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Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz B, Hummel T. Olfactory function in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2024; 36:100342. [PMID: 38585386 PMCID: PMC10997837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2024.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly common disease in both children and adults. In addition to neuronal and/or vascular disorders, it can cause chemosensory abnormalities including olfactory deterioration. The purpose of this article is to summarize current knowledge on olfactory function in DM, highlighting the impact of co-morbidities, especially obesity, thyroid dysfunction, chronic kidney disease and COVID-19 on olfactory outcomes. Research to date mostly shows that olfactory impairment is more common in people with diabetes than in the general population. In addition, the presence of concomitant diseases is a factor increasing olfactory impairment. Such a correlation was shown for type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes. At the same time, not only chronic diseases, but also DM in acute conditions such as COVID-19 leads to a higher prevalence of olfactory disorders during infection. Analyzing the existing literature, it is important to be aware of the limitations of published studies. These include the small number of patients studied, the lack of uniformity in the methods used to assess the sense of smell, frequently relying on rated olfactory function only, and the simultaneous analysis of patients with different types of diabetes, often without a clear indication of diabetes type. In addition, the number of available publications is small. Certainly, further research in this area is needed. From a practical point of view decreased olfactory performance may be an indicator for central neuropathy and an indication for assessing the patient's nutritional status, examining cognitive function, especially in older patients and performing additional diagnostic tests, such as checking thyroid function, because all those changes were correlated with smell deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Wu Z, Wang J, Ullah R, Chen M, Huang K, Dong G, Fu J. Covid 19 and diabetes in children: advances and strategies. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:28. [PMID: 38287388 PMCID: PMC10823738 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-024-01267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a notable increase in the incidence of new-onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Simultaneously, children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have encountered difficulties in maintaining optimal blood glucose levels. The mechanisms underpinning these correlations still remain a puzzle. We reviewed the studies that examined changes in incidence during the pandemic. These studies utilized various metrics for comparison, which encompassed the timing of data collection, diagnostic criteria, as well as the numbers and incidence rates of diabetes and DKA. We found the incidence of diabetes and DKA was higher during the pandemic. As to mechanisms, the invivo and invitro study revealed the factors such as direct viral damage, metabolic dysfunction, and immune responses all attribute to the process of T1D after suffering from COVID-19. Furthermore, we provide some useful strategies to prevent and treat children suffering from diabetes and COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations have been observed between new-onset diabetes and COVID-19. Insights gleaned from clinical descriptions and basic research can offer valuable experience and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes during future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghao Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanping Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.
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Wilde H, Tomlinson C, Mateen BA, Selby D, Kanthimathinathan HK, Ramnarayan P, Du Pre P, Johnson M, Pathan N, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Lai AG, Gurdasani D, Pagel C, Denaxas S, Vollmer S, Brown K. Hospital admissions linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents: cohort study of 3.2 million first ascertained infections in England. BMJ 2023; 382:e073639. [PMID: 37407076 PMCID: PMC10318942 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-073639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe hospital admissions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. DESIGN Cohort study of 3.2 million first ascertained SARS-CoV-2 infections using electronic health care record data. SETTING England, July 2020 to February 2022. PARTICIPANTS About 12 million children and adolescents (age <18 years) who were resident in England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ascertainment of a first SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admissions: due to SARS-CoV-2, with SARS-CoV-2 as a contributory factor, incidental to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and hospital acquired SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS 3 226 535 children and adolescents had a recorded first SARS-CoV-2 infection during the observation period, and 29 230 (0.9%) infections involved a SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admission. The median length of stay was 2 (interquartile range 1-4) days) and 1710 of 29 230 (5.9%) SARS-CoV-2 associated admissions involved paediatric critical care. 70 deaths occurred in which covid-19 or paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome was listed as a cause, of which 55 (78.6%) were in participants with a SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admission. SARS-CoV-2 was the cause or a contributory factor in 21 000 of 29 230 (71.8%) participants who were admitted to hospital and only 380 (1.3%) participants acquired infection as an inpatient and 7855 (26.9%) participants were admitted with incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection. Boys, younger children (<5 years), and those from ethnic minority groups or areas of high deprivation were more likely to be admitted to hospital (all P<0.001). The covid-19 vaccination programme in England has identified certain conditions as representing a higher risk of admission to hospital with SARS-CoV-2: 11 085 (37.9%) of participants admitted to hospital had evidence of such a condition, and a further 4765 (16.3%) of participants admitted to hospital had a medical or developmental health condition not included in the vaccination programme's list. CONCLUSIONS Most SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admissions in children and adolescents in England were due to SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2 was a contributory factor. These results should inform future public health initiatives and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Wilde
