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Fernandois D, Vázquez MJ, Barroso A, Paredes AH, Tena-Sempere M, Cruz G. Multi-Organ Increase in Norepinephrine Levels after Central Leptin Administration and Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16909. [PMID: 38069231 PMCID: PMC10706686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomic innervation is important to regulate homeostasis in every organ of the body. The sympathetic nervous system controls several organs associated with metabolism and reproduction, including adipose tissue, the liver, and the ovaries. The sympathetic nervous system is controlled within the central nervous system by neurons located in the hypothalamus, which in turn are regulated by hormones like leptin. Leptin action in the hypothalamus leads to increased sympathetic activity in the adipose tissue. In this short report, we propose that leptin action in the brain also controls the sympathetic innervation of other organs like the liver and the ovary. We performed two experiments: We performed an intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin and measured norepinephrine levels in several organs, and we used a validated model of overnutrition and obesity to evaluate whether an increase in leptin levels coexists with high levels of norepinephrine in the liver and ovaries. Norepinephrine was measured by ELISA in adipose tissue and by HPLC-EC in other tissues. Leptin was measured by ELISA. We found that the ICV injection of leptin increases norepinephrine levels in several organs, including the liver and ovaries. Also, we found that diet-induced obesity leads to an increase in leptin levels while inducing an increase in norepinephrine levels in the liver and ovaries. Finally, since hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is observed both in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, we think that an increase in norepinephrine levels induced by hyperleptinemia could be involved in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fernandois
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.); (A.H.P.)
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.V.); (A.B.); (M.T.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alexia Barroso
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.V.); (A.B.); (M.T.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso H. Paredes
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; (M.J.V.); (A.B.); (M.T.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
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Rohrbach EW, Knapp EM, Deshpande SA, Krantz DE. Drosophila cells that express octopamine receptors can either inhibit or promote oviposition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.03.539296. [PMID: 37205438 PMCID: PMC10187210 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.03.539296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic signaling is known to play a critical role in regulating female reproductive processes in both mammals and insects. In Drosophila , the ortholog of noradrenaline, octopamine (Oa), is required for ovulation as well as several other female reproductive processes. Loss of function studies using mutant alleles of receptors, transporters, and biosynthetic enzymes for Oa have led to a model in which disruption of octopaminergic pathways reduces egg laying. However, neither the complete expression pattern in the reproductive tract nor the role of most octopamine receptors in oviposition is known. We show that all six known Oa receptors are expressed in peripheral neurons at multiple sites within in the female fly reproductive tract as well as in non-neuronal cells within the sperm storage organs. The complex pattern of Oa receptor expression in the reproductive tract suggests the potential for influencing multiple regulatory pathways, including those known to inhibit egg-laying in unmated flies. Indeed, activation of some neurons that express Oa receptors inhibits oviposition, and neurons that express different subtypes of Oa receptor can affect different stages of egg laying. Stimulation of some Oa receptor expressing neurons (OaRNs) also induces contractions in lateral oviduct muscle and activation of non-neuronal cells in the sperm storage organs by Oa generates OAMB-dependent intracellular calcium release. Our results are consistent with a model in which adrenergic pathways play a variety of complex roles in the fly reproductive tract that includes both the stimulation and inhibition of oviposition.
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Piquer B, Olmos D, Flores A, Barra R, Bahamondes G, Diaz-Araya G, Lara HE. Exposure of the Gestating Mother to Sympathetic Stress Modifies the Cardiovascular Function of the Progeny in Male Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4285. [PMID: 36901294 PMCID: PMC10002243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic stress stimulates norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerves. During pregnancy, it modifies the fetal environment, increases NE to the fetus through the placental NE transporter, and affects adult physiological functions. Gestating rats were exposed to stress, and then the heart function and sensitivity to in vivo adrenergic stimulation were studied in male progeny. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to cold stress (4 °C/3 h/day); rats' male progeny were euthanized at 20 and 60 days old, and their hearts were used to determine the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) (radioligand binding) and NE concentration. The in vivo arterial pressure response to isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg weight/day/10 days) was monitored in real time (microchip in the descending aorta). RESULTS Stressed male progeny presented no differences in ventricular weight, the cardiac NE was lower, and high corticosterone plasma levels were recorded at 20 and 60 days old. The relative abundance of β1 adrenergic receptors decreased by 36% and 45%, respectively (p < 0.01), determined by Western blot analysis without changes in β2 adrenergic receptors. A decrease in the ratio between β1/β2 receptors was found. Displacement of 3H-dihydroalprenolol (DHA) from a membrane fraction with propranolol (β antagonist), atenolol (β1 antagonist), or zinterol (β2 agonist) shows decreased affinity but no changes in the β-adrenergic receptor number. In vivo exposure to ISO to induce a β-adrenergic overload provoked death in 50% of stressed males by day 3 of ISO treatment. CONCLUSION These data suggest permanent changes to the heart's adrenergic response after rat progeny were stressed in the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Piquer
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Diandra Olmos
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Andrea Flores
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rafael Barra
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Gabriela Bahamondes
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Guillermo Diaz-Araya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Hernan E. Lara
- Centre for Neurobiochemical Studies in Neuroendocrine Diseases, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
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Pastelin CF, Rivera-Castro ME, Mirto-Aguilar N, Moran C. Structural organization of the neuronal pathways of the superior ovarian nerve in the rat. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:25. [PMID: 36707870 PMCID: PMC9883865 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the rat, studies have shown that ovary innervation arrives via the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and the ovarian plexus nerve, which originates from the celiac plexus (CP). In the present study, we performed a neuroanatomical technique to investigate the anatomy of the SON between the ovary and the CP. RESULTS We found that the SON fibers were concentrated on the lateral border of the suprarenal ganglion and projected towards, then inserted into the suspensory ligament. Then, it ran parallel to the long axis of the ligament to reach and innervate the ovaries. At this level, the SON was composed of two coiled nerve fibers, each between 10 and 15 µm in diameter. The SON was linked to three different ganglia: the suprarenal ganglia, the celiac ganglia, and the superior mesenteric ganglion. CONCLUSIONS The postganglionic fibers that project to the ovary via the SON emerge from the suprarenal ganglia. The trajectories on the right and left sides to each ovary are similar. The somas of ipsilateral and contralateral SON neurons are located in the prevertebral ganglia, mostly in the celiac ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar F. Pastelin
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - María E. Rivera-Castro
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México ,grid.42707.360000 0004 1766 9560Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Nancy Mirto-Aguilar
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Carolina Moran
