Mupirocin-Loaded Chitosan Microspheres Embedded in Piper betle Extract Containing Collagen Scaffold Accelerate Wound Healing Activity

Collagen-Based Scaffolds for Volumetric Muscle Loss Regeneration

Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a serious problem in healthcare that requires innovative solutions. Collagen and its derivatives are promising biomaterials for muscle tissue replacement due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and lack of toxicity. This review comprehensively discusses collagen from various sources, its structural characteristics, cross-linking methods to obtain hydrogels, and approaches to incorporating various therapeutic molecules to create a biocomposite system with controlled release. Collagen-based scaffolds are promising constructs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They can both perform their function independently and act as a depot for various biologically active substances (drugs, growth factors, genetic material, etc.). Collagen-based scaffolds for muscle volume restoration are three-dimensional constructs that support cell adhesion and proliferation and provide controlled release of therapeutic molecules. Various mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds can be achieved by cross-linking agents and bioactive molecules incorporated into the structure. This review highlights recent studies on collagen-based hydrogels for restoration of volumetric muscle loss.

Chitosan-based Mupirocin and Alkanna tinctoria extract nanoparticles for the management of burn wound: In vitro and in vivo characterization

Serious consequences including septicemia and amputations can result from complex wounds, which is a serious healthcare concern. In addition, there are currently only a few choices for management, which justifies the search for novel, highly effective wound-healing medications. This research work was aimed at fabricating chitosan-based Alkanna tinctoria and Mupirocin nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique for burn wound management. Preliminary studies were conducted, and the prepared nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques that involve, high-performance liquid chromatography for the detection of components in A. tinctoria root extract, ATR-FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, percent drug content (DC%), percent entrapment efficiency (EE%), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for surface morphology. The optimized formulation CS-AT-MU-NPs3 shows a particle size of 340.8 ± 34.46 nm and positive zeta potential 27.3 ± 3.10 mV. In vitro drug release study was also performed, which demonstrated improved and controlled release of the drug from the nanoparticles. The CS-AT-MU-NPs3 exhibited a maximum release up to 92.61% (AT) and 88.35% (MU). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the formulation were also accessed by utilizing the agar well diffusion technique. The combination of AT and MU in chitosan-based nanoparticles was significantly effective against bacterial and fungal strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans as compared to other formulations. The skin irritation study was also conducted, which shows that the prepared formulation did not cause any observable changes to the skin in terms of inflammation, erythema, edema, or any other symptoms associated with skin irritation. All the chitosan-based nanoparticles showed almost 75% reduction in wound contraction, while the optimized formulation CS-AT-MU-NPs3 showed complete wound healing on the 15th day. Based on the results, it can be assumed that chitosan-based nanoparticles containing A. tinctoria and Mupirocin demonstrated good wound healing and could be used to effectively manage burn wounds of any description.

Chitosan-2D Nanomaterial-Based Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Chitosan (CS) and two-dimensional nanomaterial (2D nanomaterials)-based scaffolds have received widespread attention in recent times in biomedical applications due to their excellent synergistic potential. CS has garnered much attention as a biomedical scaffold material either alone or in combination with some other material due to its favorable physiochemical properties. The emerging 2D nanomaterials, such as black phosphorus (BP), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), etc., have taken huge steps towards varying biomedical applications. However, the implementation of a CS-2D nanomaterial-based scaffold for clinical applications remains challenging for different reasons such as toxicity, stability, etc. Here, we reviewed different types of CS scaffold materials and discussed their advantages in biomedical applications. In addition, a different CS nanostructure, instead of a scaffold, has been described. After that, the importance of 2D nanomaterials has been elaborated on in terms of physiochemical properties. In the next section, the biomedical applications of CS with different 2D nanomaterial scaffolds have been highlighted. Finally, we highlighted the existing challenges and future perspectives of using CS-2D nanomaterial scaffolds for biomedical applications. We hope that this review will encourage a more synergistic biomedical application of the CS-2D nanomaterial scaffolds and their utilization clinical applications.

Collagen-Based Scaffolds for Chronic Skin Wound Treatment

Chronic wounds, commonly known as ulcers, represent a significant challenge to public health, impacting millions of individuals every year and imposing a significant financial burden on the global health system. Chronic wounds result from the interruption of the natural wound-healing process due to internal and/or external factors, resulting in slow or nonexistent recovery. Conventional medical approaches are often inadequate to deal with chronic wounds, necessitating the exploration of new methods to facilitate rapid and effective healing. In recent years, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have emerged as promising avenues to encourage tissue regeneration. These approaches aim to achieve anatomical and functional restoration of the affected area through polymeric components, such as scaffolds or hydrogels. This review explores collagen-based biomaterials as potential therapeutic interventions for skin chronic wounds, specifically focusing on infective and diabetic ulcers. Hence, the different approaches described are classified on an action-mechanism basis. Understanding the issues preventing chronic wound healing and identifying effective therapeutic alternatives could indicate the best way to optimize therapeutic units and to promote more direct and efficient healing.

