressant as well as an inhibitory neurotransmitter or neuromodulator derived from gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. The sodium salt of GHB, sodium oxybate, has been used for the treatment of narcolepsy and cataplexy, whereas GHB was termed as a date rape drug or a club drug in the 1990s. Ethanol is the most co-ingested drug in acute GHB intoxication. In this review, the latest findings on the combined effects of GHB and ethanol are summarized from toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic perspectives. For this purpose, we mainly discussed the pharmacology and toxicology of GHB, GHB intoxication under alcohol consumption, clinical cases of the combined intoxication of GHB and ethanol, and previous studies on the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic interactions between GHB and ethanol in humans, animals, and an in vitro model. The combined administration of GHB and ethanol enhanced sedation and cardiovascular dysfunction, probably by the additive action of GABA receptors, while toxicokinetic changes of GHB were not significant. The findings of this review will contribute to clinical and forensic interpretation related to GHB intoxication. Furthermore, this review highlights the significance of studies aiming to further understand the enhanced inhibitory effects of GHB induced by the co-ingestion of ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sooyeun Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6651; Fax: +82-53-580-5164
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu Y, Wang W, Zeng Q, Wang T, Qian W. Antibiofilm Efficacy of Luteolin Against Single and Dual Species of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715156. [PMID: 34721318 PMCID: PMC8555412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm-associated infections have been a huge challenge to the medical community. However, the efficacy of natural products against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis still remains largely unexploited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of luteolin against planktonic cell growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of C. albicans and E. faecalis in single and mixed cultures in vitro. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations of luteolin against planktonic cells of C. albicans, E. faecalis, and mixed cultures were 32 and 64 μg ml–1, respectively. The results displayed that a remarkable variation in biofilm biomass, viability, structure, and composition of single and dual-species biofilms formed by mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and E. faecalis in the presence of luteolin was confirmed by mainly crystal violet staining assay (CVSA), optical microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The tolerance of luteolin-treated single- and dual-species biofilms to antibiotics was found to obviously decrease, and the loss of biofilm matrix components (mainly polysaccharides and proteins) was revealed by CLSM. Moreover, luteolin was effective at inactivating biofilm cells, as well as destructing preformed biofilm structures by single and dual species by CVSA, FESEM, and CLSM. Collectively, these data indicate the potential of luteolin as a promising antibiofilm agent for the therapeutic management of biofilm-related infections induced by single and dual species of C. albicans and E. faecalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiao Zeng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaturvedi S, Malik MY, Sultana N, Jahan S, Singh S, Taneja I, Raju KSR, Rashid M, Wahajuddin M. Chromatographic separation and estimation of natural antimalarial flavonoids in biological matrices. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Kotwal P, Dogra A, Sharma A, Bhatt S, Gour A, Sharma S, Wazir P, Singh PP, Kumar A, Nandi U. Effect of Natural Phenolics on Pharmacokinetic Modulation of Bedaquiline in Rat to Assess the Likelihood of Potential Food-Drug Interaction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1257-1265. [PMID: 31927919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bedaquiline (TMC-207) is a recently approved drug for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Moreover, there is a present and growing concern for natural-product-mediated drug interaction, as these are inadvertently taken by patients as a dietary supplement, food additive, and medicine. In the present study, we investigated the impact of 20 plant-based natural products, typically phenolics, on in vivo oral bedaquiline pharmacokinetics, as previous studies are lacking. Three natural phenolics were identified that can significantly enhance the oral exposure of bedaquiline upon coadministration. We further investigated the possible role of all of the phytochemicals on in vitro P-glycoprotein (P-gp) induction and inhibition and CYP3A4 inhibition in a single platform as bedaquiline is the substrate for both P-gp and CYP3A4. In conclusion, curcumin, CC-I (3',5-dihydroxyflavone-7-O-β-d-galacturonide-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside), and 6-gingerol should not be coadministered with bedaquiline to avoid untoward drug interactions and, subsequently, its dose-dependent adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankul Kotwal
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Ashish Dogra
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Abhishek Gour
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Priya Wazir