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Zangeneh FZ, Muhammadnejad S, Naghizadeh MM, Jafarabadi M, Sarmast Shoushtari M, Masoumi M. The first report of clonidine in vivo/ in vitro effects on infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( in vivo/ in vitro study). J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 42:1331-1339. [PMID: 34720019 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1963221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is hyperactive in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study was designed in two sections: in vivo/in vitro with clonidine as the alpha-2 adrenoceptor (ADR-α2) agonist for modulating this hyperactivity. Eighty women with PCO participated in this randomised clinical trial (in vivo). A clonidine (0.1 mg) tablet was given twice a day for two months. Polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) and pregnancy rate were the main outcome measurements. In the candidates for in vitro fertilisation (IVF), clonidine was added to the culture medium during IVF for two study groups (PCO-clonidine/PCO-without) and two control groups (egg donors-clonidine/egg donors-without). Our results showed that the pregnancy rate significantly was higher in the study group (p = .002). The mRNA expression of ADR-α1 and ADR-β2 in PCO was higher than control group (p value <.001). But ADR-α1 expression in PCO-clonidine group decreased (p value = .042), the same as ADR-α2 expression. The intensity of this effect showed a pattern for ADR-α1<ADR-β2<ADR-α2. Increase of antral follicle count (AFC) growth and pregnancy rate indicate the significant role of ADR-α2 in PCOS. Clonidine reduced gene expression and protein levels, confirming the above results. These results would aid in pharmacological treatments, as well as assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs).Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? In women with PCOS, sympathetic nerve activity is higher than in healthy women. Clonidine is widely used as an alpha-2 presynaptic adrenoceptor (autoreceptor) agonist to modulate the output of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Our in vivo/in vitro results showed that the optimal dose of clonidine can increase the oocyte maturity and pregnancy rate in PCO women. This finding was also confirmed by the results in cumulus cell culture.What do the results of this study add? The results of administration of 0.2 mg of clonidine (in vivo) for oocyte maturation and pregnancy rate confirms the in vitro response in the cumulus cell culture of PCO women's follicle.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? These findings can be used in pharmacological treatment of anovulation and assisted reproductive technology (ART).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- Cell-Based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mina Jafarabadi
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarmast Shoushtari
- Bio-material Engineering, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Masoumeh Masoumi
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Biology Group, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Asadi Zarch ME, Afshar A, Rahmanifar F, Jafarzadeh Shirazi MR, Baghban M, Dadpasand M, Mohammad Rezazadeh F, Khoradmehr A, Baharvand H, Tamadon A. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional relationships of gangliogenesis with folliculogenesis in mature mouse ovary: a Golgi-Cox staining approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5547. [PMID: 33692376 PMCID: PMC7970916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was set out to investigate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) evaluations of ovarian nervous network development and the structural relationship between folliculogenesis and gangliogenesis in mouse ovaries. Adult mice ovarian tissue samples were collected from follicular and luteal phases after cardiac perfusion. Ovarian samples were stained by a Golgi-Cox protocol. Following staining, tissues were serially sectioned for imaging. Neural filaments and ganglia were present in the ovaries. In both 2D and 3D studies, an increase in the number and area of ganglia was seen during the follicular growth. The same pattern was also seen in corpora lutea development. However, in some cases such as ratio of ganglia number to follicle area, the ratio of ganglia area to follicular area, 2D findings were different compared with the 3D results. 3D analysis of ovarian gangliogenesis showed the possible direct effect of them on folliculogenesis. Golgi-Cox staining was used in this study for 3D evaluation in non-brain tissue. The results of 3D analysis of the present study showed that, in some cases, the information provided by 2D analysis does not match the reality of ovarian neuronal function. This confirmed the importance of 3D analysis for evaluation of ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Afshar
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, 75146-33196, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Rahmanifar
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Baghban
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Dadpasand
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, 71441-65186, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, 75146-33196, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, 75146-33196, Bushehr, Iran.
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Central Ceramide Signaling Mediates Obesity-Induced Precocious Puberty. Cell Metab 2020; 32:951-966.e8. [PMID: 33080217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity, especially in girls, is frequently bound to earlier puberty, which is linked to higher disease burden later in life. The mechanisms underlying this association remain elusive. Here we show that brain ceramides participate in the control of female puberty and contribute to its alteration in early-onset obesity in rats. Postnatal overweight caused earlier puberty and increased hypothalamic ceramide content, while pharmacological activation of ceramide synthesis mimicked the pubertal advancement caused by obesity, specifically in females. Conversely, central blockade of de novo ceramide synthesis delayed puberty and prevented the effects of the puberty-activating signal, kisspeptin. This phenomenon seemingly involves a circuit encompassing the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and ovarian sympathetic innervation. Early-onset obesity enhanced PVN expression of SPTLC1, a key enzyme for ceramide synthesis, and advanced the maturation of the ovarian noradrenergic system. In turn, obesity-induced pubertal precocity was reversed by virogenetic suppression of SPTLC1 in the PVN. Our data unveil a pathway, linking kisspeptin, PVN ceramides, and sympathetic ovarian innervation, as key for obesity-induced pubertal precocity.
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Cisint S, Crespo CA, Iruzubieta Villagra L, Fernández SN, Ramos I. Effect of nervous stimulation on ovarian steroid secretion in amphibians. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:681-691. [PMID: 33058568 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of nerve stimulation on the secretory activity of the ovary of adult females was analyzed for the first time in amphibians. Results revealed that in Rhinella arenarum the stimulation of nerves that supply the gonad induced an increase in estradiol and progesterone secretion, this response showing differences during the reproductive cycle of the species. During the postreproductive period, an increase in estradiol secretion was observed while, in the reproductive period, progesterone secretion increased. Our results suggest that the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system would be responsible for this increase, taking into account that, under our experimental conditions, acetylcholine did not affect the endocrine activity of the gonad, while adrenaline (epinephrine) was effective in inducing steroid secretion an effect that could be due to interaction with β receptors. On the other hand, our data show that the association of adrenaline with follicle-stimulating hormone increased estradiol secretion during the postreproductive period, while the association of catecholamine with LH or hCG increased progesterone secretion during the reproductive period. Our results would suggest that nerve stimulation, mediated by the release of adrenaline, would act synergistically with gonadotrophins to stimulate steroid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cisint
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Claudia A Crespo
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina.,Higher Institute of Biological Research, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Iruzubieta Villagra
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia N Fernández
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Inés Ramos
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina.,Higher Institute of Biological Research, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco, Tucumán, Argentina
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Wei Y, Liang Y, Lin H, Dai Y, Yao S. Autonomic nervous system and inflammation interaction in endometriosis-associated pain. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:80. [PMID: 32145751 PMCID: PMC7060607 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Pain is the most common symptom in endometriosis. Endometriosis-associated pain is caused by inflammation, and is related to aberrant innervation. Although the specific mechanism between endometriosis-associated pain and the interaction of aberrant innervation and inflammation remains unclear, many studies have confirmed certain correlations between them. In addition, we found that some chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases (AIDs) such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) share similar characteristics: the changes in dysregulation of inflammatory factors as well as the function and innervation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The mechanisms underlying the interaction between the ANS and inflammation have provided new advances among these disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare the changes in inflammation and ANS in endometriosis, IBD, and RA; and to explore the role and possible mechanism of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in endometriosis-associated inflammation by referring to IBD and RA studies to provide some reference for further endometriosis research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, the 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanchun Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, the 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Haishan Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, China
| | - Yujing Dai
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510089, China
