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Wang TY, Xia FY, Gong JW, Xu XK, Lv MC, Chatoo M, Shamsi BH, Zhang MC, Liu QR, Liu TX, Zhang DD, Lu XJ, Zhao Y, Du JZ, Chen XQ. CRHR1 mediates the transcriptional expression of pituitary hormones and their receptors under hypoxia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:893238. [PMID: 36147561 PMCID: PMC9487150 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.893238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays critical roles in stress responses under challenging conditions such as hypoxia, via regulating gene expression and integrating activities of hypothalamus-pituitary-targets cells. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways of hypoxic stress in the pituitary remain to be defined. Here, we report that hypoxia induced dynamic changes in the transcription factors, hormones, and their receptors in the adult rat pituitary. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), oxidative phosphorylation, and cAMP signaling pathways were all differentially enriched in genes induced by hypoxic stress. In the pituitary gene network, hypoxia activated c-Fos and HIFs with specific pituitary transcription factors (Prop1), targeting the promoters of hormones and their receptors. HIF and its related signaling pathways can be a promising biomarker during acute or constant hypoxia. Hypoxia stimulated the transcription of marker genes for microglia, chemokines, and cytokine receptors of the inflammatory response. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) mediated the transcription of Pomc, Sstr2, and Hif2a, and regulated the function of HPA axis. Together with HIF, c-Fos initiated and modulated dynamic changes in the transcription of hormones and their receptors. The receptors were also implicated in the regulation of functions of target cells in the pituitary network under hypoxic stress. CRHR1 played an integrative role in the hypothalamus-pituitary-target axes. This study provides new evidence for CRHR1 involved changes of hormones, receptors, signaling molecules and pathways in the pituitary induced by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ying Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Research and Development, Jiuyuan Gene Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yuan Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wen Gong
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Kang Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Chao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Mahanand Chatoo
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bilal Haider Shamsi
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ru Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Xing Liu
- Department of Cell and System Biology, University of Toronto, St. George, NB, Canada
| | - Dan Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, and Department of Medical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Jiang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zeng Du
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Qun Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Garcia-Rendueles AR, Chenlo M, Oroz-Gonjar F, Solomou A, Mistry A, Barry S, Gaston-Massuet C, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Perez-Romero S, Suarez-Fariña M, Pradilla-Dieste A, Dieguez C, Mehlen P, Korbonits M, Alvarez CV. RET signalling provides tumorigenic mechanism and tissue specificity for AIP-related somatotrophinomas. Oncogene 2021; 40:6354-6368. [PMID: 34588620 PMCID: PMC8585666 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how loss-of-function germline mutations in the widely-expressed co-chaperone AIP, result in young-onset growth hormone secreting pituitary tumours. The RET receptor, uniquely co-expressed in somatotrophs with PIT1, induces apoptosis when unliganded, while RET supports cell survival when it is bound to its ligand. We demonstrate that at the plasma membrane, AIP is required to form a complex with monomeric-intracellular-RET, caspase-3 and PKCδ resulting in PIT1/CDKN2A-ARF/p53-apoptosis pathway activation. AIP-deficiency blocks RET/caspase-3/PKCδ activation preventing PIT1 accumulation and apoptosis. The presence or lack of the inhibitory effect on RET-induced apoptosis separated pathogenic AIP variants from non-pathogenic ones. We used virogenomics in neonatal rats to demonstrate the effect of mutant AIP protein on the RET apoptotic pathway in vivo. In adult male rats altered AIP induces elevated IGF-1 and gigantism, with pituitary hyperplasia through blocking the RET-apoptotic pathway. In females, pituitary hyperplasia is induced but IGF-1 rise and gigantism are blunted by puberty. Somatotroph adenomas from pituitary-specific Aip-knockout mice overexpress the RET-ligand GDNF, therefore, upregulating the survival pathway. Somatotroph adenomas from patients with or without AIP mutation abundantly express GDNF, but AIP-mutated tissues have less CDKN2A-ARF expression. Our findings explain the tissue-specific mechanism of AIP-induced somatotrophinomas and provide a previously unknown tumorigenic mechanism, opening treatment avenues for AIP-related tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Oroz-Gonjar
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonia Solomou
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anisha Mistry
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sayka Barry
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Pradilla-Dieste
