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Martinez Lyons A, Boulter L. NOTCH signalling - a core regulator of bile duct disease? Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050231. [PMID: 37605966 PMCID: PMC10461466 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of cell-cell communication that mediates cellular proliferation, fate determination and maintenance of stem/progenitor cell populations across tissues. Although it was originally identified as a critical regulator of embryonic liver development, NOTCH signalling activation has been associated with the pathogenesis of a number of paediatric and adult liver diseases. It remains unclear, however, what role NOTCH actually plays in these pathophysiological processes and whether NOTCH activity represents the reactivation of a conserved developmental programme that is essential for adult tissue repair. In this Review, we explore the concepts that NOTCH signalling reactivation in the biliary epithelium is a reiterative and essential response to bile duct damage and that, in disease contexts in which biliary epithelial cells need to be regenerated, NOTCH signalling supports ductular regrowth. Furthermore, we evaluate the recent literature on NOTCH signalling as a critical factor in progenitor-mediated hepatocyte regeneration, which indicates that the mitogenic role for NOTCH signalling in biliary epithelial cell proliferation has also been co-opted to support other forms of epithelial regeneration in the adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- CRUK Scottish Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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2
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Varberg KM, Soares MJ. Paradigms for investigating invasive trophoblast cell development and contributions to uterine spiral artery remodeling. Placenta 2021; 113:48-56. [PMID: 33985793 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Uterine spiral arteries are extensively remodeled during placentation to ensure sufficient delivery of maternal blood to the developing fetus. Uterine spiral arterial remodeling is complex, as cells originating from both mother and developing conceptus interact at the maternal interface to regulate the extracellular matrix remodeling and vasculature restructuring necessary for successful placentation. Despite this complexity, one mechanism critical to spiral artery remodeling is trophoblast cell invasion into the maternal compartment. Invasive trophoblast cells include both interstitial and endovascular populations that exhibit spatiotemporal differences in uterine invasion, including proximity to uterine spiral arteries. Interstitial trophoblast cells invade the uterine parenchyma where they are interspersed among stromal cells. Endovascular trophoblast cells infiltrate uterine spiral arteries, replace endothelial cells, adopt a pseudo-endothelial cell phenotype, and engineer vessel remodeling. Impaired trophoblast cell invasion and, consequently, insufficient uterine spiral arterial remodeling can lead to the development of pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature birth. This review provides insights into invasive trophoblast cells and their function during normal placentation as well as in settings of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela M Varberg
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
| | - Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA.
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3
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Regan SLP, Knight PG, Yovich JL, Arfuso F, Dharmarajan A. Growth hormone during in vitro fertilization in older women modulates the density of receptors in granulosa cells, with improved pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril 2019; 110:1298-1310. [PMID: 30503129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of aging and granulosa cell growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression, and the effect of growth hormone (GH) co-treatment during IVF on receptor expression. DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING University. PATIENT(S) A total of 445 follicles were collected from 62 women undergoing standard infertility treatment. INTERVENTION(S) Preovulatory ovarian follicle biopsies of granulosa cells and follicular fluid. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Older women with a poor ovarian reserve were co-treated with GH to determine the effect of the adjuvant during IVF on the granulosal expression density of FSH receptor (FSHR), LH receptor (LHR), bone morphogenetic hormone receptor (BMPR1B), and GHR. Ovarian reserve, granulosa cell receptor density, oocyte quality, and pregnancy and live birth rates were determined. RESULT(S) Growth hormone co-treatment increased the receptor density for granulosal FSHR, BMPR1B, LHR, and GHR compared with the non-GH-treated patients of the same age and ovarian reserve. Growth hormone co-treatment increased GHR density, which may increase GHR activity. The GH co-treatment was associated with a significant increase in pregnancy rate. CONCLUSION(S) Growth hormone co-treatment restored the preovulatory down-regulation of FSHR, BMPR1B, and LHR density of the largest follicles, which may improve the maturation process of luteinization in older patients with reduced ovarian reserve. The fertility of the GH-treated patients improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena L P Regan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Phil G Knight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - John L Yovich
- PIVET Medical Centre, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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4
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Abi Nahed R, Reynaud D, Borg AJ, Traboulsi W, Wetzel A, Sapin V, Brouillet S, Dieudonné MN, Dakouane-Giudicelli M, Benharouga M, Murthi P, Alfaidy N. NLRP7 is increased in human idiopathic fetal growth restriction and plays a critical role in trophoblast differentiation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:355-367. [PMID: 30617930 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-01737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity is highly related to abnormal placental development, and placentas from FGR pregnancies are often characterized by increased inflammation. However, the mechanisms of FGR-associated inflammation are far from being understood. NLRP7, a member of a family of receptors involved in the innate immune responses, has been shown to be associated with gestational trophoblastic diseases. Here, we characterized the expression and the functional role of NLRP7 in the placenta and investigated its involvement in the pathogenesis of FGR. We used primary trophoblasts and placental explants that were