| | - Shuzhong Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 58, the 2nd Zhongshan Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Garcia-Garcia RM, Arias-Alvarez M, Sanchez-Rodriguez A, Lorenzo PL, Rebollar PG. Role of nerve growth factor in the reproductive physiology of female rabbits: A review. Theriogenology 2020; 150:321-328. [PMID: 32088037 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit does are reflex ovulators such that coitus is needed to release GnRH and elicit the LH surge that triggers the ovulation of mature oocytes. However, the mechanisms eliciting ovulation in this species remain unclear. One of the most promising recently discovered candidates with a role in female reproductive physiology is nerve growth factor beta (β-NGF). This neurotrophin and its high-affinity receptor TrkA and low affinity receptor p75, is present in all compartments of the ovary, oviduct and uterus suggesting a physiologic role in ovarian folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, ovulation, luteogenesis and embryo development. Besides, evidence exists that β-NGF found in seminal plasma could exert a modulatory role in the female hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis contributing to the adrenergic and cholinergic neuronal stimulus of GnRH neurons in an endocrine manner during natural mating. Probably, the paracrine and local roles of the neurotrophin in steroidogenesis and ovulation reinforce the neuroendocrine pathway that leads to ovulation. This review updates knowledge of the role of β-NGF in rabbit reproduction, including its possible contribution to the mechanisms of action that induce ovulation, and discusses perspectives for the future applications of this neurotrophin on rabbit farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Garcia-Garcia
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Arias-Alvarez
- Dept. Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Sanchez-Rodriguez
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P L Lorenzo
- Dept. Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P G Rebollar
- Dept. of Agrarian Production, ETSIAAB, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Squicciarini V, Riquelme R, Wilsterman K, Bentley GE, Lara HE. Role of RFRP-3 in the development of cold stress-induced polycystic ovary phenotype in rats. J Endocrinol 2018; 239:81–91. [PMID: 30307156 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RFamide-related peptide (RFRP-3) is a regulator of GnRH secretion from the brain, but it can also act in human ovary to influence steroidogenesis. We aimed to study the putative local role of RFRP-3 in the ovary and its potential participation in the development of a polycystic ovary phenotype induced by chronic sympathetic stress (cold stress). We used adult Sprague–Dawley rats divided into control and stressed groups. In both groups, we studied the effect of intraovarian exposure to RFRP-3 on follicular development and plasma ovarian steroid concentrations. We also tested the effect of RFRP-3 on ovarian steroid production in vitro. Chronic in vivo intraovarian exposure to RFRP-3 decreased basal testosterone concentrations and cold stress-induced progesterone production by the ovary. In vitro, RFRP-3 decreased hCG-induced ovarian progesterone and testosterone secretion. Immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression analysis showed a decrease in Rfrp and expression of its receptor in the ovary of stressed rats, a result which is in line with the increased testosterone levels found in stressed rats. In vivo application of RFRP-3 recovered the low levels of secondary and healthy antral follicles found in stressed rats. Taken together, our data indicate a previously unknown response of hypothalamic and ovarian RFRP-3 to chronic cold stress, influencing ovarian steroidogenesis and follicular dynamics. Thus, it is likely that RFRP-3 modulation in the ovary is a key component of development of the polycystic ovary phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Squicciarini
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Riquelme
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - K Wilsterman
- Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - G E Bentley
- Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - H E Lara
- Center for Neurobiochemical Studies in Endocrine Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Delsouc MB, Della Vedova MC, Ramírez D, Delgado SM, Casais M. The production of nitric oxide in the coeliac ganglion modulates the effect of cholinergic neurotransmission on the rat ovary during the preovulatory period. Nitric Oxide 2018; 75:85-94. [PMID: 29501650 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate whether the nitric oxide produced by the nitric oxide/nitric oxide synthase (NO/NOS) system present in the coeliac ganglion modulates the effects of cholinergic innervation on oxidative status, steroidogenesis and apoptotic mechanisms that take place in the rat ovary during the first proestrous. An ex vivo Coeliac Ganglion- Superior Ovarian Nerve- Ovary (CG-SON-O) system was used. Cholinergic stimulation of the CG was achieved by 10-6 M Acetylcholine (Ach). Furthermore, 400 μM Aminoguanidine (AG) - an inhibitor of inducible-NOS was added in the CG compartment in absence and presence of Ach. It was found that Ach in the CG compartment promotes apoptosis in ovarian tissue, probably due to the oxidative stress generated. AG in the CG compartment decreases the release of NO and progesterone, and increases the release of estradiol from the ovary. The CG co-treatment with Ach and AG counteracts the effects of the ganglionic cholinergic agonist on ovarian oxidative stress, increases hormone production and decreases Fas mRNA expression. These results suggest that NO is an endogenous modulator of cholinergic neurotransmission in CG, with implication in ovarian steroidogenesis and the apoptotic mechanisms that take place in the ovary during the preovulatory period in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Delsouc
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María C Della Vedova
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental y Traduccional (LME&T), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Darío Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental y Traduccional (LME&T), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvia M Delgado
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marilina Casais
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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13
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Garrido MP, Fernandois D, Venegas M, Paredes AH. Effects of sympathectomy on ovarian follicular development and steroid secretion. Reproduction 2018; 155:173-181. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the influence of adrenergic activity over ovarian function, and thus fertility, has begun to gain importance. Previous studies have shown that adrenergic activity through norepinephrine (NE) participates in the control of follicular development and steroidal secretion from the ovary, among other functions. To examine this phenomenon, the denervation of the gonad has been widely used to observe changes in the ovary’s performance. Nevertheless, the effect of the absence of adrenergic nerves in the ovary has only been studied in short times periods. In the present work, we used guanethidine (a drug that produces an irreversible sympathectomy) during the infantile period of rats, and we observed its effects in the adult rat (6 months old). Our results indicate that ovarian NE content is recovered at 6 months old, alongside with an increase of the adrenal content of NE and a dysfunctional celiac ganglion. Together, these results suggest that the recovery of ovarian NE does not come from a neural origin. In addition, ovarian performance was impaired because the changes in follicular development and steroidal secretion are not recovered despite the recovery of ovarian NE content. In conclusion, these results suggest that the nerve–ovarian connections, which are established during infantile development, are necessary for the accurate response of the ovary to sympathetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza P Garrido
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Fernandois
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Venegas
- 3Sección de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso H Paredes
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Fernandois D, Cruz G, Na EK, Lara HE, Paredes AH. Kisspeptin level in the aging ovary is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:97-105. [PMID: 27856623 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that the increase in the activity of sympathetic nerves, which occurs during the subfertility period in female rats, causes an increase in follicular cyst development and impairs follicular development. In addition, the increase in ovarian sympathetic activity of aged rats correlates with an increased expression of kisspeptin (KISS1) in the ovary. This increase in KISS1 could participate in the decrease in follicular development that occurs during the subfertility period. We aimed to determine whether the blockade of ovarian sympathetic tone prevents the increase in KISS1 expression during reproductive aging and improves follicular development. We performed 2 experiments in rats: (1) an in vivo blockade of beta-adrenergic receptor with propranolol (5.0 mg/kg) and (2) an ovarian surgical denervation to modulate the sympathetic system at these ages. We measured Kisspeptin and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) mRNA and protein levels by qRT-PCR and western blot and counted primordial, primary and secondary follicles at 8, 10 and 12 months of age. The results showed that ovarian KISS1 decreased but FSHR increased after both propranolol administration and the surgical denervation in rats of 8, 10 and 12 months of age. An increase in FSHR was related to an increase in the number of smaller secondary follicles and a decreased number of primordial follicles at 8, 10 and 12 months of age. These results suggest that intraovarian KISS1 is regulated by sympathetic nerves via a beta-adrenergic receptor and participates locally in ovarian follicular development in reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fernandois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLaboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasCentro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eun Kyung Na