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Medicinal Chemistry Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu 180001 , India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rojas IY, Moyer BJ, Ringelberg CS, Tomlinson CR. Reversal of obesity and liver steatosis in mice via inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and altered gene expression of CYP1B1, PPARα, SCD1, and osteopontin. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:948-963. [PMID: 31911663 PMCID: PMC7103522 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is a global epidemic and the underlying basis for numerous comorbidities. We report that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays a key role in the metabolism of obesity. The AHR is a promiscuous, ligand-activated nuclear receptor primarily known for regulating genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and T cell polarization. The aims of the work reported here were to understand the underlying mechanism of AHR-based obesity and to determine whether inhibition of AHR activity would reverse obesity. METHODS Mice were fed control (low fat) and Western (high fat) diets with and without the AHR antagonist alpha-naphthoflavone (aNF). Gene expression of identified AHR-regulated genes from liver and adipose tissue was characterized. To determine the role of the AHR in obesity reversal, selected mice in control and Western diet regimens were switched at midpoint to the respective control and Western diets containing aNF, and the identified AHR-regulated genes characterized. RESULTS AHR inhibition prevented obesity in mice on a 40-week diet regimen. The likely AHR-regulated and cross-regulated downstream effectors of AHR-based obesity were shown to be CYP1B1, PPARα-target genes, SCD1, and SPP1 (osteopontin). Western diet caused an increase of mRNA and protein expression of the Cyp1b1, Scd1, and Spp1, and PPARα-target genes in the liver, and inhibition of the AHR maintained expression of these genes near control levels. The body weight of obese mice on Western diet switched to Western diet containing aNF decreased to that of mice on control diet concurrently with a reduction in the expression of liver CYP1B1, PPARα-target genes, SCD1, and SPP1. AHR inhibition prevented hypertrophy and hyperplasia in visceral adipose tissue and limited expression levels of CYP1B1 and SPP1 to that of mice on control diet. CONCLUSIONS AHR inhibition prevents and reverses obesity by likely reducing liver expression of the Cyp1b1, Scd1, Spp1, and PPARα-target genes; and the AHR is a potentially potent therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of obesity and linked diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itzel Y Rojas
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.,Tufts University School of Medicine, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Benjamin J Moyer
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Carol S Ringelberg
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahn-Jarvis JH, Parihar A, Doseff AI. Dietary Flavonoids for Immunoregulation and Cancer: Food Design for Targeting Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E202. [PMID: 31261915 PMCID: PMC6680729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, one of the most abundant phytochemicals in a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, have been recognized as possessing anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities. Numerous cellular and animal-based studies show that flavonoids can function as antioxidants by preventing DNA damage and scavenging reactive oxygen radicals, inhibiting formation of DNA adducts, enhancing DNA repair, interfering with chemical damage by induction of Phase II enzymes, and modifying signaling pathways. Recent evidence also shows their ability to regulate the immune system. However, findings from clinical trials have been mixed with no clear consensus on dose, frequency, or type of flavonoids best suited to elicit many of the beneficial effects. Delivery of these bioactive compounds to their biological targets through "targeted designed" food processing strategies is critical to reach effective concentration in vivo. Thus, the identification of novel approaches that optimize flavonoid bioavailability is essential for their successful clinical application. In this review, we discuss the relevance of increasing flavonoid bioavailability, by agricultural engineering and "targeted food design" in the context of the immune system and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arti Parihar
- Department of Science, Bellingham Technical College, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, MI, 48864, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Venko K, Novič M. An In Silico Approach for Assessment of the Membrane Transporter Activities of Phenols: A Case Study Based on Computational Models of Transport Activity for the Transporter Bilitranslocase. Molecules 2019; 24:E837. [PMID: 30818768 PMCID: PMC6429229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are the most abundant naturally accessible antioxidants present in a human normal diet. Since numerous beneficial applications of phenols as preventive agents in various diseases were revealed, the evaluation of phenols bioavailability is of high interest of researchers, consumers and drug manufacturers. The hydrophilic nature of phenols makes a cell membrane penetration difficult, which imply an alternative way of uptake via membrane transporters. However, the structural and functional data of membrane transporters are limited, thus the in silico modelling is really challenging and urgent tool in elucidation of transporter ligands. Focus of this research was a particular transporter bilitranslocase (BTL). BTL has a broad tissue expression (vascular endothelium, absorptive and excretory epithelia) and can transport wide variety of poly-aromatic compounds. With available BTL data (pKi [mmol/L] for 120 organic compounds) a robust and reliable QSAR models for BTL transport activity were developed and extrapolated on 300 phenolic compounds. For all compounds the transporter profiles were assessed and results show that dietary phenols and some drug candidates are likely to interact with BTL. Moreover, synopsis of predictions from BTL models and hits/predictions of 20 transporters from Metrabase and Chembench platforms were revealed. With such joint transporter analyses a new insights for elucidation of BTL functional role were acquired. Regarding limitation of models for virtual profiling of transporter interactions the computational approach reported in this study could be applied for further development of reliable in silico models for any transporter, if in vitro experimental data are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Venko
- Laboratory for Cheminformatics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjana Novič