Chitosan and α-cellulose-based mupirocin topical film-forming spray: Optimization, in vitro characterization, antimicrobial studies and wound healing activity

The study aimed to develop a biopolymer-based mupirocin film-forming spray (MUP-FFS) for wound healing using chitosan and α-cellulose. MUP-FFS formulation was optimized by box-Behnken design, wherein the amount of chitosan, glycerol, and microfluidizer cycles showed a significant effect on the drying time and sprayability, but drug release remained unaffected. The optimized MUP-FFS formulation prepared by 13 microfluidizer cycles containing chitosan (0.125 %), glycerol (2.76 %) was quickly sprayable with 235 s drying time. The viscosity, spray uniformity and occlusive potential were found optimum for MUP-FFS. MUP-FFS released 98.066 % of MUP, 2-fold and 4-fold greater than the marketed ointment and MUP-API. The transmission electron microscopy displayed a homogeneous fibrous network, and scanning electron microphotographs showed uniform drug distribution on the MUP-film surface. The antimicrobial study revealed the efficacy of MUP-FFS against S.aureus and E.coli, wherein the former was more susceptible to formulation than the later. MUP-FFS indicated better wound contraction and healing than other groups on 7th and 14th day in rats. On Day-21, MUP-FFS could regress TGF-β1 to a normal level similar to the marketed formulation, which was also reflected in histopathological observations. Therefore, MUP-FFS can be a treatment option for chronic wounds, applied without touch and with minimal mechanical pressure.

The microspheres/hydrogels scaffolds based on the proteins, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides composite as carriers for tissue repair: A review

There are many studies on specific macromolecules and their contributions to tissue repair. Macromolecules have supporting and protective effects in organisms and can help regrow, reshape, and promote self-repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. Macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, can be constructed into hydrogels for the preparation of slow-release drug agents, carriers for cell culture, and platforms for gene delivery. Hydrogels and microspheres are fabricated by chemical crosslinking or mixed co-deposition often used as scaffolds, drug carriers, or cell culture matrix, provide proper mechanical support and nutrient delivery, a well-conditioned environment that to promote the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the construction of macromolecules into hydrogels and microspheres based on the proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and other polymer and their application in tissue repair. We then discuss the latest research trends regarding the advantages and disadvantages of these composites in repair tissue. Further, we examine the applications of microspheres/hydrogels in different tissue repairs, such as skin tissue, cartilage, tumor tissue, synovial, nerve tissue, and cardiac repair. The review closes by highlighting the challenges and prospects of microspheres/hydrogels composites.

Protein-modified nanomaterials: emerging trends in skin wound healing

Prolonged inflammation can impede wound healing, which is regulated by several proteins and cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β. Concentration-dependent effects of these molecules at the target site have been investigated by researchers to develop them as wound-healing agents by regulating signaling strength. Nanotechnology has provided a promising approach to achieve tissue-targeted delivery and increased effective concentration by developing protein-functionalized nanoparticles with growth factors (EGF, IGF, FGF, PDGF, TGF-β, TNF-α, and VEGF), antidiabetic wound-healing agents (insulin), and extracellular proteins (keratin, heparin, and silk fibroin). These molecules play critical roles in promoting cell proliferation, migration, ECM production, angiogenesis, and inflammation regulation. Therefore, protein-functionalized nanoparticles have emerged as a potential strategy for improving wound healing in delayed or impaired healing cases. This review summarizes the preparation and applications of these nanoparticles for normal or diabetic wound healing and highlights their potential to enhance wound healing.

Creation of Chemically Tri-Layered Collagen Crosslinked Membranes and Their Comparison with Ionically Tri-Layered Chitosan Crosslinked Membranes to Study Human Skin Properties

In 2009, a new European regulation came into force that forbade the use of animals in the cosmetics industry. As a result, new alternatives were sought, taking into account the new ethical considerations. The main objective of this article is to continue a line of research that aims to build a physical model of skin from a biomaterial scaffold composed of collagen, chitosan or a combination to investigate whether they offer similar behavior to human skin. Collagen, the major component in the dermis, was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GTA) to develop three formulations for studying some properties of the skin through rheological tests like swelling index, elasticity or water loss. In addition, this article makes a comparison with the results obtained in the previous article where the membranes were made of chitosan and tripolyphosphate (TPP). The results obtained highlight that the tri-layered membranes scaffold better than the mono-layered ones to increase the elastic modulus (G') and the permeability. Furthermore, they offer a protective effect against water loss compared to mono-layered membranes. As regards chitosan membranes, these have a higher G' modulus than collagen membranes when the degree of deacetylation (DDA) is 85%. However, collagen membranes are more elastic when the DDA of chitosan is 76%, and their linear viscoelastic limit (LVL) doubles that of chitosan membranes, both for the degree of acetylation of 76 and 85%.