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLaboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán E Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLaboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso H Paredes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLaboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Delsouc MB, Morales LD, Vallcaneras SS, Bronzi D, Anzulovich AC, Delgado SM, Casais M. Participation of the extrinsic cholinergic innervation in the action of nitric oxide on the ovarian steroidogenesis in the first proestrous in rats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:54-62. [PMID: 27388663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ex-vivo Coeliac Ganglion-Superior Ovarian Nerve-Ovary (CG-SON-O) system and an ovary without peripheral neural influence from virgin rats in the first proestrous were used to test whether ovarian extrinsic innervation and nitric oxide (NO) affects steroidogenesis in the ovary. The CG and the ovary were placed in separate buffered-compartments, connected by the SON. Stimulation of the CG was achieved by 10(-6)M acetylcholine (Ach). The ovary without peripheral neural influence was placed alone in a buffered-compartment. To test a possible role of NO in the ovarian response to peripheral neural influence, 100μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, an NO donor) and 100μM N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase) were added to the ovarian compartment separately. In the CG-SON-O system, SNP into the ovarian compartment increased the concentration of NO, reduced the release of progesterone and increased the release of estradiol (E2), increasing the mRNAs related to their synthesis enzyme. The addition of l-NAME to the ovarian compartment caused an opposite effect. In the ovary alone, NO manifested an antisteroidogenic effect on both hormones. These results show that the ovarian extrinsic innervation maintains a direct relationship between NO and E2, both needed at high levels during the follicular phase, allowing the continuity of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Delsouc
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Laura D Morales
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Sandra S Vallcaneras
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Daniela Bronzi
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana C Anzulovich
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología (LABCRON), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvia M Delgado
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Laboratorio de Cronobiología (LABCRON), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marilina Casais
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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16
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Urra J, Blohberger J, Tiszavari M, Mayerhofer A, Lara HE. In vivo blockade of acetylcholinesterase increases intraovarian acetylcholine and enhances follicular development and fertility in the rat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30129. [PMID: 27440195 PMCID: PMC4954984 DOI: 10.1038/srep30129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation of ovarian follicles are regulated by systemic and local factors, which may include acetylcholine (ACh). Granulosa cells (GCs) of growing follicles and luteal cells produce ACh and in cultured GCs it exerts trophic actions via muscarinic receptors. However, such actions were not studied in vivo. After having established that rat ovarian GCs and luteal cells express the ACh-metabolizing enzyme ACh esterase (AChE), we examined the consequences of local application of an AChE inhibitor, huperzine A (HupA), by osmotic minipump delivery into the ovarian bursa of hemiovariectomized rats. Saline was used in the control group. Local delivery of HupA for 4 weeks increased ovarian ACh content. Estrus cyclicity was not changed indicating a locally restricted range of HupA action. The number of primordial and primary follicles was unaffected, but small secondary follicles significantly increased in the HupA group. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of corpora lutea suggested increased ovulatory events. In support, as shown upon mating, HupA-treated females had significantly increased implantation sites and more pups. Thus the data are in support of a trophic role of ACh in follicular development and ovulation and point to an important role of ACh in female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Urra
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jan Blohberger
- BMC, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Michelle Tiszavari
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- BMC, Cell Biology, Anatomy III, Ludwig-Maximilian-University (LMU), 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Hernan E Lara
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Fernandois D, Na E, Cuevas F, Cruz G, Lara HE, Paredes AH. Kisspeptin is involved in ovarian follicular development during aging in rats. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:161-70. [PMID: 26698566 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that kisspeptin (KP) may be under the control of the sympathetic innervation of the ovary. Considering that the sympathetic activity of the ovary increases with aging, it is possible that ovarian KP also increases during this period and participates in follicular development. To evaluate this possibility, we determined ovarian KP expression and its action on follicular development during reproductive aging in rats. We measured ovarian KP mRNA and protein levels in 6-, 8-, 10- and 12-month-old rats. To evaluate follicular developmental changes, intraovarian administration of KP or its antagonist, peptide 234 (P234), was performed using a mini-osmotic pump, and to evaluate FSH receptor (FSHR) changes in the senescent ovary, we stimulated cultured ovaries with KP, P234 and isoproterenol (ISO). Our results shows that KP expression in the ovary was increased in 10- and 12-month-old rats compared with 6-month-old rats, and this increase in KP was strongly correlated with the increase in ovarian norepinephrine observed with aging. The administration of KP produced an increase in corpora lutea and type III follicles in 6- and 10-month-old rats, which was reversed by P234 administration at 10 months. In addition, KP decreased the number and size of antral follicles in 6- and 10-month-old rats, while P234 administration produced an increase in these structures at the same ages. In ovarian cultures KP prevented the induction of FSHR by ISO. These results suggest that intraovarian KP negatively participates in the acquisition of FSHR, indicating a local role in the regulation of follicular development and ovulation during reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernandois
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, ChileLaboratorio de alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - E Na
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, ChileLaboratorio de alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - F Cuevas
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, ChileLaboratorio de alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - G Cruz
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, ChileLaboratorio de alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - H E Lara
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, ChileLaboratorio de alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - A H Paredes
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, ChileLaboratorio de alteraciones Reproductivas y MetabólicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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18
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Delsouc MB, Della Vedova MC, Ramírez D, Anzulovich AC, Delgado SM, Casais M. Oxidative stress and altered steroidogenesis in the ovary by cholinergic stimulation of coeliac ganglion in the first proestrous in rats. Implication of nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2016; 53:45-53. [PMID: 26778278 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An ex-vivo Coeliac Ganglion-Superior Ovarian Nerve-Ovary (CG-SON-O) system from virgin rats in the first proestrous was used to test whether cholinergic stimulation of CG affects oxidative status and steroidogenesis in the ovary. The CG and the O were placed in separate buffered-compartments, connected by the SON, and the CG was stimulated by acetylcholine (Ach). To test a possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the ovarian response to cholinergic stimulation of CG, aminoguanidine (AG) - an inhibitor of inducible-NO synthase was added to the O compartment. After 180 min incubation, the oxidative status was assessed in O whereas nitrite and steroidogenesis were assessed at 30, 120 and 180 min. Ach in CG decreased the total antioxidant capacity, but increased NO production and protein carbonization in O. Ach stimulation of CG increased estradiol, but decreased progesterone release in O by reducing the mRNAs related to their synthesis and degradation. The addition of AG to the O compartment caused an opposite effect, which was more pronounced in the presence of Ach in the CG compartment than in its absence. These results show that the stimulation of the extrinsic-cholinergic innervation of the O increases the concentration of NO, causes oxidative stress and modulates steroidogenesis in the first rat proestrous.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B Delsouc
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María C Della Vedova
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental y Traduccional (LME&T), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Darío Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental y Traduccional (LME&T), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana C Anzulovich
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología (LABCRON), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvia M Delgado
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Marilina Casais