- Laboratory for Cheminformatics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu ZL, Xu MY, Wang HT, Xu QX, Liu MY, Jia CP, Geng F, Zhang N. Pharmacokinetics of Eight Flavonoids in Rats Assayed by UPLC-MS/MS after Oral Administration of Drynariae rhizoma Extract. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:4789196. [PMID: 30662789 PMCID: PMC6312611 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4789196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Drynariae rhizoma (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. has been used to treat osteoporosis and bone resorption for 2500 years. Based on the previous study and literature references, flavonoids were proved to be the most abundant and main active compounds of Drynariae rhizoma for osteoporosis treatment. In order to make good and rational use of Drynariae rhizoma in future, a rapid, sensitive, and selective ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of eight main flavonoids in rat plasma after oral administration of the Drynariae rhizoma extract, including neoeriocitrin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragalin, naringin, eriodictyol, luteolin, naringenin, and kaempferol. Plasma samples' pretreatment involved a solid-phase extraction column. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18 column with a gradient mobile-phase system of acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid in water. The detection was performed using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization interface (ESI) by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive ion mode. All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r 2 > 0.9990) over the measured ranges. The intraday and interday precisions (RSD) were within 13.87%, and the accuracy (RE) ranged from -14.57% to -0.25% at three quality control levels. Extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were satisfactory. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the eight flavonoids of interest were clearly elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Ming-Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Pharmacy Department, Harbin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Qing-Xuan Xu
- Crop Academy of Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Chun-Peng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry Biomaterials and Energy Storage Materials of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Follman KE, Dave RA, Morris ME. Effects of renal impairment on transporter-mediated renal reabsorption of drugs and renal drug-drug interactions: A simulation-based study. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:218-231. [PMID: 29635775 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal impairment (RI) significantly impacts the clearance of drugs through changes in the glomerular filtration rate, protein binding and alterations in the expression of renal drug transport proteins and hepatic metabolizing enzymes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate quantitatively the effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of drugs undergoing renal transporter-mediated reabsorption. A previously published semi-mechanistic kidney model incorporating physiologically relevant fluid reabsorption and transporter-mediated active renal reabsorption (PMID: 26341876) was utilized in this study. The probe drug/transporter pair utilized was γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SCL16A1, MCT1). γ-Hydroxybutyric acid concentrations in the blood and amount excreted into urine were simulated using ADAPT 5 for the i.v. dose range of 200-1500 mg/kg in rats and the impact of renal impairment on CLR and AUC was evaluated. A 90% decrease in GFR resulted in a > 100-fold decrease in GHB CLR . When expression of reabsorptive transporters was decreased and fu was increased, CLR approached GFR. The effect of renal impairment on CLR was reduced when the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes (DME) was increased as a result of increased metabolic clearance; the converse held true when the DME expression was decreased. In conclusion, this study quantitatively demonstrated that the effects of renal insufficiency on the clearance of drugs is modulated by transporter expression, contribution of renal clearance to overall clearance, expression of drug metabolizing enzymes, fraction unbound and drug-drug interactions with inhibitors of renal transporters that may be increased in the presence of renal impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Follman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rutwij A Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Felmlee MA, Morse BL, Follman KE, Morris ME. The Drug of Abuse Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Exhibits Tissue-Specific Nonlinear Distribution. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:21. [PMID: 29280004 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The drug of abuse γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) demonstrates complex toxicokinetics with dose-dependent metabolic and renal clearance. GHB is a substrate of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) which are responsible for the saturable renal reabsorption of GHB. MCT expression is observed in many tissues and therefore may impact the tissue distribution of GHB. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tissue distribution kinetics of GHB at supratherapeutic doses. GHB (400, 600, and 800 mg/kg iv) or GHB 600 mg/kg plus L-lactate (330 mg/kg iv bolus followed by 121 mg/kg/h infusion) was administered to rats and blood and tissues were collected for up to 330 min post-dose. K p values for GHB varied in both a tissue- and dose-dependent manner and were less than 0.5 (except in the kidney). Nonlinear partitioning was observed in the liver (0.06 at 400 mg/kg to 0.30 at 800 mg/kg), kidney (0.62 at 400 mg/kg to 0.98 at 800 mg/kg), and heart (0.15 at 400 mg/kg to 0.29 at 800 mg/kg), with K p values increasing with dose consistent with saturation of transporter-mediated efflux. In contrast, lung partitioning decreased in a dose-dependent manner (0.43 at 400 mg/kg to 0.25 at 800 mg/kg) suggesting saturation of active uptake. L-lactate administration decreased K p values in liver, striatum, and hippocampus and increased K p values in lung and spleen. GHB demonstrates tissue-specific nonlinear distribution consistent with the involvement of monocarboxylate transporters. These observed complexities are likely due to the involvement of MCT1 and 4 with different affinities and directionality for GHB transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutics & Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, 95211, USA.