Recent Advances in Collagen Antimicrobial Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review

Biomaterial-based therapies have been receiving attention for treating microbial infections mainly to overcome the increasing number of drug-resistant bacterial strains and off-target impacts of therapeutic agents by conventional strategies. A fibrous, non-soluble protein, collagen, is one of the most studied biopolymers for the development of antimicrobial biomaterials owing to its superior physicochemical, biomechanical, and biological properties. In this study, we reviewed the different approaches used to develop collagen-based antimicrobial devices, such as non-pharmacological, antibiotic, metal oxide, antimicrobial peptide, herbal extract-based, and combination approaches, with a particular focus on preclinical studies that have been published in the last decade.

Application of Biomedical Microspheres in Wound Healing

Tissue injury, one of the most common traumatic injuries in daily life, easily leads to secondary wound infections. To promote wound healing and reduce scarring, various kinds of wound dressings, such as gauze, bandages, sponges, patches, and microspheres, have been developed for wound healing. Among them, microsphere-based tissue dressings have attracted increasing attention due to the advantage of easy to fabricate, excellent physicochemical performance and superior drug release ability. In this review, we first introduced the common methods for microspheres preparation, such as emulsification-solvent method, electrospray method, microfluidic technology as well as phase separation methods. Next, we summarized the common biomaterials for the fabrication of the microspheres including natural polymers and synthetic polymers. Then, we presented the application of the various microspheres from different processing methods in wound healing and other applications. Finally, we analyzed the limitations and discussed the future development direction of microspheres in the future.

Heparin-based sericin hydrogel-encapsulated basic fibroblast growth factor for in vitro and in vivo skin repair

The treatment of full-thickness cutaneous wounds remains a significant challenge in clinical therapeutics. Exogenous growth factor (GF) has been applied in clinics to promote wound healing. However, the retention of GF on the wound bed after its direct application to the wound surface is difficult. Moreover, growth factors (GFs) are always inactivated in the complex wound healing microenvironment due to various factors, which significantly decrease the therapeutic effect. Sericin hydrogel (S) can be used as an effective carrier for GFs owing to its low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, and good healing-promoting ability. Here, we designed a heparin-based sericin hydrogel (HS) -encapsulated basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF-HS) to facilitate wound healing and skin regeneration. The hydrogel exhibited a three-dimensional (3D) microporous structure, excellent biodegradability, good adhesiveness, and low cytotoxicity. In vitro release of bFGF from bFGF-HS coacervates revealed that bFGF-HS might control the release of bFGF within 25 days through heparin regulation. bFGF-HS significantly promoted vascularization and re-epithelialization and improved collagen deposition, ultimately accelerating wound healing in vivo in mice. bFGF-HS treated wounds were also found to have more hair follicles and milder inflammatory reactions. Overall, this study provides a new therapeutic approach for full-thickness skin defect wounds using bFGF-HS.

Effect of Polymeric Nanoparticles with Entrapped Fish Oil or Mupirocin on Skin Wound Healing Using a Porcine Model

The utilization of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapped fish oil (FO) loaded in collagen-based scaffolds for cutaneous wound healing using a porcine model is unique for the present study. Full-depth cutaneous excisions (5 × 5 cm) on the pig dorsa were treated with pure collagen scaffold (control, C), empty PLGA NPs (NP), FO, mupirocin (MUP), PLGA NPs with entrapped FO (NP/FO) and PLGA NPs with entrapped MUP (NP/MUP). The following markers were evaluated on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-excision: collagen, hydroxyproline (HP), angiogenesis and expressions of the COX2, EGF, COL1A1, COL1A3, TGFB1, VEGFA, CCL5 and CCR5 genes. The hypothesis that NP/FO treatment is superior to FO alone and that it is comparable to NP/MUP was tested. NP/FO treatment increased HP in comparison with both FO alone and NP/MUP (day 14) but decreased (p < 0.05) angiogenesis in comparison with FO alone (day 3). NP/FO increased (p < 0.05) the expression of the CCR5 gene (day 3) and tended (p > 0.05) to increase the expressions of the EGF (day 7, day 14), TGFB1 (day 21) and CCL5 (day 7, day 21) genes as compared with NP/MUP. NP/FO can be suggested as a suitable alternative to NP/MUP in cutaneous wound treatment.