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción (LABIR), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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19
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Patel PR, Hegde ML, Theruvathu J, Mitra SA, Boldogh I, Sowers L. Norepinephrine Reduces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and DNA Damage in Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:75-80. [PMID: 26167254 PMCID: PMC4495967 DOI: 10.4172/1948-593x.1000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of norepinephrine (NE) on DNA damage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in ovarian surface epithelial cells. METHOD Non-tumorigenic, immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells were treated with NE, bleomycin, and bleomycin followed by NE. The comet assay was performed on each treatment group to determine the amount of single and double-strand breaks induced by treatments. ROS levels for each treatment group were measured using the H2DCF-DA fluorescence assay. Finally, RNA transcripts were measured for each treatment group with regards to the expression of DNA repair and oxidative stress genes. RESULTS The mean tail moment of untreated cells was significantly greater than that of cells treated with NE (p=0.02). The mean tail moment of cells treated with bleomycin was significantly greater than that of cells treated with bleomycin followed by NE (p<0.01). Treatment with NE resulted in significantly less ROS generation than in untreated cells (p<0.01). NE treatment after hydrogen peroxide treatment resulted in a noticeable decrease in ROS generation. Genes associated with oxidative stress were upregulated in cells treated with bleomycin, however this upregulation was blunted when bleomycin-treated cells were treated subsequently with NE. CONCLUSION NE is associated with decreased DNA damage and ROS production in ovarian surface epithelial cells. This effect is protective in the presence of the oxidative-damaging agent bleomycin. These results suggest an additional physiologic role for the stress hormone NE, in protecting ovarian surface epithelial cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja R Patel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob Theruvathu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sankar A Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lawrence Sowers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, USA
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20
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Mónica Brauer M, Smith PG. Estrogen and female reproductive tract innervation: cellular and molecular mechanisms of autonomic neuroplasticity. Auton Neurosci 2014; 187:1-17. [PMID: 25530517 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The female reproductive tract undergoes remarkable functional and structural changes associated with cycling, conception and pregnancy, and it is likely advantageous to both individual and species to alter relationships between reproductive tissues and innervation. For several decades, it has been appreciated that the mammalian uterus undergoes massive sympathetic axon depletion in late pregnancy, possibly representing an adaptation to promote smooth muscle quiescence and sustained blood flow. Innervation to other structures such as cervix and vagina also undergo pregnancy-related changes in innervation that may facilitate parturition. These tissues provide highly tractable models for examining cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nervous system plasticity. Studies show that estrogen elicits rapid degeneration of sympathetic terminal axons in myometrium, which regenerate under low-estrogen conditions. Degeneration is mediated by the target tissue: under estrogen's influence, the myometrium produces proteins repulsive to sympathetic axons including BDNF, neurotrimin, semaphorins, and pro-NGF, and extracellular matrix components are remodeled. Interestingly, nerve depletion does not involve diminished levels of classical sympathetic neurotrophins that promote axon growth. Estrogen also affects sympathetic neuron neurotrophin receptor expression in ways that appear to favor pro-degenerative effects of the target tissue. In contrast to the uterus, estrogen depletes vaginal autonomic and nociceptive axons, with the latter driven in part by estrogen-induced suppression of BMP4 synthesis. These findings illustrate that hormonally mediated physiological plasticity is a highly complex phenomenon involving multiple, predominantly repulsive target-derived factors acting in concert to achieve rapid and selective reductions in innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mónica Brauer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Peter G Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Cruz G, Foster W, Paredes A, Yi KD, Uzumcu M. Long-term effects of early-life exposure to environmental oestrogens on ovarian function: role of epigenetics. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:613-24. [PMID: 25040227 PMCID: PMC4297924 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogens play an important role in development and function of the brain and reproductive tract. Accordingly, it is considered that developmental exposure to environmental oestrogens can disrupt neural and reproductive tract development, potentially resulting in long-term alterations in neurobehaviour and reproductive function. Many chemicals have been shown to have oestrogenic activity, whereas others affect oestrogen production and turnover, resulting in the disruption of oestrogen signalling pathways. However, these mechanisms and the concentrations required to induce these effects cannot account for the myriad adverse effects of environmental toxicants on oestrogen-sensitive target tissues. Hence, alternative mechanisms are assumed to underlie the adverse effects documented in experimental animal models and thus could be important to human health. In this review, the epigenetic regulation of gene expression is explored as a potential target of environmental toxicants including oestrogenic chemicals. We suggest that toxicant-induced changes in epigenetic signatures are important mechanisms underlying the disruption of ovarian follicular development. In addition, we discuss how exposure to environmental oestrogens during early life can alter gene expression through effects on epigenetic control potentially leading to permanent changes in ovarian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral, Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Correspondence to: Gonzalo Cruz, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile. 2360102, Tel. 56 32 2508015,
| | - Warren Foster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfonso Paredes
- Laboratorio de Neurobioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Kun Don Yi
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC. Greensboro, NC
| | - Mehmet Uzumcu
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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22
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Cisint S, Crespo CA, Medina MF, Iruzubieta Villagra L, Fernández SN, Ramos I. Innervation of amphibian reproductive system. Histological and ultrastructural studies. Auton Neurosci 2014; 185:51-8. [PMID: 24882461 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we describe for the first time in anuran amphibians the histological and ultrastructural characteristics of innervation in the female reproductive organs. The observations in Rhinella arenarum revealed the presence of nerve fibers located predominantly in the ovarian hilium and in the oviduct wall. In both organs the nerves fibers are placed near blood vessels and smooth muscles fibers. In the present study the histological observations were confirmed using antibodies against peripherin and neurofilament 200 proteins. Ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that the innervation of the reproductive organs is constituted by unmyelinated nerve fibers surrounded by Schwann cells. Axon terminals contain a population of small, clear, translucent vesicles that coexist with a few dense cored vesicles. The ultrastructural characteristics together with the immunopositive reaction to tyrosine hydroxylase of the nerve fibers and the type of synaptic vesicles present in the axon terminal would indicate that the reproductive organs of R. arenarum females are innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cisint
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Claudia A Crespo
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Marcela F Medina
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia Iruzubieta Villagra
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia N Fernández
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; Superior Institute of Biological Research, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000-S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Inés Ramos
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000 S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina; Superior Institute of Biological Research, National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, National University of Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, 4000-S.M. de Tucumán, Argentina. http://
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23