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Patrick Mehlen, Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Pradilla Dieste A, Chenlo M, Perez-Romero S, Garcia-Rendueles ÁR, Suarez-Fariña M, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Bernabeu I, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Alvarez CV. GFRα 1-2-3-4 co-receptors for RET Are co-expressed in Pituitary Stem Cells but Individually Retained in Some Adenopituitary Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:631. [PMID: 33071961 PMCID: PMC7543094 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET tyrosine kinase receptor is expressed by the endocrine somatotroph cells of the pituitary where it has important functions regulating survival/apoptosis. However, RET is also expressed by the GPS pituitary stem cells localized in a niche between the adenopituitary and the intermediate lobe. To bind any of its four ligands, RET needs one of four co-receptors called GFRα1-4. It has been previously shown that GFRα1 is expressed by somatotroph cells and acromegaly tumors. GFRα2 was shown to be expressed by pituitary stem cells. GFRα4 was proposed as not expressed in the pituitary. Here we study the RNA and protein expression of the four GFRα co-receptors for RET in rat and human pituitary. The four co-receptors were abundantly expressed at the RNA level both in rat and human pituitary, although GFRα4 was the less abundant. Multiple immunofluorescence for each co-receptor and β-catenin, a marker of stem cell niche was performed. The four GFRα co-receptors were co-expressed by the GPS cells at the niche colocalizing with β-catenin. Isolated individual scattered cells positive for one or other receptor could be found through the adenopituitary with low β-catenin expression. Some of them co-express GFRα1 and PIT1. Immunohistochemistry in normal human pituitary confirmed the data. Our data suggest that the redundancy of GFRα co-expression is a self-supportive mechanism which ensures niche maintenance and proper differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pradilla Dieste
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángela R. Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bernabeu
- Department of Endocrinology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara V. Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Clara V. Alvarez
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4
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Chenlo M, Rodriguez-Gomez IA, Serramito R, Garcia-Rendueles AR, Villar-Taibo R, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Perez-Romero S, Suarez-Fariña M, Garcia-Allut A, Cabezas-Agricola JM, Rodriguez-Garcia J, Lear PV, Alvarez-San Martin RM, Alvarez-Escola C, Bernabeu I, Alvarez CV. Unmasking a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target from the GDNF-RET/PIT1/p14ARF/p53 pathway in acromegaly. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:537-552. [PMID: 30975543 PMCID: PMC6562173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acromegaly is produced by excess growth hormone secreted by a pituitary adenoma of somatotroph cells (ACRO). First-line therapy, surgery and adjuvant therapy with somatostatin analogs, fails in 25% of patients. There is no predictive factor of resistance to therapy. New therapies are investigated using few dispersed tumor cells in acute primary cultures in standard conditions where the cells do not grow, or using rat pituitary cell lines that do not maintain the full somatotroph phenotype. The RET/PIT1/p14ARF/p53 pathway regulates apoptosis in normal pituitary somatotrophs whereas the RET/GDNF pathway regulates survival, controlling PIT1 levels and blocking p14ARF (ARF) and p53 expression. Methods We investigated these two RET pathways in a prospective series of 32 ACRO and 63 non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA), studying quantitative RNA and protein gene expression for molecular-clinical correlations and how the RET pathway might be implicated in therapeutic success. Clinical data was collected during post-surgical follow-up. We also established new'humanized’ pituitary cultures, allowing 20 repeated passages and maintaining the pituitary secretory phenotype, and tested five multikinase inhibitors (TKI: Vandetanib, Lenvatinib, Sunitinib, Cabozantinib and Sorafenib) potentially able to act on the GDNF-induced RET dimerization/survival pathway. Antibody arrays investigated intracellular molecular pathways. Findings In ACRO, there was specific enrichment of all genes in both RET pathways, especially GDNF. ARF and GFRA4 gene expression were found to be opposing predictors of response to first-line therapy. ARF cut-off levels, calculated categorizing by GNAS mutation, were predictive of good response (above) or resistance (below) to therapy months later. Sorafenib, through AMPK, blocked the GDNF/AKT survival action without altering the RET apoptotic pathway. Interpretation Tumor ARF mRNA expression measured at the time of the surgery is a prognosis factor in acromegaly. The RET inhibitor, Sorafenib, is proposed as a potential treatment for resistant ACRO. Fund This project was supported by national grants from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Instituto Investigación Carlos III, with participation of European FEDER funds, to IB (PI150056) and CVA (BFU2016-76973-R). It was also supported initially by a grant from the Investigator Initiated Research (IIR) Program (WI177773) and by a non-restricted Research Grant from Pfizer Foundation to IB. Some of the pituitary acromegaly samples were collected in the framework of the Spanish National Registry of Acromegaly (REMAH), partially supported by an unrestricted grant from Novartis to the Spanish Endocrine Association (SEEN). CVA is also supported from a grant of Medical Research Council UK MR/M018539/1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria A Rodriguez-Gomez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital HM Modelo, A Coruña, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramon Serramito