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA.,Investigative Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kristin E Follman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dave RA, Follman KE, Morris ME. γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Semi-Mechanistic and Physiologically Relevant PK/PD Model. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1449-1460. [PMID: 28653244 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An overdose of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, results in fatality caused by severe respiratory depression. In this study, a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to characterize monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1)-mediated transport of GHB, as well as effects of GHB on respiration frequency, for IV doses of 200, 600, and 1500 mg/kg in rats. The proposed PK/PD model for GHB consists of nonlinear metabolism of GHB in the liver, MCT1-mediated renal reabsorption with physiologically relevant concurrent fluid reabsorption, MCT1-mediated uptake into the brain, and direct effects of binding of GHB to GABAB receptors on the PD parameter, respiration frequency. Michaelis-Menten affinity constants for metabolism, renal reabsorption, and uptake into and efflux from the brain were fixed to the observed in vitro values. The IC 50 value for the effect of GHB on respiration frequency was fixed to a reported value for binding of GHB to GABAB receptors. All physiological parameters were fixed to the reported values for a 300-g rat. The model successfully captured the GHB PK/PD data and was further validated using the data for a 600-mg/kg dose of GHB after IV bolus administration. Unbound GHB brain ECF/blood partition coefficient (Kp u,u ) values obtained from the model agreed well with values calculated using experimental ECF concentrations obtained with brain microdialysis, demonstrating the physiological relevance of this model. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the PK/PD model was stable. In conclusion, we developed a semi-mechanistic and physiologically relevant PK/PD model of GHB using in vitro drug-transporter kinetics and in vivo PK/PD data in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutwij A Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA.,Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PTPK), Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristin E Follman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, 14214, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dave RA, Morris ME. Semi-mechanistic kidney model incorporating physiologically-relevant fluid reabsorption and transporter-mediated renal reabsorption: pharmacokinetics of γ-hydroxybutyric acid and L-lactate in rats. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:497-513. [PMID: 26341876 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a semi-mechanistic kidney model incorporating physiologically-relevant fluid reabsorption and transporter-mediated active reabsorption. The model was applied to data for the drug of abuse γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), which exhibits monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1/SMCT1)-mediated renal reabsorption. The kidney model consists of various nephron segments--proximal tubules, Loop-of-Henle, distal tubules, and collecting ducts--where the segmental fluid flow rates, volumes, and sequential reabsorption were incorporated as functions of the glomerular filtration rate. The active renal reabsorption was modeled as vectorial transport across proximal tubule cells. In addition, the model included physiological blood, liver, and remainder compartments. The population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using ADAPT5 for GHB blood concentration-time data and cumulative amount excreted unchanged into urine data (200-1000 mg/kg IV bolus doses) from rats [Felmlee et al (PMID: 20461486)]. Simulations assessed the effects of inhibition (R = [I]/KI = 0-100) of renal reabsorption on systemic exposure (AUC) and renal clearance of GHB. Visual predictive checks and other model diagnostic plots indicated that the model reasonably captured GHB concentrations. Simulations demonstrated that the inhibition of renal reabsorption significantly increased GHB renal clearance and decreased AUC. Model validation was performed using a separate dataset. Furthermore, our model successfully evaluated the pharmacokinetics of L-lactate using data obtained from Morse et al (PMID: 24854892). In conclusion, we developed a semi-mechanistic kidney model that can be used to evaluate transporter-mediated active renal reabsorption of drugs by the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutwij A Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khan J, Saraf S, Saraf S. Preparation and evaluation of luteolin–phospholipid complex as an effective drug delivery tool against GalN/LPS induced liver damage. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:475-86. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1022786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Khan J, Alexander A, Ajazuddin, Saraf S, Saraf S. Luteolin-phospholipid complex: preparation, characterization and biological evaluation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1451-62. [PMID: 24934881 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to develop novel carrier system incorporating luteolin, a poorly soluble biologically active plant active. METHODS We investigated a lipid-based drug delivery system to enhance dissolution and absorption profile of luteolin. Luteolin was complexed with phospholipids, and the preparation was characterized. The formulation was evaluated for physicochemical properties, in-vitro solubility or release studies. In vivo anti-inflammatory action of luteolin and its phospholipid complex was evaluated by using carrageenan and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as inducers. KEY FINDINGS The prepared luteolin-phospholipid complex (LPC) showed drug loading of about 72.64% with average particle size of 152.6 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal studies confirm formation of complex. The solubility of luteolin as LPC was about 2.5 times higher than the solubility of pure luteolin in water. In the diffusion study, LPC showed 95.12% of drug release at the end of 2 h. Animal studies demonstrated significant differences in response of LPC and luteolin. CONCLUSION LPC was successfully prepared by optimizing the process parameters. The resultant delivery system improved bioavailability and efficacy of luteolin and in the future may become an efficient tool for administration of luteolin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Khan