collected during early pregnancy, and established trophoblast-derived cell lines, human placental villi, and serum samples from early pregnancy (n = 38) and from FGR (n = 40) and age-matched controls (n = 32). Our results show that NLRP7 (i) is predominantly expressed in the trophoblasts during the hypoxic period of placental development and its expression is upregulated by hypoxia and (ii) increases trophoblast proliferation ([3H]-thymidine) and controls the precocious differentiation of trophoblasts towards syncytium (syncytin 1 and 2 and β-hCG production and xCELLigence analysis) and towards invasive extravillous trophoblast (2D and 3D cultures). We have also demonstrated that NLRP7 inflammasome activation in trophoblast cells increases IL-1β, but not IL-18 secretion. In relation to the FGR, we demonstrated that major components of NLRP7 inflammasome machinery are increased and that IL-1β but not IL-18 circulating levels are increased in FGR. Altogether, our results identified NLRP7 as a critical placental factor and provided evidence for its deregulation in FGR. NLRP7 inflammasome is abundantly expressed by trophoblast cells. It is regulated by a key parameter of placental development, hypoxia. It controls trophoblast proliferation, migration, and invasion and exhibits anti-apoptotic role. NLRP7 machinery is deregulated in FGR pregnancies. KEY MESSAGES: NLRP7 inflammasome is abundantly expressed by trophoblast cells. It is regulated by a key parameter of placental development, hypoxia. It controls trophoblast proliferation, migration, and invasion and exhibits anti-apoptotic role. NLRP7 machinery is deregulated in FGR pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abi Nahed
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - D Reynaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - A J Borg
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and the Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - W Traboulsi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - A Wetzel
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Centre Clinique et Biologique d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation-CECOS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - V Sapin
- GReD, UMR CNRS 6293 INSERM 1103 Université Clermont Auvergne, CRBC, UFR de Médecine et des Professions Paramédicales, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Brouillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Centre Clinique et Biologique d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation-CECOS, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, 38700, La Tronche, France
| | - M N Dieudonné
- GIG - EA 7404 Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - M Dakouane-Giudicelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1179, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - M Benharouga
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche 5249, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble, France
| | - P Murthi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University and the Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France. .,Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Grenoble, France. .,Unité INSERM U1036, Laboratoire BCI -BIG, CEA Grenoble 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Pollheimer J, Vondra S, Baltayeva J, Beristain AG, Knöfler M. Regulation of Placental Extravillous Trophoblasts by the Maternal Uterine Environment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2597. [PMID: 30483261 PMCID: PMC6243063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During placentation invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) migrate into the maternal uterus and modify its vessels. In particular, remodeling of the spiral arteries by EVTs is critical for adapting blood flow and nutrient transport to the developing fetus. Failures in this process have been noticed in different pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, stillbirth, or recurrent abortion. Upon invasion into the decidua, the endometrium of pregnancy, EVTs encounter different maternal cell types such as decidual macrophages, uterine NK (uNK) cells and stromal cells expressing a plethora of growth factors and cytokines. Here, we will summarize development of the EVT lineage, a process occurring independently of the uterine environment, and formation of its different subtypes. Further, we will discuss interactions of EVTs with arteries, veins and lymphatics and illustrate how the decidua and its different immune cells regulate EVT differentiation, invasion and survival. The present literature suggests that the decidual environment and its soluble factors critically modulate EVT function and reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid Vondra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennet Baltayeva
- British Columbia's Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander Guillermo Beristain
- British Columbia's Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Sandovici I, Constancia M, Fowden AL. Placental phenotype and the insulin-like growth factors: resource allocation to fetal growth. J Physiol 2017; 595:5057-5093. [PMID: 28337745 DOI: 10.1113/jp273330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is the main determinant of fetal growth and development in utero. It supplies all the nutrients and oxygen required for fetal growth and secretes hormones that facilitate maternal allocation of nutrients to the fetus. Furthermore, the placenta responds to nutritional and metabolic signals in the mother by altering its structural and functional phenotype, which can lead to changes in maternal resource allocation to the fetus. The molecular mechanisms by which the placenta senses and responds to environmental cues are poorly understood. This review discusses the role of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in controlling placental resource allocation to fetal growth, particularly in response to adverse gestational environments. In particular, it assesses the impact of the IGFs and their signalling machinery on placental morphogenesis, substrate transport and hormone secretion, primarily in the laboratory species, although it draws on data from human and other species where relevant. It also considers the role of the IGFs as environmental signals in linking resource availability to fetal growth through changes in the morphological and functional phenotype of the placenta. As altered fetal growth is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality and a greater risk of developing adult-onset diseases in later life, understanding the role of IGFs during pregnancy in regulating placental resource allocation to fetal growth is important for identifying the mechanisms underlying the developmental programming of offspring phenotype by suboptimal intrauterine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ionel Sandovici