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angela R Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rocío Villar-Taibo
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfredo Garcia-Allut
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose M Cabezas-Agricola
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Rodriguez-Garcia
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pamela V Lear
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ignacio Bernabeu
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS)-SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Ellsworth BS, Stallings CE. Molecular Mechanisms Governing Embryonic Differentiation of Pituitary Somatotropes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:510-523. [PMID: 29759686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary somatotropes secrete growth hormone (GH), which is essential for normal growth and metabolism. Somatotrope defects result in GH deficiency (GHD), leading to short stature in childhood and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Current hormone replacement therapies fail to recapitulate normal pulsatile GH secretion. Stem cell therapies could overcome this problem but are dependent on a thorough understanding of somatotrope differentiation. Although several transcription factors, signaling pathways, and hormones that regulate this process have been identified, the mechanisms of action are not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the known players in somatotrope differentiation while emphasizing the need to better understand these pathways to serve patients with GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buffy S Ellsworth
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6523, USA.
| | - Caitlin E Stallings
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6523, USA
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6
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Haston S, Manshaei S, Martinez-Barbera JP. Stem/progenitor cells in pituitary organ homeostasis and tumourigenesis. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R1-R13. [PMID: 28855316 PMCID: PMC5744558 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the presence of pituitary gland stem cells has been provided over the last decade using a combination of approaches including in vitro clonogenicity assays, flow cytometric side population analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and genetic approaches. These cells have been demonstrated to be able to self-renew and undergo multipotent differentiation to give rise to all hormonal lineages of the anterior pituitary. Furthermore, evidence exists for their contribution to regeneration of the organ and plastic responses to changing physiological demand. Recently, stem-like cells have been isolated from pituitary neoplasms raising the possibility that a cytological hierarchy exists, in keeping with the cancer stem cell paradigm. In this manuscript, we review the evidence for the existence of pituitary stem cells, their role in maintaining organ homeostasis and the regulation of their differentiation. Furthermore, we explore the emerging concept of stem cells in pituitary tumours and their potential roles in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haston
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Saba Manshaei
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research ProgrammeBirth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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7
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Cheung LYM, Davis SW, Brinkmeier ML, Camper SA, Pérez-Millán MI. Regulation of pituitary stem cells by epithelial to mesenchymal transition events and signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:14-26. [PMID: 27650955 PMCID: PMC5590650 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is comprised of specialized cell-types that produce and secrete polypeptide hormones in response to hypothalamic input and feedback from target organs. These specialized cells arise from stem cells that express SOX2 and the pituitary transcription factor PROP1, which is necessary to establish the stem cell pool and promote an epithelial to mesenchymal-like transition, releasing progenitors from the niche. The adult anterior pituitary responds to physiological challenge by mobilizing the SOX2-expressing progenitor pool and producing additional hormone-producing cells. Knowledge of the role of signaling pathways and extracellular matrix components in these processes may lead to improvements in the efficiency of differentiation of embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells into hormone producing cells in vitro. Advances in our basic understanding of pituitary stem cell regulation and differentiation may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment for patients with hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
| | - Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208-0001, USA.