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Barra R, Cruz G, Mayerhofer A, Paredes A, Lara HE. Maternal sympathetic stress impairs follicular development and puberty of the offspring. Reproduction 2014; 148:137-45. [PMID: 24811779 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cold stress applied to adult rats activates ovarian sympathetic innervation and develops polycystic ovary (PCO) phenotype. The PCO syndrome in humans originates during early development and is expressed before or during puberty, which suggests that the condition derived from in utero exposure to neural- or metabolic-derived insults. We studied the effects of maternal sympathetic stress on the ovarian follicular development and on the onset of puberty of female offspring. Timed pregnant rats were exposed to chronic cold stress (4 °C, 3 h/daily from 1000 to 1300 h) during the entire pregnancy. Neonatal rats exposed to sympathetic stress during gestation had a lower number of primary, primordial, and secondary follicles in the ovary and a lower recruitment of primary and secondary follicles derived from the primordial follicular pool. The expression of the FSH receptor and response of the neonatal ovary to FSH were reduced. A decrease in nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA was found without change in the low-affinity NGF receptor. The FSH-induced development of secondary follicles was decreased. At puberty, estradiol plasma levels decreased without changes in LH plasma levels. Puberty onset (as shown by the vaginal opening) was delayed. Ovarian norepinephrine (NE) was reduced; there was no change in its metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, in stressed rats and no change in NE turnover. The changes in ovarian NE in prepubertal rats stressed during gestation could represent a lower development of sympathetic nerves as a compensatory response to the chronically increased NE levels during gestation and hence participate in delaying reproductive performance in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Barra
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago ChileDepartamento de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Universidad de Valparaíso, 2360094 Valparaíso, ChileAnatomy III - Cell BiologyLudwig Maximilian University, Schillerstrasse 42 D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago ChileDepartamento de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Universidad de Valparaíso, 2360094 Valparaíso, ChileAnatomy III - Cell BiologyLudwig Maximilian University, Schillerstrasse 42 D-80336 Munich, GermanyLaboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago ChileDepartamento de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Universidad de Valparaíso, 2360094 Valparaíso, ChileAnatomy III - Cell BiologyLudwig Maximilian University, Schillerstrasse 42 D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Artur Mayerhofer
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago ChileDepartamento de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Universidad de Valparaíso, 2360094 Valparaíso, ChileAnatomy III - Cell BiologyLudwig Maximilian University, Schillerstrasse 42 D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alfonso Paredes
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago ChileDepartamento de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Universidad de Valparaíso, 2360094 Valparaíso, ChileAnatomy III - Cell BiologyLudwig Maximilian University, Schillerstrasse 42 D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hernán E Lara
- Laboratory of NeurobiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, 8380492 Independencia, Santiago ChileDepartamento de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Universidad de Valparaíso, 2360094 Valparaíso, ChileAnatomy III - Cell BiologyLudwig Maximilian University, Schillerstrasse 42 D-80336 Munich, Germany
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24
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Ricu MA, Ramirez VD, Paredes AH, Lara HE. Evidence for a celiac ganglion-ovarian kisspeptin neural network in the rat: intraovarian anti-kisspeptin delays vaginal opening and alters estrous cyclicity. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4966-77. [PMID: 22869347 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin and its receptor GPR54 have been described as key hypothalamic components in the regulation of GnRH secretion. Kisspeptin is also present in several regions of the central nervous system and the peripheral organs and has recently been identified in the superior ganglion. Herein, we tested the possibility that ovarian kisspeptin is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and participates locally in the regulation of ovarian function. Both ovarian and celiac ganglion kisspeptin mRNA levels increase during development, whereas kisspeptin peptide levels and plasma levels decrease during development. In the celiac ganglion, kisspeptin colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase, indicating potential kisspeptin synthesis and transport within the sympathetic neurons. A continuous (64 h) cold stress induced marked changes within the kisspeptin neural system along the celiac ganglion-ovary axis. In vitro incubation with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased ovarian kisspeptin mRNA and peptide levels, and this increase was inhibited by treatment with the β-antagonist propranolol. Sectioning the superior ovarian nerve altered the feedback information within the kisspeptin celiac ganglion-ovary axis. In vivo administration of a kisspeptin antagonist to the left ovarian bursa of 22- to 50-d-old unilaterally ovariectomized rats delayed the vaginal opening, decreased the percentage of estrous cyclicity, and decreased plasma, ovarian, and celiac ganglion kisspeptin concentrations but did not modify the LH plasma levels. These results indicate that the intraovarian kisspeptin system may be regulated by sympathetic nerve activity and that the peptide, either from a neural or ovarian origin, is required for proper coordinated ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Ricu
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
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Nugent BM, Tobet SA, Lara HE, Lucion AB, Wilson ME, Recabarren SE, Paredes AH. Hormonal programming across the lifespan. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:577-86. [PMID: 22700441 PMCID: PMC3756611 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1312593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hormones influence countless biological processes across an animal's lifespan. Many hormone-mediated events occur within developmental sensitive periods, during which hormones have the potential to cause permanent tissue-specific alterations in anatomy and physiology. There are numerous selective critical periods in development with different targets being affected during different periods. This review outlines the proceedings of the Hormonal Programming in Development session at the US-South American Workshop in Neuroendocrinology in August 2011. Here we discuss how gonadal steroid hormones impact various biological processes within the brain and gonads during early development and describe the changes that take place in the aging female ovary. At the cellular level, hormonal targets in the brain include neurons, glia, or vasculature. On a genomic/epigenomic level, transcription factor signaling and epigenetic changes alter the expression of critical hormone receptor genes across development and following ischemic brain insult. In addition, organizational hormone exposure alters epigenetic processes in specific brain nuclei and may be an important mediator of sexual differentiation of the neonatal brain. Brain targets of hormonal programming, such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, may be critical in influencing the development of peripheral targets, such as the ovary. Exposure to excess hormones can cause abnormalities in the ovary during development leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Exposure to excess androgens during fetal development also has a profound effect on the development of the male reproductive system. In addition, increased activity of the sympathetic nerve and stress during early life have been linked to PCOS symptomology in adulthood. Finally, we describe how age-related decreases in fertility are linked to high levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), which enhances sympathetic nerve activity and alters ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Nugent
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Vallcaneras SS, Casais M, Anzulovich AC, Delgado SM, Sosa Z, Telleria CM, Rastrilla AM. Androstenedione acts on the coeliac ganglion and modulates luteal function via the superior ovarian nerve in the postpartum rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:243-50. [PMID: 21439382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Androstenedione can affect luteal function via a neural pathway in the late pregnant rat. Here, we investigate whether androstenedione is capable of opposing to regression of pregnancy corpus luteum that occurs after parturition, indirectly, from the coeliac ganglion. Thus, androstenedione was added into the ganglionar compartment of an ex vivo coeliac ganglion-superior ovarian nerve-ovary system isolated from non-lactating rats on day 4 postpartum. At the end of incubation, we measured the abundance of progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol released into the ovarian compartment. Luteal mRNA expression and activity of progesterone synthesis and degradation enzymes, 3β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 20α-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), respectively, as well as the aromatase, Bcl-2, Bax, Fas and FasL transcript levels, were also determined. Additionally, we measured the ovarian release of norepinephrine, nitric oxide and luteal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. The presence of androstenedione in the ganglion compartment significantly increased the release of ovarian progesterone, androstenedione and oestradiol without modifying 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD activities or mRNA expression. The ovarian release of oestradiol in response to the presence of androstenedione in the ganglion compartment declined with time of incubation in accord with a reduction in the aromatase mRNA expression. Androstenedione added to the ganglion compartment decreased FasL mRNA expression, without affecting luteal Bcl-2, Bax and Fas transcript levels; also increased the release of norepinephrine, decreased the release of nitric oxide and increased iNOS mRNA. In summary, on day 4 after parturition, androstenedione can mediate a luteotropic effect acting at the coeliac ganglion and transmitting to the ovary a signaling via a neural pathway in association with increased release of norepinephrine, decreased nitric oxide release, and decreased expression of FasL.