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Miguel Constancia
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
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7
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Fock V, Plessl K, Draxler P, Otti GR, Fiala C, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Neuregulin-1-mediated ErbB2-ErbB3 signalling protects human trophoblasts against apoptosis to preserve differentiation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4306-16. [PMID: 26490994 PMCID: PMC4712818 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During placentation, foetal trophoblasts invade deeply into maternal tissue to establish a foeto–maternal circulation. We have previously shown that extravillous trophoblast (EVT) lineage cells express ErbB2 and ErbB3, of which the potential as an oncogenic unit is well established. However, a physiological function of this receptor combination in humans remains a puzzling question. Here, we demonstrate neuregulin 1 (NRG1) expression and secretion by human decidual stromal cells. Stimulation of human primary trophoblasts with exogenous NRG1 induced phosphorylation of ErbB2, ErbB3 and related downstream effectors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the formation of ErbB2–ErbB3 dimers upon ligand engagement. Along this line, receptor knockdown and ErbB3 neutralization strongly diminished NRG1-dependent activation of the signalling complex. Functional studies revealed that NRG1 promotes EVT formation in placental explant cultures. Although, in the presence of NRG1, basal and camptothecin-induced trophoblast apoptosis was significantly repressed, this effect was abolished upon ErbB3 inhibition. Notably, camptothecin provoked a strong reduction of trophoblast cell column size, whereas NRG1-treated explants were refractory to the compound. Taken together, our findings newly identify a physiological function of the NRG1–ErbB2–ErbB3 axis in trophoblast survival during human placental development. Highlighted Article: Decidual-stromal-cell-derived neuregulin-1 induces ErbB2–ErbB3 heterodimerization in extravillous trophoblasts and stabilizes trophoblast differentiation through suppression of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Fock
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Kerstin Plessl
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Peter Draxler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gerlinde Regina Otti
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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Velicky P, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Function and control of human invasive trophoblast subtypes: Intrinsic vs. maternal control. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 10:154-62. [PMID: 26418186 PMCID: PMC4853032 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2015.1089376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a functional placenta is pivotal for normal fetal development and the maintenance of pregnancy. In the course of early placentation, trophoblast precursors differentiate into highly invasive trophoblast subtypes. These cells, referred to as extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), penetrate the maternal uterus reaching as far as the inner third of the myometrium. One of the most fundamental functions of EVTs is the transformation of spiral arteries to establish the uteroplacental blood circulation assuring an adequate nutrient and gas supply to the developing fetus. To achieve this, specialized EVT subpopulations interact with maternal immune cells, provoke elastolysis in the arterial wall and replace the endothelial cells lining the spiral arteries to induce intraluminal vascular remodeling. These and other trophoblast-mediated processes are tightly controlled by paracrine signals from the maternal decidua and furthermore underlie an intrinsic cell-type specific program. Various severe pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation are associated with abnormal EVT function, shallow invasion, and decreased blood flow to the placenta. Hence a better understanding of human trophoblast invasion seems mandatory to improve therapeutic intervention. This approach, however, requires a profound knowledge of the human placenta, its various trophoblast subtypes and in particular a better understanding of the regulatory network that controls the invasive phenotype of EVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Velicky
- a Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- a Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- a Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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9
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Soares MJ, Chakraborty D, Kubota K, Renaud SJ, Rumi MAK. Adaptive mechanisms controlling uterine spiral artery remodeling during the establishment of pregnancy. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 58:247-59. [PMID: 25023691 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.140083ms] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of the embryo into the uterus triggers the initiation of hemochorial placentation. The hemochorial placenta facilitates the acquisition of maternal resources required for embryo/fetal growth. Uterine spiral arteries form the nutrient supply line for the placenta and fetus. This vascular conduit undergoes gestation stage-specific remodeling directed by maternal natural killer cells and embryo-derived invasive trophoblast lineages. The placentation site, including remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries, is shaped by environmental challenges. In this review, we discuss the cellular participants controlling pregnancy-dependent uterine spiral artery remodeling and mechanisms responsible for their development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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10