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5618, USA.
| | - María Inés Pérez-Millán
- Institute of Biomedical Investgations (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Rivero-Cortés E, Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Jiménez-Reina L, Venegas-Moreno E, de la Riva A, Arráez MÁ, González-Molero I, Schmid HA, Maraver-Selfa S, Gavilán-Villarejo I, García-Arnés JA, Japón MA, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez MA, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Octreotide and pasireotide (dis)similarly inhibit pituitary tumor cells in vitro. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:135-145. [PMID: 27587848 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin analogs (SSA) are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment for pituitary adenomas. However, some patients escape from therapy with octreotide, a somatostatin receptor 2 (sst2)-preferring SSA, and pasireotide, a novel multi-sst-preferring SSA, may help to overcome this problem. It has been proposed that correspondence between sst1-sst5 expression pattern and SSA-binding profile could predict patient's response. To explore the cellular/molecular features associated with octreotide/pasireotide response, we performed a parallel comparison of their in vitro effects, evaluating sst1-sst5 expression, intracellular Ca2+ signaling ([Ca2+]i), hormone secretion and cell viability, in a series of 85 pituitary samples. Somatotropinomas expressed sst5>sst2, yet octreotide reduced [Ca2+]i more efficiently than pasireotide, while both SSA similarly decreased growth hormone release/expression and viability. Corticotropinomas predominantly expressed sst5, but displayed limited response to pasireotide, while octreotide reduced functional endpoints. Non-functioning adenomas preferentially expressed sst3 but, surprisingly, both SSA increased cell viability. Prolactinomas mainly expressed sst1 but were virtually unresponsive to SSA. Finally, both SSA decreased [Ca2+]i in normal pituitaries. In conclusion, both SSA act in vitro on pituitary adenomas exerting both similar and distinct effects; however, no evident correspondence was found with the sst1-sst5 profile. Thus, it seems plausible that additional factors, besides the simple abundance of a given sst, critically influence the SSA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esther Rivero-Cortés
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Jiménez-Reina
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological SciencesUniversidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition UnitHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Riva
- Service of NeurosurgeryHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | - Herbert A Schmid
- Novartis Pharma AGNovartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Oncology, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Maraver-Selfa
- Service of Endocrinology and NutritionHospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of PathologyHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition UnitHospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and NutritionHospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell BiologyPhysiology and Immunology, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina SofíaCórdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn)Córdoba, Spain
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Wang X, Guo T, Peng F, Long Y, Mu Y, Yang H, Ye N, Li X, Zhan X. Proteomic and functional profiles of a follicle-stimulating hormone positive human nonfunctional pituitary adenoma. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1289-304. [PMID: 25809007 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Tianyao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Ying Long
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Yun Mu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Department of Lung Cancer and Gastroenterology; Hunan Cancer Hospital; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Ningrong Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Structural Biology and Drug Design; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Anticancer Drugs; Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
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Garcia-Lavandeira M, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Bahar D, Garcia-Rendueles AR, Rodrigues JS, Dieguez C, Alvarez CV. Pituitary Cell Turnover: From Adult Stem Cell Recruitment through Differentiation to Death. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 101:175-92. [PMID: 25662152 DOI: 10.1159/000375502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent demonstration using genetic tracing that in the adult pituitary stem cells are normally recruited from the niche in the marginal zone and differentiate into secretory cells in the adenopituitary has elegantly confirmed the proposal made when the pituitary stem cell niche was first discovered 5 years ago. Some of the early controversies have also been resolved. However, many questions remain, such as which are the markers that make a pituitary stem cell truly unique and the exact mechanisms that trigger recruitment from the niche. Little is known about the processes of commitment and differentiation once a stem cell has left the niche. Moreover, the acceptance that pituitary cells are renewed by stem cells implies the existence of regulated mechanisms of cell death in differentiated cells which must themselves be explained. The demonstration of an apoptotic pathway mediated by RET/caspase 3/Pit-1/Arf/p53 in normal somatotrophs is therefore an important step towards understanding how pituitary cell number is regulated. Further work will elucidate how the rates of the three processes of cell renewal, differentiation and apoptosis are balanced in tissue homeostasis after birth, but altered in pituitary hyperplasia in response to physiological stimuli such as puberty and lactation. Thus, we can aim to understand the mechanisms underlying human disease due to insufficient (hypopituitarism) or excess (pituitary tumor) cell numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia and Endocrine Differentiation, Centre for Investigations in Medicine (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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