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Adick A, Hoheisel W, Schneid S, Mulac D, Azhdari S, Langer K. Challenges of nanoparticle albumin bound (nab™) technology: Comparative study of Abraxane® with a newly developed albumin-stabilized itraconazole nanosuspension. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:129-143. [PMID: 37918678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle albumin bound™ (nab™) technology is an established delivery platform for development of albumin stabilized nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs. By using albumin for particle stabilization, nab™ technology does not require solubilizers or emulsifiers for the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs for intravenous use. Despite the great potential, however, to date only two products based on nab™ technology have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration: Abraxane® (nab™ paclitaxel) and Fyarro® (nab™ rapamycin). In this study, the commercially available product Abraxane® was characterized in comparison to an albumin stabilized nanosuspension for the poorly water-soluble drug itraconazole. The aim of this study was to identify critical product parameters of the nanosuspensions depending on the manufacturing process in order to assess the transferability of nab™ technology to other drugs. The colloidal properties, stabilizing protein composition and particle disintegration behavior were analyzed. In addition, studies were carried out on the impact of the key process step, the high-pressure homogenization, using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. A nanosuspension comprising spherical, stable drug nanoparticles stabilized by a large fraction of dissolved albumin around the nanoparticles were identified. During the manufacturing process, the drug core was coated with a layer of albumin, which was cross-linked to a certain level. The Abraxane® and itraconazole suspensions differed in the analyzed protein fraction, with stronger cross-linking at the particle surface for Abraxane®. Both active pharmaceutical ingredients were present in the amorphous state as nanoparticles. In vitro disintegration studies performed to mimic a strong dilution during intravenous application showed the disintegration of the nanoparticles. All in all, the analysis underlined the transferability of the nab™ technology to selected other poorly water-soluble drugs with the great advantage of eliminating solubilizers and emulsifiers for intravenous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Adick
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University Muenster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Werner Hoheisel
- Invite GmbH, Formulation Technology, Chempark, Building W 32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneid
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Drug Product Development, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 475, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University Muenster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Suna Azhdari
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University Muenster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University Muenster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Křen V, Valentová K. Silybin and its congeners: from traditional medicine to molecular effects. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1264-1281. [PMID: 35510639 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 up to 2022 (Feb)Silymarin, an extract of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruits, has been used in various medicinal applications since ancient times. A major component of silymarin is the flavonolignan silybin and its relatives isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, 2,3-dehydrosilybin, and some others. Except for silydianin, they occur in nature as two stereomers. This review focuses on recent developments in chemistry, biosynthesis, modern advanced analytical methods, and transformations of flavonolignans specifically reflecting their chirality. Recently described chemotypes of S. marianum, but also the newest findings regarding the pharmacokinetics, hepatoprotective, antiviral, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective activity, modulation of endocrine functions, modulation of multidrug resistance, and safety of flavonolignans are discussed. A growing number of studies show that the respective diastereomers of flavonolignans have significantly different activities in anisotropic biological systems. Moreover, it is now clear that flavonolignans do not act as antioxidants in vivo, but as specific ligands of biological targets and therefore their chirality is crucial. Many controversies often arise, mainly due to the non-standard composition of this phytopreparation, the use of various undefined mixtures, the misattribution of silymarin vs. silybin, and also the failure to consider the chemistry of the respective components of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic.
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Xu R, Qiu S, Zhang J, Liu X, Zhang L, Xing H, You M, Wang M, Lu Y, Zhang P, Zhu J. Silibinin Schiff Base Derivatives Counteract CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Enhancing Anti-Inflammatory and Antiapoptotic Bioactivities. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1441-1456. [PMID: 35601675 PMCID: PMC9122151 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s356847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siyan Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haizhu Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Jing Zhu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15895975410, Email
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Pivetta TP, Botteon CEA, Ribeiro PA, Marcato PD, Raposo M. Nanoparticle Systems for Cancer Phototherapy: An Overview. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113132. [PMID: 34835896 PMCID: PMC8625970 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are photo-mediated treatments with different mechanisms of action that can be addressed for cancer treatment. Both phototherapies are highly successful and barely or non-invasive types of treatment that have gained attention in the past few years. The death of cancer cells because of the application of these therapies is caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species, that leads to oxidative stress for the case of photodynamic therapy and the generation of heat for the case of photothermal therapies. The advancement of nanotechnology allowed significant benefit to these therapies using nanoparticles, allowing both tuning of the process and an increase of effectiveness. The encapsulation of drugs, development of the most different organic and inorganic nanoparticles as well as the possibility of surfaces' functionalization are some strategies used to combine phototherapy and nanotechnology, with the aim of an effective treatment with minimal side effects. This article presents an overview on the use of nanostructures in association with phototherapy, in the view of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais P. Pivetta
- CEFITEC, Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Caroline E. A. Botteon
- GNanoBio, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil; (C.E.A.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Paulo A. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Priscyla D. Marcato
- GNanoBio, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil; (C.E.A.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Maria Raposo
- Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +351-21-294-85-49
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Tvrdý V, Pourová J, Jirkovský E, Křen V, Valentová K, Mladěnka P. Systematic review of pharmacokinetics and potential pharmacokinetic interactions of flavonolignans from silymarin. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2195-2246. [PMID: 33587317 DOI: 10.1002/med.21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is an extract from the seeds (fruits) of Silybum marianum that contains flavonolignans and flavonoids. Although it is frequently used as a hepatoprotective agent, its application remains somewhat debatable, in particular, due to the low oral bioavailability of flavonolignans. Moreover, there are claims of its potential interactions with concomitantly used drugs. This review aims at a systematic summary and critical assessment of known information on the pharmacokinetics of particular silymarin flavonolignans. There are two known major reasons for poor systemic oral bioavailability of flavonolignans: (1) rapid conjugation in intestinal cells or the liver and (2) efflux of parent flavonolignans or formed conjugates back to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract by intestinal cells and rapid excretion by the liver into the bile. The metabolism of phase I appears to play a minor role, in contrast to extensive conjugation and indeed the unconjugated flavonolignans reach low plasma levels after common doses. Only about 1%-5% of the administered dose is eliminated by the kidneys. Many in vitro studies tested the inhibitory potential of silymarin and its components toward different enzymes and transporters involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics. In most cases, effective concentrations are too high to be relevant under real biological conditions. Most human studies showed no silymarin-drug interactions explainable by these suggested interferences. More interactions were found in animal studies, likely due to the much higher doses administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Tvrdý
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pourová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Jirkovský
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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