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Placenta-derived angiogenic proteins and their contribution to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Angiogenesis 2014; 18:115-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Wu W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H. Dysregulated activation of c-Src in gestational trophoblastic disease contributes to its aggressive progression. Placenta 2014; 35:824-30. [PMID: 25108485 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a heterogeneous group of pregnancy-related disorders. Hydatidiform mole (HM) is the most common type of GTD, whereas gestational choriocarcinoma is the most aggressive. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src contributes to the transformation to a malignant phenotype in various cancers. However, the role of c-Src in the pathogenesis of GTD remains largely unknown. METHODS The expression level of phosphorylated c-Src was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting assay. JAR and JEG-3 cells were treated with hCG, specific c-Src inhibitor saracatinib and PP2, and PKA specific inhibitor, PKI. Cell growth rate and cell migration/invasion ability was determined by cell proliferation and transwell assays respectively. RESULTS c-Src was highly activated in HM tissues and choriocarcinoma cells (JAR and JEG-3). c-Src was activated by hCG in a time and concentration-dependent manner, which was abrogated by specific c-Src and PKA inhibitors. Inhibition of c-Src activity in JAR and JEG-3 cells by saracatinib leaded to a decrease in the rate of cell growth and cell migration/invasion ability. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Src phosphorylation induced cell cycle arrest and reduced expressions of cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cyclin E1, FOXD3 and NANOG. Moreover, inhibition of c-Src activity resulted in decreased p-FAK(Tyr397) phosphorylation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our findings indicate an important role of c-Src in the pathogenesis of GTD, and we propose that c-Src inhibitors are potential adjuvant chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of GTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wu
- Departments of Pathology and Bio-Bank, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Y Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Bio-Bank, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Y Xu
- Departments of Pathology and Bio-Bank, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Y Liu
- Departments of Pathology and Bio-Bank, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - H Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Bio-Bank, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Meinhardt G, Haider S, Haslinger P, Proestling K, Fiala C, Pollheimer J, Knöfler M. Wnt-dependent T-cell factor-4 controls human etravillous trophoblast motility. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1908-20. [PMID: 24605829 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formation of migratory extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) is critical for human placentation and hence embryonic development. However, key regulatory growth factors, hormones, and nuclear proteins controlling the particular differentiation process remain poorly understood. Here, the role of the Wingless (Wnt)-dependent transcription factor T-cell factor-4 (TCF-4) in proliferation and motility was investigated using different trophoblast cell models. Immunofluorescence of first-trimester placental tissues revealed induction of TCF-4 and nuclear recruitment of its coactivator β-catenin in nonproliferating EVTs, whereas membrane-associated β-catenin decreased upon differentiation. In addition, EVTs expressed the TCF-4/β-catenin coactivator Pygopus 2 as well as repressors of the Groucho/transducin-like enhancer of split family. Western blotting revealed Pygopus 2 expression and up-regulation of integrin α1 and nuclear TCF-4 in purified first-trimester cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) differentiating on fibronectin. Concomitantly, elevated TCF-4 mRNA, quantitated by real-time PCR, and increased TCF-dependent luciferase reporter activity were noticed in EVTs of villous explant cultures and differentiated primary CTBs. Gene silencing using specific small interfering RNA decreased TCF-4 transcript and protein levels, TCF-dependent reporter activity as well as basal and Wnt3a-stimulated migration of trophoblastic SGHPL-5 cells and primary CTBs through fibronectin-coated transwells. In contrast, proliferation of SGHPL-5 cells and primary cells, measured by cumulative cell numbers and 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine labeling, respectively, was not affected. Moreover, siRNA-mediated down-regulation of TCF-4 in primary CTBs diminished markers of the differentiated EVT, such as integrin α1 and α5, Snail1, and Notch2. In summary, the data suggest that Wnt/TCF-4-dependent signaling could play a role in EVT differentiation promoting motility and expression of promigratory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Meinhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine (G.M., S.H., P.H., J.P., M.K.), Reproductive Biology Unit, and Department of Gynecology (K.P.), Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; and Gynmed Clinic (C.F.), A-1150 Vienna, Austria
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Biadasiewicz K, Fock V, Dekan S, Proestling K, Velicky P, Haider S, Knöfler M, Fröhlich C, Pollheimer J. Extravillous trophoblast-associated ADAM12 exerts pro-invasive properties, including induction of integrin beta 1-mediated cellular spreading. Biol Reprod 2014; 90:101. [PMID: 24695627 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM12, consisting of a membrane-bound (ADAM12L) and a secreted (ADAM12S) form, is expressed exclusively in regenerating and developing tissue as well as in certain cancer types. Strong ADAM12 expression levels have been noticed in the human placenta, and deregulated ADAM12S levels were associated with various pregnancy-related disorders including pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. However, the role of ADAM12 in trophoblast motility has not been investigated so far. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the specific function of the protease by using different primary trophoblast cell models. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses of first trimester placental tissue and differentiating primary first trimester cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) indicated strong upregulation of both of the ADAM12 isoforms during extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Functional assays involving short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown studies in primary CTBs and first trimester explant cultures revealed a significant repression of trophoblast motility upon partial loss of ADAM12. Conversely, isoform-specific overexpression in the ADAM12-negative trophoblast cell line SGHPL-5 enhanced the invasive capacity of these cells. We further confirmed proteolytic activity of trophoblast-derived ADAM12S by demonstrating its potential to degrade insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3. Finally, we suggest that ADAM12S exerts its pro-migratory function in trophoblasts by inducing integrin beta 1-mediated cellular spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Biadasiewicz
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valerie Fock
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Dekan
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Velicky