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27
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Paredes AH, Salvetti NR, Diaz AE, Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Lara HE. Sympathetic nerve activity in normal and cystic follicles from isolated bovine ovary: local effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on steroid secretion. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:66. [PMID: 21575217 PMCID: PMC3117772 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is an important cause of abnormal estrous behavior and infertility in dairy cows. COD is mainly observed in high-yielding dairy cows during the first months post-partum, a period of high stress. We have previously reported that, in lower mammals, stress induces a cystic condition similar to the polycystic ovary syndrome in humans and that stress is a definitive component in the human pathology. To know if COD in cows is also associated with high sympathetic activity, we studied isolated small antral (5 mm), preovulatory (10 mm) and cystic follicles (25 mm). Cystic follicles which present an area 600 fold greater compared with preovulatory follicles has only 10 times less concentration of NE as compared with small antral and preovulatory follicles but they had 10 times more NE in follicular fluid, suggesting a high efflux of neurotransmitter from the cyst wall. This suggestion was reinforced by the high basal release of recently taken-up 3H-NE found in cystic follicles. While lower levels of beta-adrenergic receptor were found in cystic follicles, there was a heightened response to the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and to hCG, as measured by testosterone secretion. There was however an unexpected capacity of the ovary in vitro to produce cortisol and to secrete it in response to hCG but not to isoproterenol. These data suggest that, during COD, the bovine ovary is under high sympathetic nerve activity that in addition to an increased response to hCG in cortisol secretion could participate in COD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso H Paredes
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia R Salvetti
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FCV-UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina & National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ariel E Diaz
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FCV-UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina & National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FCV-UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina & National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Hernan E Lara
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bovine ovarian follicular cysts: in vitro effects of lecirelin, a GnRH analogue. Theriogenology 2010; 74:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Acuña E, Fornes R, Fernandois D, Garrido MP, Greiner M, Lara HE, Paredes AH. Increases in norepinephrine release and ovarian cyst formation during ageing in the rat. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:64. [PMID: 19531218 PMCID: PMC2705370 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depletion of ovarian follicles is associated with the end of reproductive function in ageing females. Recently, it has been described that this process parallels increases in the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the rat ovary. In sexually mature rats, experimentally-induced increases in the sympathetic tone of the ovary is causally related to ovarian cyst formation and deranged follicular development. Thus, there is a possibility that increased ovarian NE concentrations represent changes in the activity of sympathetic nerves, which consequently participate in the process of ovarian cyst formation observed during ageing in the human and experimental animal models. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats between 6 and 14 months old were used to analyse the capacity of the ovary to release 3H-NE recently incorporated under transmural depolarisation in relation to changes in the ovarian follicular population. Morphometric analysis of ovarian follicles and real time PCR for Bcl2 and Bax mRNA were used to assess follicular atresia. RESULTS From 8 months old, the induced release of recently incorporated 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) from the ovary and ovarian NE concentrations increased, reaching their peak values at 12 months old and remained elevated up to 14 months old. Increases in sympathetic nerve activity paralleled changes in the follicular population, as well as disappearance of the corpus luteum. In contrast, luteinised follicles, precystic follicles, and cystic follicles increased. During this period, the relationship between Bax and Bcl2 mRNAs (the proapoptotic/antiapoptotic signals) increased, suggesting atresia as the principal mechanism contributing to the decreased follicular population. When NE tone was increased, the mRNA ratio favoured Bcl2 to Bax and antiapoptotic signals dominated this period of development. Thus, these changing ratios could be responsible for the increase in luteinised follicles, as well as precystic and cystic follicles. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the ageing process in the ovary of the Sprague-Dawley rat is accompanied by an increased sympathetic tone of the ovary. Consequently, this sympathetic change could be related to a neuroendocrine-driven formation of a polycystic condition similar to that observed in the sympathetic-activated adult ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Acuña
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Romina Fornes
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Daniela Fernandois
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Maritza P Garrido
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Monika Greiner
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Hernan E Lara
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Alfonso H Paredes
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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Morán C, Zarate F, Morán JL, Handal A, Domínguez R. Lateralization of the connections of the ovary to the celiac ganglia in juvenile rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:50. [PMID: 19460167 PMCID: PMC2697162 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of the female rat, a maturing process of the factors that regulate the functioning of the ovaries takes place, resulting in different responses according to the age of the animal. Studies show that peripheral innervation is one relevant factor involved.In the present study we analyzed the anatomical relationship between the neurons in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia (CSMG), and the right or left ovary in 24 or 28 days old female pre-pubertal rats. The participation of the superior ovarian nerve (SON) in the communication between the CSMG and the ovaries was analyzed in animals with unilateral section of the SON, previous to injecting true blue (TB) into the ovarian bursa. The animals were killed seven days after treatment. TB stained neurons were quantified at the superior mesenteric-celiac ganglia.The number of labeled neurons in the CSMG of rats treated at 28 days of age was significantly higher than those treated on day 24. At age 24 days, injecting TB into the right ovary resulted in neuron stains on both sides of the celiac ganglia; whereas, injecting the left side the stains were exclusively ipsilateral. Such asymmetry was not observed when the rats were treated at age of 28 days.In younger rats, sectioning the left SON resulted in significantly lower number of stained neurons in the left ganglia while sectioning the right SON did not modify the number of stained neurons. When sectioning of the SON was performed to 28 days old rats, no staining was observed.Present results show that the number and connectivity of post-ganglionic neurons of the CSMG connected to the ovary of juvenile female rats change as the animal mature; that the SON plays a role in this communication process as puberty approaches; and that this maturing process is different for the right or the left ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Morán
- Department of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Science Institute BUAP, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Zarate
- Department of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Science Institute BUAP, Mexico