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK
| | - Christopher Tomlinson
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK
- UCL UK Research and Innovation Centre for Doctoral Training in AI-enabled Healthcare Systems, UCL, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL, London, UK
| | - Bilal A Mateen
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust, London, UK
| | - David Selby
- Department for Data Science and its Applications, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Padmanabhan Ramnarayan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London UK Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pascale Du Pre
- Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Mae Johnson
- Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Nazima Pathan
- University Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alvina G Lai
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- William Harvey Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Spiros Denaxas
- University College London (UCL) Institute of Health Informatics, UCL, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Vollmer
- Department for Data Science and its Applications, German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Katherine Brown
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Mann EA, Rompicherla S, Gallagher MP, Alonso GT, Fogel NR, Simmons J, Wood JR, Wong JC, Noor N, Gomez P, Daniels M, Ebekozien O. Comorbidities increase COVID-19 hospitalization in young people with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:968-975. [PMID: 36054578 PMCID: PMC9538459 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated COVID-19 outcomes in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to determine if those with comorbidities are more likely to experience severe COVID-19 compared to those without. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included questionnaire data on patients <25 years of age with established T1D and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from 52 sites across the US between April 2020 and October 2021. We examined patient factors and COVID-19 outcomes between those with and without comorbidities. Multivariate logistic regression analysis examined the odds of hospitalization among groups, adjusting for age, HbA1c, race and ethnicity, insurance type and duration of diabetes. RESULTS Six hundred fifty-one individuals with T1D and COVID-19 were analyzed with mean age 15.8 (SD 4.1) years. At least one comorbidity was present in 31%, and more than one in 10%. Obesity and asthma were the most frequently reported comorbidities, present in 19% and 17%, respectively. Hospitalization occurred in 17% of patients and 52% of hospitalized patients required ICU level care. Patients with at least one comorbidity were almost twice as likely to be hospitalized with COVID-19 than patients with no comorbidities (Odds ratio 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-3.1). This relationship persisted after adjusting for age, HbA1c, race and ethnicity (minority vs nonminority), insurance type (public vs. private), and duration of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that comorbidities increase the risk for hospitalization with COVID-19 in children and young adults highlighting the need for tailored COVID-19 prevention and treatment strategies in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, UW Health Kids, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Guy Todd Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Barbara Davis Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Naomi R Fogel
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt Children Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jamie R Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jenise C Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Patricia Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Daniels
- Children Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Osagie Ebekozien
- T1D Exchange, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,University of Mississippi School of Population Health, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Zhang X, Si G, Lu H, Zhang W, Zheng S, Huang Z, Liu L, Xue Y, Zheng G. SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant clearance delayed in breakthrough cases with elevated fasting blood glucose. Virol J 2022; 19:148. [PMID: 36100916 PMCID: PMC9468532 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is a dominant variant worldwide. However, the risk factors for Omicron variant clearance are yet unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors for early viral clearance of Omicron variant in patients with a history of inactivated vaccine injection. Methods Demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data from 187 patients were collected retrospectively during the Omicron variant wave. Results 73/187 and 114/187 patients were administered two and three doses of vaccine, respectively. The median duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity was 9 days, and the difference between patients with two and three vaccine injections was insignificant (P = 0.722). Fever was the most common symptom (125/187), and most patients (98.4%) had a fever for < 7 days. The RNA was undetectable in 65/187 patients on day 7. Univariable logistic analysis showed that baseline glucose, uric acid, lymphocytes count, platelet count, and CD4+ T lymphocyte count were associated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positivity on day 7. Multivariable analysis showed that glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L and CD4+T lymphocytes count were independent risk factors for RNA positivity on day 7. 163/187 patients had an undetectable RNA test on day 14, and uric acid was the only independent risk factor for RNA positivity. Moreover, baseline glucose was negatively correlated with uric acid and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count, while uric acid was positively correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count. Conclusions Omicron variant clearance was delayed in breakthrough cases with elevated fasting blood glucose, irrespective of the doses of inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Zhang
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Guocan Si
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Huifen Lu
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Zheng
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Huang
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longgen Liu
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China.
| | - Guojun Zheng
- Institute of Hepatology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, No. 300 Lanling North Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China. .,Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China.
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