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Camilla Fröhlich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Wallace AE, Fraser R, Gurung S, Goulwara SS, Whitley GS, Johnstone AP, Cartwright JE. Increased angiogenic factor secretion by decidual natural killer cells from pregnancies with high uterine artery resistance alters trophoblast function. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:652-60. [PMID: 24522839 PMCID: PMC3949498 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are the concentrations of factors secreted by decidual natural killer (dNK) cells from pregnancies at high risk of poor spiral artery remodelling different to those secreted from pregnancies at low risk? SUMMARY ANSWER Expression levels of PLGF, sIL-2R, endostatin and angiogenin were significantly increased by dNK cells from high-risk pregnancies, and angiogenin and endostatin were found to alter trophoblast function. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY During early pregnancy, maternal uterine spiral arteries are remodelled from small diameter, low-flow, high-resistance vessels into larger diameter, higher flow vessels, with low-resistance. This change is essential for the developing fetus to obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients. dNK cells have been implicated in this process. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION dNK cells were isolated from first trimester terminations of pregnancies (obtained with local ethical approval) screened for normal- or high-resistance index, indicative of cases least (<1%) and most (>21%) likely to have developed pre-eclampsia had the pregnancy not been terminated (n = 18 each group). Secreted factors and the effects of these on the trophoblast cell line, SGHPL-4, were assessed in vitro. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A multiplex assay was used to assess dNK cell-secreted factors. SGHPL-4 cell functions were assessed using time-lapse microscopy, 3D invasion assays, endothelial-like tube formation ability and western blot analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The expression levels of PLGF (P < 0.01), sIL-2R (P < 0.01), endostatin (P < 0.05) and angiogenin (P < 0.05) were significantly increased by dNK cells from high-risk pregnancies. Endostatin significantly decreased SGHPL-4 invasion (P < 0.05), SGHPL-4 tube formation (P < 0.05) and SGHPL-4 Aktser473 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Angiogenin significantly decreased SGHPL-4 invasion (P < 0.05), but increased SGHPL-4 tube formation (P < 0.01) and decreased SGHPL-4 Aktser473 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The culture of dNK cells and protein concentrations in vitro may not fully represent the in vivo situation. Although SGHPL-4 cells are extravillous trophoblast derived, further studies would be needed to confirm the roles of angiogenin and endostatin in vivo. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The altered expression of secreted factors of dNK cells may contribute to pregnancy disorders associated with poor spiral artery remodelling. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by the Wellcome Trust (project reference 091550). R.F. was a recipient of a PhD studentship from the Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London. The authors have no conflict of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Wallace
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, UK
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15
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Borbely AU, Sandri S, Fernandes IR, Prado KM, Cardoso EC, Correa-Silva S, Albuquerque R, Knöfler M, Beltrão-Braga P, Campa A, Bevilacqua E. The term basal plate of the human placenta as a source of functional extravillous trophoblast cells. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:7. [PMID: 24467708 PMCID: PMC3909387 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells are of pivotal importance in human embryo implantation and homeostasis of the maternal fetal interface. Invasion of the endometrium by EVT contributes to placental anchorage, spiral artery remodeling, immunological defense, tolerogenic responses, and several collaborative cross talks involved in establishing and maintaining a successful pregnancy. We report here an improved protocol for the isolation of fully differentiated EVT cells from the basal plate of the human term placenta. METHODS The basal plate was carefully dissected from the villous tissue and the amniochorion membrane prior to enzymatic digestion. Term basal EVT cells were isolated using a 30 and 60% Percoll gradient. A panel of markers and characteristics of the isolated cells were used to confirm the specificity and efficiency of the method so that their potential as an investigative tool for placental research could be ascertained. RESULTS Isolated cells were immunoreactive for cytokeratin-7 (CK-7), placental growth factor, placental alkaline phosphatase, human leukocyte antigen G1 (HLA-G1), and α1 and α5 integrins, similarly to the EVT markers from first trimester placental villi. Around 95% of the isolated cells labeled positively for CK-7 and 82% for HLA-G1. No significant change in viability was observed during 48 h of EVT culture as indicated by propidium iodide incorporation and trypan blue test exclusion. Genes for metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP9 (positive regulators of trophoblast invasiveness) were expressed up to 48 h of culturing, as also the gelatinolytic activity of the isolated cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, which inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of first-trimester EVT cells, also reduced invasion of isolated term EVT cells in transwell assays, whereas epidermal growth factor was a positive modulator. CONCLUSIONS Term basal plate may be a viable source of functional EVT cells that is an alternative to villous explant-derived EVT cells and cell lines. Isolated term EVT cells may be particularly useful in investigation of the role of trophoblast cells in pathological gestations, in which the precise regulation and interactive ability of extravillous trophoblast has been impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre U Borbely
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Sandri
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isabella R Fernandes
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karen M Prado
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine C Cardoso
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Correa-Silva
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Albuquerque