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morse BL, Morris ME. Toxicokinetics/Toxicodynamics of γ-hydroxybutyrate-ethanol intoxication: evaluation of potential treatment strategies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:504-13. [PMID: 23814094 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.206250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a common drug of abuse, is often coingested with ethanol. Increasing renal clearance via monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibition represents a potential therapeutic strategy in GHB overdose, as does inhibition of GABAB receptors. In this study, we investigate toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic interactions between GHB-ethanol and efficacy of treatment options for GHB-ethanol intoxication in rats. Sedation was assessed using the endpoint of return-to-righting reflex. Respiration was assessed using plethysmography. Coadministration of 2.0 g/kg ethanol i.v. with 600 mg/kg GHB i.v. increased sleep time compared with GHB alone. Administration of ethanol to steady-state concentrations of 0.1-0.2% and 0.3-0.4% (w/v) did not affect toxicokinetics of 600 mg/kg GHB i.v., or respiratory rate, but did result in significantly lower peak tidal volumes compared with GHB alone. Oral administration of 2.5 g/kg ethanol had no significant effect on toxicokinetics of 1500 mg/kg orally administered GHB. Pretreatment with specific receptor inhibitors indicated no effect of GABAA receptor inhibition on sleep time or respiratory depression in GHB-ethanol intoxication. GABAB receptor inhibition partially prevented sedation and completely prevented respiratory depression. Ethanol increased fatality when administered at 0.1-0.2% (4 of 10) and 0.3-0.4% (9 of 10) versus 1500 mg/kg GHB i.v. alone (0 of 10). Treatment with the MCT inhibitor, l-lactate, significantly decreased sleep time after GHB-ethanol and decreased fatality at 0.1-0.2% (0 of 10) and 0.3-0.4% ethanol (5 of 10). Treatment with a GABAB receptor antagonist completely prevented fatality at 0.3-0.4% (0 of 10). These data indicate that ethanol potentiates the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of GHB, increasing the risk of fatality. MCT and GABAB receptor inhibition represent potentially effective treatments in GHB-ethanol intoxication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morse BL, Morris ME. Effects of monocarboxylate transporter inhibition on the oral toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics of γ-hydroxybutyrate and γ-butyrolactone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:102-10. [PMID: 23392755 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory depression and death secondary to respiratory arrest have occurred after oral overdoses of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursor γ-butyrolactone (GBL). GHB is a substrate for monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), and increasing GHB renal clearance or decreasing GHB absorption via MCT inhibition represents a potential treatment strategy for GHB/GBL overdose. In these studies, GHB and GBL were administered in doses of 1.92, 5.77, and 14.4 mmol/kg orally with and without MCT inhibition to determine effects of this treatment strategy on the oral toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of GHB and GBL. The competitive MCT inhibitor l-lactate was administered by intravenous infusion starting 1 hour after GHB and GBL administration. Oral administration of l-lactate and the MCT inhibitor luteolin was also evaluated. Respiratory depression was measured using plethysmography. Intravenous l-lactate, but not oral treatments, significantly increased GHB renal and/or oral clearances. At the low dose of GHB and GBL, i.v. l-lactate increased GHB renal clearance. Due to the increased contribution of renal clearance to total clearance at the moderate dose, increased renal clearance translated to an increase in oral clearance. At the highest GHB dose, oral clearance was increased without a significant change in renal clearance. The lack of effect of i.v. l-lactate on renal clearance after a high oral GHB dose suggests possible effects of i.v. l-lactate on MCT-mediated absorption. The resulting increases in oral clearance improved respiratory depression. Intravenous l-lactate also reduced mortality with the high GBL dose. These data indicate i.v. l-lactate represents a potential treatment strategy in oral overdose of GHB and GBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Felmlee MA, Dave RA, Morris ME. Mechanistic models describing active renal reabsorption and secretion: a simulation-based study. AAPS JOURNAL 2012. [PMID: 23196805 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate mechanistic pharmacokinetic models describing active renal secretion and reabsorption over a range of Michaelis-Menten parameter estimates and doses. Plasma concentration and urinary excretion profiles were simulated and renal clearance (CL(r)) was calculated for two pharmacokinetic models describing active renal reabsorption (R1/R2), two models describing active secretion (S1/S2), and a model containing both processes. A range of doses (1-1,000 mg/kg) was evaluated, and V (max) and K (m) parameter estimates were varied over a 100-fold range. Similar CL(r) values were predicted for reabsorption models (R1/R2) with variations in V (max) and K (m). Tubular secretion models (S1/S2) yielded similar relationships between Michaelis-Menten parameter perturbations and CL(r), but the predicted CL(r) values were threefold higher for model S1. For both reabsorption and secretion models, the greatest