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Heinze B, Fuss CT, Mulatero P, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Mustafa M, Schirbel A, Deutschbein T, Williams TA, Rhayem Y, Quinkler M, Rayes N, Monticone S, Wild V, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Reis AC, Petersenn S, Wester HJ, Kropf S, Fassnacht M, Lang K, Herrmann K, Buck AK, Bluemel C, Hahner S. Targeting CXCR4 (CXC Chemokine Receptor Type 4) for Molecular Imaging of Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Hypertension 2017; 71:317-325. [PMID: 29279316 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most frequent cause of secondary hypertension and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared with hypertensive controls. The central diagnostic challenge is the differentiation between bilateral and unilateral disease, which determines treatment options. Bilateral adrenal venous sampling, currently recommended for differential diagnosis, is an invasive procedure with several drawbacks, making it desirable to develop novel noninvasive diagnostic tools. When investigating the expression pattern of chemokine receptors by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, we observed high expression of CXCR4 (CXC chemokine receptor type 4) in aldosterone-producing tissue in normal adrenals, adjacent adrenal cortex from adrenocortical adenomas, and in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA), correlating strongly with the expression of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase). In contrast, CXCR4 was not detected in the majority of nonfunctioning adenomas that are frequently found coincidently. The specific CXCR4 ligand 68Ga-pentixafor has recently been established as radiotracer for molecular imaging of CXCR4 expression and showed strong and specific binding to cryosections of APAs in our study. We further investigated 9 patients with primary aldosteronism because of APA by 68Ga-pentixafor-positron emission tomography. The tracer uptake was significantly higher on the side of increased adrenocortical aldosterone secretion in patients with APAs compared with patients investigated by 68Ga-pentixafor-positron emission tomography for other causes. Molecular imaging of aldosterone-producing tissue by a CXCR4-specific ligand may, therefore, be a highly promising tool for noninvasive characterization of patients with APAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Heinze
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Carmina T Fuss
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Mona Mustafa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Andreas Schirbel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Yara Rhayem
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Marcus Quinkler
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Nada Rayes
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Silvia Monticone
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Vanessa Wild
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Anna-Carinna Reis
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Stephan Petersenn
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Hans-Juergen Wester
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Saskia Kropf
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Katharina Lang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Ken Herrmann
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Andreas K Buck
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Christina Bluemel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.)
| | - Stefanie Hahner
- From the Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit (B.H., C.T.F., M.F., K.L., S.H.), Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.S., K.H., A.K.B., C.B.), and Comprehensive Cancer Center Wuerzburg (T.D., M.F.), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Germany; Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy (P.M., T.A.W., S.M.); Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Germany (F.B., M.R., T.A.W., Y.R.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Germany (M.M.); Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany (M.Q.); Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (N.R.); Department of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany (V.W.); Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, MS (C.E.G.-S.); Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (A.-C.R.); ENDOC, Center for Endocrine Tumors, Hamburg, Germany (S.P.); Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany (H.-J.W.); and Scintomics GmbH, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany (S.K.).
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