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Patricia Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Surgery, Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnology School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Campa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Haider S, Meinhardt G, Velicky P, Otti GR, Whitley G, Fiala C, Pollheimer J, Knöfler M. Notch signaling plays a critical role in motility and differentiation of human first-trimester cytotrophoblasts. Endocrinology 2014; 155:263-74. [PMID: 24189144 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Failures in human extravillous trophoblast (EVT) development could be involved in the pathogenesis of pregnancy diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms have been poorly characterized. Here, we provide evidence that Notch signaling could represent a key regulatory pathway controlling trophoblast proliferation, motility, and differentiation. Immunofluorescence of first-trimester placental tissues revealed expression of Notch receptors (Notch2 and Notch3) and membrane-anchored ligands (delta-like ligand [DLL] 1 and -4 and Jagged [JAG] 1 and -2) in villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTBs), cell column trophoblasts (CCTs), and EVTs. Notch4 and Notch1 were exclusively expressed in vCTBs and in CCTs, respectively. Both proteins decreased in Western blot analyses of first-trimester, primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) differentiating on fibronectin. Luciferase reporter analyses suggested basal, canonical Notch activity in SGHPL-5 cells and primary cells that was increased upon seeding on DLL4-coated dishes and diminished in the presence of the Notch/γ-secretase inhibitors N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl-l-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) or L-685,458. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling, cyclin D1 mRNA expression, and cell counting indicated that chemical inhibition of Notch signaling elevated proliferation in the different primary trophoblast model systems. Notch inhibition also increased motility of SGHPL-5 cells through uncoated and fibronectin-coated Transwells, motility of primary CTBs, as well as migration in villous explant cultures on collagen I. Accordingly, small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of Notch1 also elevated SGHPL-5 cell migration. In contrast, motility of primary cultures and SGHPL-5 cells was diminished in the presence of DLL4. Moreover, DAPT increased markers of differentiated EVT, ie, human leukocyte antigen G1, integrin α5, and T-cell factor 4, whereas DLL4 provoked the opposite. In summary, the data suggest that canonical Notch signaling impairs motility and differentiation of first-trimester CTBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine (S.H., G.M., P.V., G.R.O., J.P., M.K.), Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Division of Biomedical Sciences (G.W.), St Georges's University of London, Londo SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; and Gynmed Clinic (C.F.), A-1150 Vienna, Austria
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Cao B, Mysorekar IU. Intracellular bacteria in placental basal plate localize to extravillous trophoblasts. Placenta 2013; 35:139-42. [PMID: 24439469 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that intracellular bacteria are present in the human placental maternal-fetal interface (basal plate). To determine the bacterial niche, basal plate biopsies were 1) examined histologically, and 2) cultured ex vivo, infected with either gram negative (Escherichia coli) or positive (Listeria monocytogenes) bacteria, and examined by histological staining, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We found bacteria in fetal extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) in basal plate biopsies. Both E. coli and L. monocytogenes also predominantly invaded EVTs in basal plate explants where they replicated and formed clusters or existed as single organisms. EVTs are the cell type most susceptible to bacterial colonization, likely due to their expression of major histocompatibility antigen and immune-privileged status. Pathogens persisting and replicating in the EVTs may constitute a source of intrauterine colonization that leads to adverse outcomes such as preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - I U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Jiang WG, Lu XA, Shang BY, Fu Y, Zhang SH, Zhou D, Li L, Li Y, Luo Y, Zhen YS. Genetically engineered endostatin-lidamycin fusion proteins effectively inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:479. [PMID: 24128285 PMCID: PMC4016579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endostatin (ES) inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation. It also shows antiangiogenesis and antitumor activities in several animal models. Endostatin specifically targets tumor vasculature to block tumor growth. Lidamycin (LDM), which consists of an active enediyne chromophore (AE) and a non-covalently bound apo-protein (LDP), is a member of chromoprotein family of antitumor antibiotics with extremely potent cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Therefore, we reasoned that endostatin-lidamycin (ES-LDM) fusion proteins upon energizing with enediyne chromophore may obtain the combined capability targeting tumor vasculature and tumor cell by respective ES and LDM moiety. Methods In this study, we designed and obtained two new endostatin-based fusion proteins, endostatin-LDP (ES-LDP) and LDP-endostatin (LDP-ES). In vitro, the antiangiogenic effect of fusion proteins was determined by the wound healing assay and tube formation assay and the cytotoxicity of their enediyne-energized analogs was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Tissue microarray was used to analyze the binding affinity of LDP, ES or ES-LDP with specimens of human lung tissue and lung tumor. The in vivo efficacy of the fusion proteins was evaluated with human lung carcinoma PG-BE1 xenograft and the experimental metastasis model of 4T1-luc breast cancer. Results ES-LDP and LDP-ES disrupted the formation of endothelial tube structures and inhibited endothelial cell migration. Evidently, ES-LDP accumulated in the tumor and suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. ES-LDP and ES show higher binding capability than LDP to lung carcinoma; in addition, ES-LDP and ES share similar binding capability. Furthermore, the enediyne-energized fusion protein ES-LDP-AE demonstrated significant efficacy against lung carcinoma xenograft in athymic mice. Conclusions The ES-based fusion protein therapy provides some fundamental information for further drug development. Targeting both tumor vasculature and tumor cells by endostatin-based fusion proteins and their enediyne-energized analogs probably provides a promising modality in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-guo Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P, R, China.