changes in CL(r) were observed with perturbations in V (max), suggesting the need for an accurate estimate of this parameter. When intrinsic clearance was substituted for Michaelis-Menten parameters, it failed to predict similar CL(r) values even within the linear range. For models S1 and S2, renal secretion was predominant at low doses, whereas renal clearance was driven by fraction unbound in plasma at high doses. Simulations demonstrated the importance of Michaelis-Menten parameter estimates (especially V (max)) for determining CL(r). K (m) estimates can easily be obtained directly from in vitro studies. However, additional scaling of in vitro V (max) estimates using in vitro/in vivo extrapolation methods are required to incorporate these parameters into pharmacokinetic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morse BL, Vijay N, Morris ME. γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-induced respiratory depression: combined receptor-transporter inhibition therapy for treatment in GHB overdose. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:226-35. [PMID: 22561075 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.078154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overdose of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) frequently causes respiratory depression, occasionally resulting in death; however, little is known about the dose-response relationship or effects of potential overdose treatment strategies on GHB-induced respiratory depression. In these studies, the parameters of respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume were measured using whole-body plethysmography in rats administered GHB. Intravenous doses of 200, 600, and 1500 mg/kg were administered to assess the dose-dependent effects of GHB on respiration. To determine the receptors involved in GHB-induced respiratory depression, a specific GABA(B) receptor antagonist, (2S)-(+)-5,5-dimethyl-2-morpholineacetic acid (SCH50911), and a specific GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, were administered before GHB. The potential therapeutic strategies of receptor inhibition and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibition were assessed by inhibitor administration 5 min after GHB. The primary effect of GHB on respiration was a dose-dependent decrease in respiratory rate, accompanied by an increase in tidal volume, resulting in little change in minute volume. Pretreatment with 150 mg/kg SCH50911 completely prevented the decrease in respiratory rate, indicating agonism at GABA(B) receptors to be primarily responsible for GHB-induced respiratory depression. Administration of 50 mg/kg SCH50911 after GHB completely reversed the decrease in respiratory rate; lower doses had partial effects. Administration of the MCT inhibitor l-lactate increased GHB renal and total clearance, also improving respiratory rate. Administration of 5 mg/kg SCH50911 plus l-lactate further improved respiratory rate compared with the same dose of either agent alone, indicating that GABA(B) and MCT inhibitors, alone and in combination, represent potential treatment options for GHB-induced respiratory depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- University at Buffalo, 352 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Morse BL, Felmlee MA, Morris ME. γ-Hydroxybutyrate blood/plasma partitioning: effect of physiologic pH on transport by monocarboxylate transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:64-9. [PMID: 21976619 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug of abuse γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) displays nonlinear renal clearance, which has been attributed to saturable renal reabsorption by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) present in the kidney. MCT1 is also present in red blood cells (RBCs); however, the significance of this transporter on the blood/plasma partitioning of GHB is unknown. The purpose of this research was to characterize the transport of GHB across the RBC membrane and assess GHB blood/plasma partitioning in vivo in the presence and absence of a competitive MCT inhibitor, l-lactate. In vitro experiments were performed using freshly isolated rat erythrocytes at pH values of 6.5 and 7.4. Inhibition with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate were used to determine the contribution of MCT1 and band 3, respectively, on GHB uptake. For in vivo experiments, rats were administered GHB (400-1500 mg/kg) with and without l-lactate. In vitro experiments demonstrated that GHB is transported across the RBC membrane primarily by MCT1 at relevant in vivo concentrations. The K(m) for MCT1 was lower at pH 6.5 than that at pH 7.4, 2.2 versus 17.0 mM, respectively. The in vivo blood/plasma partitioning of GHB displayed linearity across all concentrations. l-Lactate coadministration increased GHB renal clearance but had no effect on the blood/plasma ratio. Unlike its MCT-mediated transport in the intestine and kidneys, GHB blood/plasma partitioning appears to be linear and is unaffected by l-lactate. These findings can be attributed, at least in part, to differences in physiologic pH at different sites of MCT-mediated transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Felmlee MA, Krzyzanski W, Morse BL, Morris ME. Use of a local sensitivity analysis to inform study design based on a mechanistic toxicokinetic model for γ-hydroxybutyric acid. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:240-54. [PMID: 21387146 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, demonstrates complex toxicokinetics with capacity-limited metabolism and active renal reabsorption. The objectives of the present study were to conduct a local sensitivity analysis of a mechanistic model for the active renal reabsorption of GHB and to use the results to inform the design of future studies aimed at developing therapeutic strategies for treating GHB overdoses. A local sensitivity analysis was used to assess the influence of parameter perturbations on model outputs (plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of GHB). Further, a sensitivity index was calculated for each perturbed parameter to assess the specific segments of the time course that are critical to parameter estimation. Model outputs were simulated for rats dosed with 200, 400, 600, and 1,000 mg/kg GHB intravenously and individual parameters were perturbed by two-, five-, and tenfold higher and lower than the nominal value. Model outputs were sensitive to perturbations in clearance and volume parameters. In contrast, model outputs were found to be insensitive to changes in distributional parameters suggesting that additional tissue distribution data is required. Based on the sensitivity analysis the 1,000-mg/kg GHB dose can be eliminated from future studies as the parameters can be adequately estimated from the lower doses. To further validate the use of this model, dose-specific sampling schedules were designed based on model predictions for doses of 600 and 1,500 mg/kg. These sampling schedules were able to adequately capture the inflection point and terminal elimination phase of the plasma concentration-time profiles obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, 14260, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Morris ME, Morse BL, Baciewicz GJ, Tessena MM, Acquisto NM, Hutchinson DJ, Dicenzo R. Monocarboxylate Transporter Inhibition with Osmotic Diuresis Increases γ-Hydroxybutyrate Renal Elimination in Humans: A Proof-of-Concept Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:1000105. [PMID: 24772380 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to demonstrate proof-of-concept that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibition with L-lactate combined with osmotic diuresis increases renal clearance of γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in human subjects. GHB is a substrate for human and rodent MCTs, which are responsible for GHB renal reabsorption, and this therapy increases GHB renal clearance in rats. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were administered GHB orally as sodium oxybate 50 mg/kg (4.5 gm maximum dose) on two different study days. On study day 1, GHB was administered alone. On study day 2, treatment of L-lactate 0.125 mmol/kg and mannitol 200 mg/kg followed by L-lactate 0.75 mmol/kg/hr was administered intravenously 30 minutes after GHB ingestion. Blood and urine were collected for 6 hours, analyzed for GHB, and pharmacokinetic and statistical analyses performed. RESULTS L-lactate/mannitol administration significantly increased GHB renal clearance compared to GHB alone, 439 vs. 615 mL/hr (P=0.001), and increased the percentage of GHB dose excreted in the urine, 2.2 vs. 3.3% (P=0.021). Total clearance was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS MCT inhibition with L-lactate combined with osmotic diuresis increases GHB renal elimination in humans. No effect on total clearance was observed in this study due to the negligible contribution of renal clearance to total clearance at this low GHB dose. Considering the nonlinear renal elimination of GHB, further research in overdose cases is warranted to assess the efficacy of this treatment strategy for increasing renal and total clearance at high GHB doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Morris and Morse)
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY (Morris and Morse)
| | - Gloria J Baciewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Baciewicz and Tessena)
| | - Matthew M Tessena
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Baciewicz and Tessena)
| | - Nicole M Acquisto
- Departments of Pharmacy and Emergency Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY (Acquisto)
| | - David J Hutchinson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY (Hutchinson)
| | - Robert Dicenzo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY (DiCenzo)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Felmlee MA, Wang Q, Cui D, Roiko SA, Morris ME. Mechanistic toxicokinetic model for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: inhibition of active renal reabsorption as a potential therapeutic strategy. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:407-16. [PMID: 20461486 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a drug of abuse, exhibits saturable renal clearance and capacity-limited metabolism. The objectives of this study were to construct a mechanistic toxicokinetic (TK) model describing saturable renal reabsorption and capacity-limited metabolism of GHB and to predict the effects of inhibition of renal reabsorption on GHB TK in the plasma and urine. GHB was administered by iv bolus (200-1,000 mg/kg) to male Sprague-Dawley rats and plasma and urine samples were collected for up to 6 h post-dose. GHB concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. GHB plasma concentration and urinary excretion were well-described by a TK model incorporating plasma and kidney compartments, along with two tissue and two ultrafiltrate compartments. The estimate of the Michaelis-Menten constant for renal reabsorption (K (m,R)) was 0.46 mg/ml which is consistent with in vitro estimates of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-mediated uptake of GHB (0.48 mg/ml). Simulation studies assessing inhibition of renal reabsorption of GHB demonstrated increased time-averaged renal clearance and GHB plasma AUC, independent of the inhibition mechanism assessed. Co-administration of GHB (600 mg/kg iv) and L: -lactate (330 mg/kg iv bolus plus 121 mg/kg/h iv infusion), a known inhibitor of MCTs, resulted in a significant decrease in GHB plasma AUC and an increase in time-averaged renal clearance, consistent with the model simulations. These results suggest that inhibition of renal reabsorption of GHB is a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GHB overdoses. Furthermore, the mechanistic TK model provides a useful in silico tool for the evaluation of potential therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Felmlee MA, Roiko SA, Morse BL, Morris ME. Concentration-effect relationships for the drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:764-71. [PMID: 20215411 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous neurotransmitter that is abused because of its sedative/hypnotic and euphoric effects. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the concentration-effect relationships of GHB in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), brain (whole and discrete brain regions), and brain frontal cortex extracellular fluid. This information is crucial for future studies to evaluate effects of therapeutic interventions on the toxicodynamics of GHB. GHB (200-1000 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to rats, and plasma and frontal cortex microdialysate samples were collected for up to 6 h after the dose, or plasma, CSF, and brain (whole, frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus) concentrations were determined at the offset of its sedative/hypnotic effect [return to righting reflex (RRR)]. GHB-induced changes in the brain neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate were also determined. GHB, GABA, and glutamate concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. GHB-induced sleep time significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (20-fold increase from 200 to 1000 mg/kg). GHB concentrations in plasma (300-400 microg/ml), whole brain (70 microg/g), discrete brain regions (80-100 microg/g), and brain microdialysate (29-39 microg/ml) correlated with RRR. In contrast, CSF GHB and GABA and glutamate concentrations in discrete brain regions exhibited no relationship with RRR. Our results suggest that GHB-induced sedative/hypnotic effects are mediated directly by GHB and that at high GHB doses, GABA formation from GHB may not contribute to the observed sedative/hypnotic effect. These results support the use of a clinical GHB detoxification strategy aimed at decreasing plasma and brain GHB concentrations after GHB overdoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bertolini A, Peresson C, Petrussa E, Braidot E, Passamonti S, Macrì F, Vianello A. Identification and localization of the bilitranslocase homologue in white grape berries (Vitis vinifera L.) during ripening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:3861-71. [PMID: 19596699 PMCID: PMC2736896 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A homologue of the mammalian bilirubin transporter bilitranslocase (BTL) (TCDB 2.A.65.1.1), able to perform an apparent secondary active transport of flavonoids, has previously been found in carnation petals and red grape berries. In the present work, a BTL homologue was also shown in white berries from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tocai/Friulano, using anti-sequence antibodies specific for rat liver BTL. This transporter, similarly to what found in red grape, was localized in the first layers of the epidermal tissue and in the vascular bundle cells of the mesocarp. In addition, a strong immunochemical reaction was detected in the placental tissue and particularly in peripheral integuments of the seed. The protein was expressed during the last maturation stages in both skin and pulp tissues and exhibited an apparent molecular mass of c. 31 kDa. Furthermore, the transport activity of such a carrier, measured as bromosulphophthalein (BSP) uptake, was detected in berry pulp microsomes, where it was inhibited by specific anti-BTL antibodies. The BTL homologue activity exhibited higher values, for both K(m) and V(max), than those found in the red cultivar. Moreover, two non-pigmented flavonoids, such as quercetin (a flavonol) and eriodictyol (a flavanone), inhibited the uptake of BSP in an uncompetitive manner. Such results strengthen the hypothesis that this BTL homologue acts as a carrier involved also in the membrane transport of colourless flavonoids and demonstrate the presence of such a carrier in different organs and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bertolini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Peresson
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Petrussa
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Enrico Braidot
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri, 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Macrì
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Angelo Vianello
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 91, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang Q, Wang X, Morris ME. Effects of L-lactate and D-mannitol on gamma-hydroxybutyrate toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:2244-51. [PMID: 18719239 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overdoses of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a drug of abuse, result in coma, respiratory arrest, and death. The objective of this study was to evaluate a potential GHB detoxification strategy by inhibiting the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-mediated renal reabsorption of GHB in rats, using the MCT substrate L-lactate. The use of the osmotic diuretic D-mannitol alone or combined with L-lactate was also explored. GHB (208 mg/h/kg) was infused i.v. for 3 h in the absence or presence of L-lactate (60.5, 121, and 302.5 mg h(-1) kg(-1)), D-mannitol (0.5 g/kg), or L-lactate (60.5 mg h(-1) kg(-1)) combined with D-mannitol (0.5 g/kg). GHB in plasma and urine samples was determined along with blood pH, electrolytes, glucose, and L-lactate. Administration of L-lactate, or the combination of L-lactate and D-mannitol, but not D-mannitol alone, significantly increased the renal and total clearances of GHB in rats. Blood pH and electrolyte concentrations exhibited small changes with GHB, GHB/lactate, and GHB/mannitol treatments, although most values remained within their normal range. The concomitant administration of lactated Ringer's solution (28 mM L-lactate) at 300 mul/min with mannitol (0.5 g/kg) resulted in a significant increase in GHB clearance and a decrease in sleep time after an i.v. dose of 1 g/kg. Overall, our results indicated the following: 1) the use of the MCT inhibitor L-lactate can increase the renal and total clearances of GHB, and 2) the combination of lactated Ringer's solution and D-mannitol significantly alters GHB toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics and represents a potential clinical detoxification strategy for the treatment of GHB overdoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|