| | - José Luis Morán
- Department of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Science Institute BUAP, Mexico
| | - Anabella Handal
- Department of Biology and Toxicology of Reproduction; Science Institute BUAP, Mexico
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit; FES Zaragoza UNAM, Av. 14 sur 6301, San Manuel, Puebla, Pue. CP 72570, Mexico
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Flaisher-Grinberg S, Albelda N, Gitter L, Weltman K, Arad M, Joel D. Ovarian hormones modulate 'compulsive' lever-pressing in female rats. Horm Behav 2009; 55:356-65. [PMID: 18996389 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Life events related to the female hormonal cycle may trigger the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) or exacerbate symptoms in women already suffering from it. These observations suggest a possible role for ovarian hormones in the course of this disorder. Yet, the mechanisms that may subserve the modulatory effect of ovarian hormones are currently unknown. The aim of the present study was therefore to test the role of ovarian hormones in the signal attenuation rat model of OCD. Experiment 1 compared the behavior of pre-pubertal and adult male and female rats in the model, and found no age and sex differences in compulsive responding. Experiment 2 found that compulsive responding fluctuates along the estrous cycle, being highest during late diestrous and lowest during estrous. Acute administration of estradiol to pre-pubertal female rats was found to attenuate compulsive behavior (Experiment 3), and withdrawal from chronic administration of estradiol was shown to increase this behavior (Experiment 4). These findings extend the use of the signal attenuation model of OCD to female rats, and by demonstrating that the model is sensitive to the levels of ovarian hormones, provide the basis for using the model to study the role of ovarian hormones in OCD. In addition, the present findings support the hypothesis that the increased risk of onset and exacerbation of OCD in women post-partum may be a result of the decrease in the level of estradiol, which was elevated during pregnancy.
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Mannerås L, Cajander S, Lönn M, Stener-Victorin E. Acupuncture and exercise restore adipose tissue expression of sympathetic markers and improve ovarian morphology in rats with dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOS. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1124-31. [PMID: 19158405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90947.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Altered activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which innervates adipose and ovarian tissue, may play a role in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We hypothesize that electro-acupuncture (EA) and physical exercise reduce sympathetic activity by stimulating ergoreceptors and somatic afferent pathways in muscles. Here we investigated the effects of low-frequency EA and physical exercise on mRNA expression of sympathetic markers in adipose tissue and on ovarian morphology in female rats that received dihydrotestosterone (DHT) continuously, starting before puberty, to induce PCOS. At age 11 wk, rats with DHT-induced PCOS were randomly divided into three groups: PCOS, PCOS plus EA, and PCOS plus exercise. The latter two groups received 2-Hz EA (evoking muscle twitches) three times/week or had free access to a running wheel for 4-5 wk. In mesenteric adipose tissue, expression of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA was higher in untreated PCOS rats than in controls. Low-frequency EA and exercise downregulated mRNA expression of NGF and NPY, and EA also downregulated expression of ADRB3, compared with untreated rats with DHT-induced PCOS. EA and exercise improved ovarian morphology, as reflected in a higher proportion of healthy antral follicles and a thinner theca interna cell layer than in untreated PCOS rats. These findings support the theory that increased sympathetic activity contributes to the development and maintenance of PCOS and that the effects of EA and exercise may be mediated by modulation of sympathetic outflow to the adipose tissue and ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mannerås
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Dorfman M, Ramirez VD, Stener-Victorin E, Lara HE. Chronic-intermittent cold stress in rats induces selective ovarian insulin resistance. Biol Reprod 2008; 80:264-71. [PMID: 18923160 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.070904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In rat ovary chronic cold stress increases sympathetic nerve activity, modifies follicular development, and initiates a polycystic condition. To see whether there is a relationship between the previously described changes in follicular development and metabolic changes similar to those in women with polycystic ovary, we have studied the effect of chronic cold stress (4 degrees C for 3 h/day, Monday to Friday, for 4 wk) on insulin sensitivity and the effect of insulin on sympathetic ovarian activity. Although cold-stressed rats ate more than the controls, they did not gain more weight. Insulin sensitivity, determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, was significantly increased in the stressed animals. Insulin in vitro increased the basal release of norepinephrine from the ovaries of control rats but not from those of stressed rats, suggesting a local neural resistance to insulin in stressed rats. The levels of mRNA and protein for IRS1 and SLC2A4 (also known as GLUT4), molecules involved in insulin signaling, decreased significantly in the ovaries but not in the muscle of stressed rats. This decrease was preferentially located in theca-interstitial cells compared with granulosa cells, indicating that theca cells (the only cells directly innervated by sympathetic nerves) are responsible for the ovarian insulin resistance found in stressed rats. These findings suggest that ovarian insulin resistance produced by chronic stress could be in part responsible for the development of the polycystic condition induced by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Dorfman
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0492, Chile
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Sotomayor-Zárate R, Dorfman M, Paredes A, Lara HE. Neonatal exposure to estradiol valerate programs ovarian sympathetic innervation and follicular development in the adult rat. Biol Reprod 2007; 78:673-80. [PMID: 18077802 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.063974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A single injection of estradiol valerate (EV) to 14-day-old rats (when the ovarian follicle population has been already established) disrupts cyclicity, increases the activity of key enzymes of androgen biosynthesis, and develops polycystic ovary by a causally related increase in ovarian noradrenaline (NA). The current study examined an early window of ovarian development to look for a specific stage of development at which estradiol can induce such changes in sympathetic activity and follicular development. A single dose of EV applied to rats before the first 12 h of life rapidly increases (after 24 h) the ovarian expression of nerve growth factor (Ngfb) and p75 low-affinity neurotrophic receptor (Ngfr) mRNAs. When adults, rats presented early vaginal opening, disrupted cyclicity, appearance of follicular cyst, absence of corpus luteum, and infertility. Total follicles decreased, mainly due to a reduced number of primordial follicles, suggesting that estradiol acts in the first stages of folliculogenesis, when primordial follicles are organizing. These changes paralleled a 6-fold increase in NA concentration. No changes in NA content were found in the celiac ganglia, suggesting a local, non-centrally mediated effect of estradiol. Surgical section of the superior ovarian nerve (the main source of sympathetic nerves to the ovary) to rats neonatally treated with EV decreased intraovarian NA, delayed vaginal opening, and blocked the development of follicular cyst and that of preovulatory follicles. Therefore, we can conclude that early exposure to estradiol permanently modifies ovarian sympathetic activity and causes profound changes in follicular development, leading to the polycystic ovary condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 838-0492, Chile
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