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Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Human placental trophoblast invasion and differentiation: a particular focus on Wnt signaling. Front Genet 2013; 4:190. [PMID: 24133501 PMCID: PMC3783976 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wingless ligands, a family of secreted proteins, are critically involved in organ development and tissue homeostasis by ensuring balanced rates of stem cell proliferation, cell death and differentiation. Wnt signaling components also play crucial roles in murine placental development controlling trophoblast lineage determination, chorioallantoic fusion and placental branching morphogenesis. However, the role of the pathway in human placentation, trophoblast development and differentiation is only partly understood. Here, we summarize our present knowledge about Wnt signaling in the human placenta and discuss its potential role in physiological and aberrant trophoblast invasion, gestational diseases and choriocarcinoma formation. Differentiation of proliferative first trimester cytotrophoblasts into invasive extravillous trophoblasts is associated with nuclear recruitment of β -catenin and induction of Wnt-dependent T-cell factor 4 suggesting that canonical Wnt signaling could be important for the formation and function of extravillous trophoblasts. Indeed, activation of the pathway was shown to promote trophoblast invasion in different in vitro trophoblast model systems as well as trophoblast cell fusion. Methylation-mediated silencing of inhibitors of Wnt signaling provided evidence for epigenetic activation of the pathway in placental tissues and choriocarcinoma cells. Similarly, abundant nuclear expression of β -catenin in invasive trophoblasts of complete hydatidiform moles suggested a role for hyper-activated Wnt signaling. In contrast, upregulation of Wnt inhibitors was noticed in placentae of women with preeclampsia, a disease characterized by shallow trophoblast invasion and incomplete spiral artery remodeling. Moreover, changes in Wnt signaling have been observed upon cytomegalovirus infection and in recurrent abortions. In summary, the current literature suggests a critical role of Wnt signaling in physiological and abnormal trophoblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna Austria
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Fock V, Mairhofer M, Otti GR, Hiden U, Spittler A, Zeisler H, Fiala C, Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. Macrophage-derived IL-33 is a critical factor for placental growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3734-43. [PMID: 23997215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-33, the most recently discovered member of the IL-1 superfamily and ligand for the transmembrane form of ST2 (ST2L), has been linked to several human pathologies including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease. Deregulated levels of soluble ST2, the natural IL-33 inhibitor, have been reported in sera of preeclamptic patients. However, the role of IL-33 during healthy pregnancy remains elusive. In the current study, IL-33 was detected in the culture supernatants of human placental and decidual macrophages, identifying them as a major source of secreted IL-33 in the uteroplacental unit. Because flow cytometry and immunofluorescence stainings revealed membranous ST2L expression on specific trophoblast populations, we hypothesized that IL-33 stimulates trophoblasts in a paracrine manner. Indeed, BrdU incorporation assays revealed that recombinant human IL-33 significantly increased proliferation of primary trophoblasts as well as of villous cytotrophoblasts and cell column trophoblasts in placental explant cultures. These effects were fully abolished upon addition of soluble ST2. Interestingly, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that IL-33 activates AKT and ERK1/2 in primary trophoblasts and placental explants. Inhibitors against PI3K (LY294002) and MEK1/2 (UO126) efficiently blocked IL-33-induced proliferation in all model systems used. In summary, with IL-33, we define for the first time, to our knowledge, a macrophage-derived regulator of placental growth during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Fock
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lim J, Duong T, Lee G, Seong BL, El-Rifai W, Ruley HE, Jo D. The effect of intracellular protein delivery on the anti-tumor activity of recombinant human endostatin. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6261-71. [PMID: 23714245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endostatin (ES), a 20 kDa protein derived from the carboxy-terminus of collagen XVIII is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, but clinical development has been hindered by poor clinical efficacy and insufficient functional information from which to design agents with improved activity. The present study investigated protein uptake by cells as a determinant of ES activity. We developed a cell-permeable ES protein (HM73ES) with enhanced capacity to enter cells by adding a macromolecule transduction domain (MTD). HM73ES inhibited angiogenesis-associated phenotypes in cultured endothelial cells [as assessed by tube formation, wound-healing, cell proliferation and survival assays]. These effects were accompanied by reductions in MAPK signaling (ERK phosphorylation), and in β-Catenin, c-Myc, STAT3, and VEGF protein expression. The cell-permeable ES displayed greater tissue penetration in mice and suppressed the growth of human tumor xenografts to a significantly greater extent than ES protein without the MTD sequence. Our results suggest that anti-angiogenic activities of native ES are limited at the level of protein uptake and/or subcellular localization, and that much of the activity of ES against tumors depends on one or more intracellular functions. This study will inform future efforts to understand ES function(s) and suggest strategies for improving ES-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lim
- ProCell R&D Institute, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 151-050, Republic of Korea
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Haslinger P, Haider S, Sonderegger S, Otten JV, Pollheimer J, Whitley G, Knöfler M. AKT Isoforms 1 and 3 Regulate Basal and Epidermal Growth Factor-Stimulated SGHPL-5 Trophoblast Cell Migration in Humans1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:54. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Grant I, Cartwright JE, Lumicisi B, Wallace AE, Whitley GS. Caffeine inhibits EGF-stimulated trophoblast cell motility through the inhibition of mTORC2 and Akt. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4502-10. [PMID: 22851680 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Impaired trophoblast invasion is associated with pregnancy disorders such as early pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. There is evidence to suggest that the consumption of caffeine during pregnancy may increase the risk of pregnancy loss; however, little is known about the direct effect of caffeine on normal trophoblast biology. Our objectives were to examine the effect of caffeine on trophoblast migration and motility after stimulation with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and to investigate the intracellular signaling pathways involved in this process. Primary first-trimester extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) and the EVT-derived cell line SGHPL-4 were used to study the effect of caffeine on EGF-stimulated cellular motility using time-lapse microscopy. SGHPL-4 cells were further used to study the effect of caffeine and cAMP on EGF-stimulated invasion of fibrin gels. The influence of caffeine and cAMP on EGF-stimulated intracellular signaling pathways leading to the activation of Akt were investigated by Western blot analysis. Caffeine inhibits both EGF-stimulated primary EVT and SGHPL-4 cell motility. EGF stimulation activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt and caffeine inhibit this activation. Although cAMP inhibits both motility and invasion, it does not inhibit the activation of Akt, indicating that the effects of caffeine seen in this study are independent of cAMP. Further investigation indicated a role for mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) as a target for the inhibitory effect of caffeine. In conclusion, we demonstrate that caffeine inhibits EGF-stimulated trophoblast invasion and motility in vitro and so could adversely influence trophoblast biology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobelle Grant
- Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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Prutsch N, Fock V, Haslinger P, Haider S, Fiala C, Pollheimer J, Knöfler M. The role of interleukin-1β in human trophoblast motility. Placenta 2012; 33:696-703. [PMID: 22710193 PMCID: PMC3432868 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) can promote physiological cell migration, as well as cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Its role in human trophoblast invasion, however, has not been satisfactorily answered since direct, indirect as well as no effects on trophoblast motility have been published. Therefore, the role of IL-1β has been re-evaluated by exclusively using human primary trophoblast model systems. Immunofluorescence of first trimester placentae indicated IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) protein expression in first trimester villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTB) and extravillous trophoblasts (EVT). The latter expressed higher mRNA levels of the receptor as shown by comparative gene chip data of vCTB and EVT. Similarly, Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence revealed a time- and differentiation-dependent increase of IL-1R1 in primary EVT seeded on fibronectin. IL-1β dose-dependently elevated migration of isolated first trimester EVT through fibronectin-coated transwells, which was inhibited in the presence of IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), whereas proliferation of these cells was not affected. Similarly, the interleukin did not alter proliferation of vCTB and cell column trophoblasts in floating villi of early pregnancy, but promoted migration in villous explant cultures seeded on collagen I. Western blot analyses of supernatants of primary EVT and first trimester villous explant cultures revealed IL-1β induced secretion of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and PAI-2, which was diminished upon combined IL-1β/IL-1Ra treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that IL-1β directly promotes trophoblast motility of first trimester EVT involving the uPA/PAI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Prutsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Pollheimer J, Knöfler M. The role of the invasive, placental trophoblast in human pregnancy. Wien Med Wochenschr 2012; 162:187-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-012-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Knöfler M, Pollheimer J. IFPA Award in Placentology lecture: molecular regulation of human trophoblast invasion. Placenta 2011; 33 Suppl:S55-62. [PMID: 22019198 PMCID: PMC3272142 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of extravillous trophoblast cell types into maternal uterine tissues is essential for successful human placental development and progression of pregnancy. Whereas endovascular trophoblasts migrate into the maternal spiral arteries, interstitial trophoblasts invade the decidual stroma, colonize the vessels from outside and communicate with diverse uterine cell types such as decidual stromal cells, macrophages and uterine NK cells. For example, interstitial trophoblasts expressing polymorphic human leukocyte antigen-C interact with uterine NK cells through binding to their killer immunoglobulin-like receptors which likely plays a role in trophoblast invasion and reproductive success of pregnancy. Both extravillous trophoblast subtypes are critically involved in the vascular transformation of the spiral arteries into dilated conduits ensuring appropriate blood flow into the intervillous space. Failures in this remodeling process are thought to be associated with severe forms of fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia and other pregnancy complications warranting studies on the molecular regulation of extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Moreover, interstitial trophoblast-derived hormones may regulate diverse biological functions in the decidua. In particular, human chorionic gonadotrophin has been shown to promote angiogenesis and to suppress apoptosis of endometrial stromal cells. In return, decidual cells produce a plethora of soluble factors controlling trophoblast invasion in a time- and distance-dependent manner. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we will summarize autocrine as well as paracrine factors regulating invasion of extravillous trophoblasts and discuss critical signaling cascades involved. In addition, we will focus on key regulatory transcription factors controlling cell column proliferation and differentiation of the human extravillous trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
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